1
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Prakash A, Fenner F, Shit B, Salminen TS, Monteith KM, Khan I, Vale PF. IMD-mediated innate immune priming increases Drosophila survival and reduces pathogen transmission. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012308. [PMID: 38857285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates lack the immune machinery underlying vertebrate-like acquired immunity. However, in many insects past infection by the same pathogen can 'prime' the immune response, resulting in improved survival upon reinfection. Here, we investigated the mechanistic basis and epidemiological consequences of innate immune priming in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster when infected with the gram-negative bacterial pathogen Providencia rettgeri. We find that priming in response to P. rettgeri infection is a long-lasting and sexually dimorphic response. We further explore the epidemiological consequences of immune priming and find it has the potential to curtail pathogen transmission by reducing pathogen shedding and spread. The enhanced survival of individuals previously exposed to a non-lethal bacterial inoculum coincided with a transient decrease in bacterial loads, and we provide strong evidence that the effect of priming requires the IMD-responsive antimicrobial-peptide Diptericin-B in the fat body. Further, we show that while Diptericin B is the main effector of bacterial clearance, it is not sufficient for immune priming, which requires regulation of IMD by peptidoglycan recognition proteins. This work underscores the plasticity and complexity of invertebrate responses to infection, providing novel experimental evidence for the effects of innate immune priming on population-level epidemiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Prakash
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Fenner
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiina S Salminen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katy M Monteith
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pedro F Vale
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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2
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Lanz-Mendoza H, Gálvez D, Contreras-Garduño J. The plasticity of immune memory in invertebrates. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246158. [PMID: 38449328 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Whether specific immune protection after initial pathogen exposure (immune memory) occurs in invertebrates has long been uncertain. The absence of antibodies, B-cells and T-cells, and the short lifespans of invertebrates led to the hypothesis that immune memory does not occur in these organisms. However, research in the past two decades has supported the existence of immune memory in several invertebrate groups, including Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Nematoda, Mollusca and Arthropoda. Interestingly, some studies have demonstrated immune memory that is specific to the parasite strain. Nonetheless, other work does not provide support for immune memory in invertebrates or offers only partial support. Moreover, the expected biphasic immune response, a characteristic of adaptive immune memory in vertebrates, varies within and between invertebrate species. This variation may be attributed to the influence of biotic or abiotic factors, particularly parasites, on the outcome of immune memory. Despite its critical importance for survival, the role of phenotypic plasticity in immune memory has not been systematically examined in the past two decades. Additionally, the features of immune responses occurring in diverse environments have yet to be fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, INSP, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Dumas Gálvez
- Coiba Scientific Station, City of Knowledge, Calle Gustavo Lara, Boulevard 145B, Clayton 0843-01853, Panama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Estafeta universitaria, Avenida Simón Bolívar, 0824, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Edificio 205, Ciudad del Saber, 0816-02852, Panama
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, UNAM, 58190 Morelia, Mexico
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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3
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Ng TH, Harrison MC, Scharsack JP, Kurtz J. Disentangling specific and unspecific components of innate immune memory in a copepod-tapeworm system. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1307477. [PMID: 38348037 PMCID: PMC10859752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1307477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence that the innate immune system can respond with forms of memory upon reinfection has been accumulating over the past few years. These phenomena of "immune priming" in invertebrates, and "trained immunity" in vertebrates, are contrary to previous belief that immune memory and specificity are restricted to the adaptive immune system. However, while trained immunity is usually a response with rather low specificity, immune priming has shown highly specific responses in certain species. To date, it is largely unknown how specificity in innate immune memory can be achieved in response to different parasite types. Here, we revisited a system where an exceptionally high degree of innate immune specificity had been demonstrated for the first time, consisting of the copepod Macrocyclops albidus and its natural parasite, the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. Using homologous (same family) vs. heterologous (different family) priming-challenge experiments, we first confirm that copepods exposed to the same parasite family benefit from reduced secondary infections. We further focused on exposed-but-not-infected copepods in primary exposure to employ a transcriptomic approach, distinguishing between immunity that was either specific or unspecific regarding the discrimination between tapeworm types. A weighted gene co-expression network (WGCN) revealed differences between specific and unspecific immunity; while both involved histone modification regulation, specific immunity involved gene-splicing factors, whereas unspecific immunity was primarily involved in metabolic shift. We found a functional enrichment in spliceosome in specific immunity, whereas oxidative phosphorylation and carbon metabolism were enriched in unspecific immunity. Our findings allow discrimination of specific and unspecific components of an innate immune memory, based on gene expression networks, and deepen our understanding of basic aspects of immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Hann Ng
- *Correspondence: Tze Hann Ng, ; Joachim Kurtz,
| | | | | | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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4
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Länger ZM, Baur M, Korša A, Eirich J, Lindeza AS, Zanchi C, Finkemeier I, Kurtz J. Differential proteome profiling of bacterial culture supernatants reveals candidates for the induction of oral immune priming in the red flour beetle. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230322. [PMID: 37909056 PMCID: PMC10618857 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organisms are host to symbionts and pathogens, which led to the evolution of immune strategies to prevent harm. Whilst the immune defences of vertebrates are classically divided into innate and adaptive, insects lack specialized cells involved in adaptive immunity, but have been shown to exhibit immune priming: the enhanced survival upon infection after a first exposure to the same pathogen or pathogen-derived components. An important piece of the puzzle are the pathogen-associated molecules that induce these immune priming responses. Here, we make use of the model system consisting of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and its bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, to compare the proteomes of culture supernatants of two closely related B. thuringiensis strains that either induce priming via the oral route, or not. Among the proteins that might be immunostimulatory to T. castaneum, we identify the Cry3Aa toxin, an important plasmid-encoded virulence factor of B. thuringiensis. In further priming-infection assays we test the relevance of Cry-carrying plasmids for immune priming. Our findings provide valuable insights for future studies to perform experiments on the mechanisms and evolution of immune priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Marie Länger
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Moritz Baur
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ana Korša
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ana Sofia Lindeza
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Caroline Zanchi
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
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5
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Tang C, Kurata S, Fuse N. Re-recognition of innate immune memory as an integrated multidimensional concept. Microbiol Immunol 2023. [PMID: 37311618 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the concept of immunological memory, which has long been considered a phenomenon observed in the adaptive immunity of vertebrates, has been extended to the innate immune system of various organisms. This de novo immunological memory is mainly called "innate immune memory", "immune priming", or "trained immunity" and has received increased attention because of its potential for clinical and agricultural applications. However, research on different species, especially invertebrates and vertebrates, has caused controversy regarding this concept. Here we discuss the current studies focusing on this immunological memory and summarize several mechanisms underlying it. We propose "innate immune memory" as a multidimensional concept as an integration between the seemingly different immunological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Tang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fuse
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Lo LK, R R, Tewes LJ, Milutinović B, Müller C, Kurtz J. Immune Stimulation via Wounding Alters Chemical Profiles of Adult Tribolium castaneum. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:46-58. [PMID: 36539674 PMCID: PMC9941273 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Group-living individuals experience immense risk of disease transmission and parasite infection. In social and in some non-social insects, disease control with immunomodulation arises not only via individual immune defenses, but also via infochemicals such as contact cues and (defensive) volatiles to mount a group-level immunity. However, little is known about whether activation of the immune system elicits changes in chemical phenotypes, which may mediate these responses. We here asked whether individual immune experience resulting from wounding or injection of heat-killed Bacillus thuringiensis (priming) leads to changes in the chemical profiles of female and male adult red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum, which are non-social but gregarious. We analyzed insect extracts using GC-FID to study the chemical composition of (1) cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) as candidates for the transfer of immunity-related information between individuals via contact, and (2) stink gland secretions, with analysis of benzoquinones as main active compounds regulating 'external immunity'. Despite a pronounced sexual dimorphism in CHC profiles, wounding stimulation led to similar profile changes in males and females with increases in the proportion of methyl-branched alkanes compared to naïve beetles. While changes in the overall secretion profiles were less pronounced, absolute amounts of benzoquinones were transiently elevated in wounded compared to naïve females. Responses to priming were insignificant in CHCs and secretions. We suggest that changes in different infochemicals after wounding may mediate immune status signaling in the context of both internal and external immune responses in groups of this non-social insect, thus showing parallels to social immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Ka Lo
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Reshma R
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Johanna Tewes
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Milutinović
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Li Z, Jia L, Yi H, Guo G, Huang L, Zhang Y, Jiao Z, Wu J. Pre-exposure to Candida albicans induce trans-generational immune priming and gene expression of Musca domestica. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:902496. [PMID: 36238590 PMCID: PMC9551092 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.902496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects have the phenomenon of immune priming by which they can have enhanced protection against reinfection with the same pathogen, and this immune protection can be passed on to their offspring, which is defined as “trans-generational immune priming (TGIP).” But whether housefly possesses TGIP is still unclear. Therefore, we used the housefly as the insect model and Candida albicans as the pathogen to explore whether the housefly is capable of eliciting TGIP, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to explore the molecular mechanism of TGIP of the housefly. We found that the housefly possesses TGIP, and adults pre-exposed to heat-killed C. albicans could confer protection to itself and its offspring upon reinfection with a lethal dose of C. albicans. RNA-seq results showed that 30 and 154 genes were differentially expressed after adults were primed with heat-killed C. albicans (CA-A) and after offspring larvae were challenged with a lethal dose of C. albicans (CA-CA-G), respectively. Among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), there were 23 immune genes, including 6 pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), 7 immune effectors, and 10 immunoregulatory molecules. More importantly, multiple DEGs were involved in the Toll signaling pathway and phagosome signaling pathway, suggesting that the Toll signaling pathway and phagocytosis might play important roles in the process of TGIP of housefly to C. albicans. Our results expanded on previous studies and provided parameters for exploring the mechanism of TGIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxun Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People’s Hospital of Yibin, West China Yibin Hospital, Yibin, China
| | - Lina Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Yi
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guo Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenlong Jiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenlong Jiao,
| | - Jianwei Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Jianwei Wu,
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8
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González-Acosta S, Baca-González V, Asensio-Calavia P, Otazo-Pérez A, López MR, Morales-delaNuez A, Pérez de la Lastra JM. Efficient Oral Priming of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Using Heat-Inactivated Microorganisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081296. [PMID: 36016184 PMCID: PMC9415734 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial resistance is a global health problem that will increase over time. Advances in insect antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a powerful new approach to combat antimicrobial resistance. Invertebrates represent a rich group of animals for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents due to their high diversity and the presence of adaptive immunity or “immune priming”. Here, we report a priming approach for Tenebrio molitor that simulates natural infection via the oral route. This oral administration has the advantage of minimizing the stress caused by conventional priming techniques and could be a viable method for mealworm immunity studies. When using inactivated microorganisms for oral priming, our results showed an increased survival of T. molitor larvae after exposure to various pathogens. This finding was consistent with the induction of antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph of primed larvae. Interestingly, the hemolymph of larvae orally primed with Escherichia coli showed constitutive activity against Staphylococcus aureus and heterologous activity for other Gram-negative bacteria, such as Salmonella enterica. The priming of T. molitor is generally performed via injection of the microorganism. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the oral administration of heat-inactivated microorganisms for priming mealworms. This technique has the advantage of reducing the stress that occurs with the conventional methods for priming vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio González-Acosta
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
- Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de La Laguna Avda, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, SN. Edificio Calabaza-Apdo, 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Victoria Baca-González
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Patricia Asensio-Calavia
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
- Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de La Laguna Avda, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, SN. Edificio Calabaza-Apdo, 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Andrea Otazo-Pérez
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
- Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de La Laguna Avda, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, SN. Edificio Calabaza-Apdo, 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Manuel R. López
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Antonio Morales-delaNuez
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
| | - José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-922-474334
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9
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Li Z, Jia L, Jiao Z, Guo G, Zhang Y, Xun H, Shang X, Huang L, Wu J. Immune priming with Candida albicans induces a shift in cellular immunity and gene expression of Musca domestica. Microb Pathog 2022; 168:105597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Korša A, Lo LK, Gandhi S, Bang C, Kurtz J. Oral Immune Priming Treatment Alters Microbiome Composition in the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:793143. [PMID: 35495655 PMCID: PMC9043903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.793143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well-established that the microbiome is relevant for many of an organism’s properties and that its composition reacts dynamically to various conditions. The microbiome interacts with host immunity and can play important roles in the defenses against pathogens. In invertebrates, immune priming, that is, improved survival upon secondary exposure to a previously encountered pathogen, can be dependent upon the presence of the gut microbiome. However, it is currently unknown whether the microbiome changes upon priming treatment. We here addressed this question in a well-established model for immune priming, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum exposed to the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). After priming treatments, the microbiota composition of beetle larvae was assessed by deep sequencing of the V1-V2 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. We compared the effect of two established routes of priming treatments in this system: injection priming with heat-killed Bt and oral priming via ingestion of filtered sterilized bacterial spore culture supernatants. For oral priming, we used several strains of Bt known to vary in their ability to induce priming. Our study revealed changes in microbiome composition following the oral priming treatment with two different strains of Bt, only one of which (Bt tenebrionis, Btt) is known to lead to improved survival. In contrast, injection priming treatment with the same bacterial strain did not result in microbiome changes. Combined with the previous results indicating that oral priming with Btt depends on the larval microbiome, this suggests that certain members of the microbiome could be involved in forming an oral priming response in the red flour beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Korša
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lai Ka Lo
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Shrey Gandhi
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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11
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Lanz-Mendoza H, Contreras-Garduño J. Innate immune memory in invertebrates: Concept and potential mechanisms. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104285. [PMID: 34626688 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates are the protagonists of a recent paradigm shift because they now show that vertebrates are not the only group with immune memory. This review discusses the concept of immune priming, its characteristics, and differences with trained immunity and immune enhancement. We include an update of the current status of immune priming within generations in different groups of invertebrates which now include work in 5 Phyla: Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Nematoda, and Arthropoda. Clearly, few Phyla have been studied. We also resume and discuss the effector mechanism related to immune memory, including integrating viral elements into the genome, endoreplication, and epigenetics. The roles of other elements are incorporated, such as hemocytes, immune pathways, and metabolisms. We conclude that taking care of the experimental procedure will discern if results provide or do not support the invertebrates' immune memory and that regarding mechanisms, indeed, there are no studies on the immune memory mechanisms, this is how specificity is reached, and how and where the immune memory is stored and how is recall upon subsequent encounters. Finally, we discuss the possibility of having more than one mechanism working in different groups of invertebrates depending on the environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, INSP, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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12
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Abd El Halim HM, Ali A. Long noncoding RNAs: Emerging players regulating innate immune memory in the red flour beetle. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104304. [PMID: 34756931 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A variety of strategies have been evolved to eradicate invading microbes. Phagocytes have developed in vertebrates and invertebrates to confer a non-specific immune response to pathogens. Besides, vertebrates have evolved lymphocytes to develop memory cells that can quickly respond upon the next exposure to the same pathogen. Although lymphocytes are absent in invertebrates, historical evidence, dating back to the 1920s, indicated the presence of immune memory in invertebrates. However, the concept of long-lasting non-specific defense predominated until recent evidence has been introduced in the first decade of the 21st century. Although more evidence has been introduced later, the molecular mechanism underlying the innate immune memory is largely undefined in invertebrates. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have demonstrated a role in regulating various biological processes, including immune response. In this review, we will explore the potential role of lncRNAs in developing innate immune memory in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Ali
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742-231, USA; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt.
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13
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Ali Mohammadie Kojour M, Baliarsingh S, Jang HA, Yun K, Park KB, Lee JE, Han YS, Patnaik BB, Jo YH. Current knowledge of immune priming in invertebrates, emphasizing studies on Tenebrio molitor. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104284. [PMID: 34619174 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates rely on the most sophisticated adaptive immunity to defend themselves against various pathogens. This includes immunologic memory cells, which mount a stronger and more effective immune response against an antigen after its first encounter. Unlike vertebrates, invertebrates' defense completely depends on the innate immunity mechanisms including humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, the invertebrate equivalent of the memory cells was discovered only recently. Since the discovery of transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) in crustaceans, numerous findings have proven the IP in invertebrate classes such as insects. TGIP can be induced through maternal priming pathways such as transcriptional regulation of antimicrobial peptides, and also paternal IP including the induction of proPO system activity. We appraise the diversity and specificity of IP agents to provide sustained immunologic memory in insects, particularly T. molitor in the review. An understanding of IP (more so TGIP) response in T. molitor will deepen our knowledge of invertebrate immunity, and boost the mass-rearing industry by reducing pathogen infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Snigdha Baliarsingh
- PG Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, 756089, India
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Keunho Yun
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- PG Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, 756089, India.
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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Schröder NCH, Korša A, Wami H, Mantel O, Dobrindt U, Kurtz J. Serial passage in an insect host indicates genetic stability of the human probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:71-86. [PMID: 35186295 PMCID: PMC8853844 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) has been shown to effectively prevent and alleviate intestinal diseases. Despite the widespread medical application of EcN, we still lack basic knowledge about persistence and evolution of EcN outside the human body. Such knowledge is important also for public health aspects, as in contrast to abiotic therapeutics, probiotics are living organisms that have the potential to evolve. This study made use of experimental evolution of EcN in an insect host, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, and its flour environment. Methodology Using a serial passage approach, we orally introduced EcN to larvae of T.castaneum as a new host, and also propagated it in the flour environment. After eight propagation cycles, we analyzed phenotypic attributes of the passaged replicate EcN lines, their effects on the host in the context of immunity and infection with the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, and potential genomic changes using WGS of three of the evolved lines. Results We observed weak phenotypic differences between the ancestral EcN and both, beetle and flour passaged EcN lines, in motility and growth at 30°C, but neither any genetic changes, nor the expected increased persistence of the beetle-passaged lines. One of these lines displayed distinct morphological and physiological characteristics. Conclusions and implications Our findings suggest that EcN remains rather stable during serial passage in an insect. Weak phenotypic changes in growth and motility combined with a lack of genetic changes indicate a certain degree of phenotypic plasticity of EcN. Lay Summary For studying adaptation of the human probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917, we introduced it to a novel insect host system and its environment using a serial passage approach. After passage, we observed weak phenotypic changes in growth and motility but no mutations or changes in persistence inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C H Schröder
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ana Korša
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Haleluya Wami
- Institute for Hygiene, UKM Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Olena Mantel
- Institute for Hygiene, UKM Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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15
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Prigot-Maurice C, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Why and how do protective symbionts impact immune priming with pathogens in invertebrates? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104245. [PMID: 34453995 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates that invertebrates display adaptive-like immune abilities, commonly known as "immune priming". Immune priming is a process by which a host improves its immune defences following an initial pathogenic exposure, leading to better protection after a subsequent infection with the same - or different - pathogens. Nevertheless, beneficial symbionts can enhance similar immune priming processes in hosts, such as when they face repeated infections with pathogens. This "symbiotic immune priming" protects the host against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, or eukaryotic parasites. In this review, we explore the extent to which protective symbionts interfere and impact immune priming against pathogens from both a mechanical (proximal) and an evolutionary (ultimate) point of view. We highlight that the immune priming of invertebrates is the cornerstone of the tripartite interaction of hosts/symbionts/pathogens. The main shared mechanism of immune priming (induced by symbionts or pathogens) is the sustained immune response at the beginning of host-microbial interactions. However, the evolutionary outcome of immune priming leads to a specific discrimination, which provides enhanced tolerance or resistance depending on the type of microbe. Based on several studies testing immune priming against pathogens in the presence or absence of protective symbionts, we observed that both types of immune priming could overlap and affect each other inside the same hosts. As protective symbionts could be an evolutionary force that influences immune priming, they may help us to better understand the heterogeneity of pathogenic immune priming across invertebrate populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybèle Prigot-Maurice
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France.
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
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16
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Prakash A, Khan I. Why do insects evolve immune priming? A search for crossroads. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104246. [PMID: 34453994 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, it was assumed that insects lack immune memory since they do not have vertebrate-like specialized memory cells. Therefore, their most well studied evolutionary response against pathogens was increased basal immunity. However, growing evidence suggests that many insects also exhibit a form of immune memory (immune priming), where prior exposure to a low dose of infection confers protection against subsequent infection by the same pathogen that acts both within and across generations. Most strikingly, they can rapidly evolve as a highly parallel and mutually exclusive strategy from basal immunity, under different selective conditions and with divergent evolutionary trade-offs. However, the relative importance of priming as an optimal immune strategy also has contradictions, primarily because supporting mechanisms are still unclear. In this review, we adopt a comparative approach to highlight several emerging evolutionary, ecological and mechanistic features of priming vs basal immune responses that warrant immediate attention for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Prakash
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
| | - Imroze Khan
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.O. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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17
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Mekata T. Strategy for understanding the biological defense mechanism involved in immune priming in kuruma shrimp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104228. [PMID: 34363834 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, individuals that survive a specific infectious disease among crustaceans reportedly develop resistance to the given virulence factors. Quasi-immune response is a similar phenomenon of acquired resistance against white spot syndrome virus, also found in kuruma shrimp. This phenomenon, resembling immunological memory, is collectively called immune priming and recently attracts increasing attention. In this study, I review, along with recent findings, past attempts to immunize shrimp by administration of the pathogen itself or recombinant proteins of viral constituent factors. Moreover, I aimed at investigating the diversity of pattern recognition receptors in kuruma shrimp from the currently available information that allows for a better understanding of immune priming. This review would potentially help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immune priming in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Mekata
- Pathology Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie, Japan.
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18
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Sułek M, Kordaczuk J, Wojda I. Current understanding of immune priming phenomena in insects. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 185:107656. [PMID: 34464656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It may seem that the most important issues related to insect immunity have already been described. However, novel phenomena observed in recent years shed new light on the understanding of the immune response in insects.The adaptive abilities of insects helped them to populate all ecological land niches.One important adaptive ability of insects that facilitates their success is the plasticity of their immune system. Although they only have innate immune mechanisms, insects can increase their resistance after the first encounter with the pathogen. In recent years, this phenomenon,namedimmunepriming, has become a "hot topic" in immunobiology.Priming can occur within or across generations. In the first case, the resistance of a given individual can increase after surviving a previous infection. Transstadial immune priming occurs when infection takes place at one of the initial developmental stages and increased resistance is observed at the pupal or imago stages. Priming across generations (transgenerationalimmune priming, TGIP) relies on the increased resistance of the offspring when one or both parents are infected during their lifetime.Despite the attention that immune priming has received, basic questions remain to be answered, such as regulation of immune priming at the molecular level. Research indicates that pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) can be involved in the priming phenomenon. Recent studies have highlighted the special role of microRNAs and epigenetics, which can influence expression of genes that can be transmitted through generations although they are not encoded in the nucleotide sequence. Considerable amounts of research are required to fully understand the mechanisms that regulate priming phenomena. The aim of our work is to analyse thoroughly the most important information on immune priming in insects and help raise pertinent questions such that a greater understanding of this phenomenon can be obtained in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sułek
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland.
| | - Jakub Kordaczuk
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland.
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19
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Maya-Maldonado K, Cime-Castillo J, Maya-Lucas O, Argotte-Ramos R, Rodríguez MC, Lanz-Mendoza H. Transcriptome analysis uncover differential regulation in cell cycle, immunity, and metabolism in Anopheles albimanus during immune priming with Plasmodium berghei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 120:104046. [PMID: 33600838 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In invertebrates, "immunological priming" is considered as the ability to acquire a protective (adaptive) immune response against a pathogen due to previous exposure to the same organism. To date, the mechanism by which this type of adaptive immune response originates in insects is not well understood. In the Anopheles albimanus - Plasmodium berghei model, a DNA synthesis that probably indicates an endoreplication process during priming induction has been evidenced. This work aimed to know the transcriptomic profile in the midguts of An. albimanus after priming induction. Our analysis indicates the participation of regulatory elements of the cell cycle in the immunological priming and points out the importance of the cell cycle regulation in the mosquito midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cime-Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Otoniel Maya-Lucas
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research. University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rocio Argotte-Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Maria Carmen Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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20
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Schmittmann L, Franzenburg S, Pita L. Individuality in the Immune Repertoire and Induced Response of the Sponge Halichondria panicea. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689051. [PMID: 34220847 PMCID: PMC8242945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The animal immune system mediates host-microbe interactions from the host perspective. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and the downstream signaling cascades they induce are a central part of animal innate immunity. These molecular immune mechanisms are still not fully understood, particularly in terms of baseline immunity vs induced specific responses regulated upon microbial signals. Early-divergent phyla like sponges (Porifera) can help to identify the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of immune signaling. We characterized both the expressed immune gene repertoire and the induced response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in Halichondria panicea, a promising model for sponge symbioses. We exposed sponges under controlled experimental conditions to bacterial LPS and performed RNA-seq on samples taken 1h and 6h after exposure. H. panicea possesses a diverse array of putative PRRs. While part of those PRRs was constitutively expressed in all analyzed sponges, the majority was expressed individual-specific and regardless of LPS treatment or timepoint. The induced immune response by LPS involved differential regulation of genes related to signaling and recognition, more specifically GTPases and post-translational regulation mechanisms like ubiquitination and phosphorylation. We have discovered individuality in both the immune receptor repertoire and the response to LPS, which may translate into holobiont fitness and susceptibility to stress. The three different layers of immune gene control observed in this study, - namely constitutive expression, individual-specific expression, and induced genes -, draw a complex picture of the innate immune gene regulation in H. panicea. Most likely this reflects synergistic interactions among the different components of immunity in their role to control and respond to a stable microbiome, seawater bacteria, and potential pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Schmittmann
- Research Unit Marine Symbioses, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sören Franzenburg
- Research Group Genetics&Bioinformatics/Systems Immunology, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lucía Pita
- Research Unit Marine Symbioses, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Seppälä O, Çetin C, Cereghetti T, Feulner PGD, Adema CM. Examining adaptive evolution of immune activity: opportunities provided by gastropods in the age of 'omics'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200158. [PMID: 33813886 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites threaten all free-living organisms, including molluscs. Understanding the evolution of immune defence traits in natural host populations is crucial for predicting their long-term performance under continuous infection risk. Adaptive trait evolution requires that traits are subject to selection (i.e. contribute to organismal fitness) and that they are heritable. Despite broad interest in the evolutionary ecology of immune activity in animals, the understanding of selection on and evolutionary potential of immune defence traits is far from comprehensive. For instance, empirical observations are only rarely in line with theoretical predictions of immune activity being subject to stabilizing selection. This discrepancy may be because ecoimmunological studies can typically cover only a fraction of the complexity of an animal immune system. Similarly, molecular immunology/immunogenetics studies provide a mechanistic understanding of immunity, but neglect variation that arises from natural genetic differences among individuals and from environmental conditions. Here, we review the current literature on natural selection on and evolutionary potential of immune traits in animals, signal how merging ecological immunology and genomics will strengthen evolutionary ecological research on immunity, and indicate research opportunities for molluscan gastropods for which well-established ecological understanding and/or 'immune-omics' resources are already available. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Seppälä
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Cansu Çetin
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Teo Cereghetti
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philine G D Feulner
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Coen M Adema
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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22
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Transcriptome profiling of Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda) for ecoimmunological research. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:144. [PMID: 33648459 PMCID: PMC7919325 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host immune function can contribute to numerous ecological/evolutionary processes. Ecoimmunological studies, however, typically use one/few phenotypic immune assays and thus do not consider the complexity of the immune system. Therefore, "omics" resources that allow quantifying immune activity across multiple pathways are needed for ecoimmunological models. We applied short-read based RNAseq (Illumina NextSeq 500, PE-81) to characterise transcriptome profiles of Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda), a multipurpose model snail species. We used a genetically diverse snail stock and exposed individuals to immune elicitors (injury, bacterial/trematode pathogens) and changes in environmental conditions that can alter immune activity (temperature, food availability). RESULTS Immune defence factors identified in the de novo assembly covered elements broadly described in other gastropods. For instance, pathogen-recognition receptors (PRR) and lectins activate Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway and cytokines that regulate cellular and humoral defences. Surprisingly, only modest diversity of antimicrobial peptides and fibrinogen related proteins were detected when compared with other taxa. Additionally, multiple defence factors that may contribute to the phenotypic immune assays used to quantify antibacterial activity and phenoloxidase (PO)/melanisation-type reaction in this species were found. Experimental treatments revealed factors from non-self recognition (lectins) and signalling (TLR pathway, cytokines) to effectors (e.g., antibacterial proteins, PO enzymes) whose transcription depended on immune stimuli and environmental conditions, as well as components of snail physiology/metabolism that may drive these effects. Interestingly, the transcription of many factors (e.g., PRR, lectins, cytokines, PO enzymes, antibacterial proteins) showed high among-individual variation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate several uniform aspects of gastropod immunity, but also apparent differences between L. stagnalis and some previously examined taxa. Interestingly, in addition to immune defence factors that responded to immune elicitors and changes in environmental conditions, many factors showed high among-individual variation across experimental snails. We propose that such factors are highly important to be included in future ecoimmunological studies because they may be the key determinants of differences in parasite resistance among individuals both within and between natural snail populations.
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23
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Pinos D, Andrés-Garrido A, Ferré J, Hernández-Martínez P. Response Mechanisms of Invertebrates to Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Pesticidal Proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00007-20. [PMID: 33504654 PMCID: PMC8549848 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive use of chemical insecticides adversely affects both environment and human health. One of the most popular biological pest control alternatives is bioinsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis This entomopathogenic bacterium produces different protein types which are toxic to several insect, mite, and nematode species. Currently, insecticidal proteins belonging to the Cry and Vip3 groups are widely used to control insect pests both in formulated sprays and in transgenic crops. However, the benefits of B. thuringiensis-based products are threatened by insect resistance evolution. Numerous studies have highlighted that mutations in genes coding for surrogate receptors are responsible for conferring resistance to B. thuringiensis Nevertheless, other mechanisms may also contribute to the reduction of the effectiveness of B. thuringiensis-based products for managing insect pests and even to the acquisition of resistance. Here, we review the relevant literature reporting how invertebrates (mainly insects and Caenorhabditis elegans) respond to exposure to B. thuringiensis as either whole bacteria, spores, and/or its pesticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pinos
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ascensión Andrés-Garrido
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan Ferré
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Patricia Hernández-Martínez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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de Paula Freitas FC, Lourenço AP, Nunes FMF, Paschoal AR, Abreu FCP, Barbin FO, Bataglia L, Cardoso-Júnior CAM, Cervoni MS, Silva SR, Dalarmi F, Del Lama MA, Depintor TS, Ferreira KM, Gória PS, Jaskot MC, Lago DC, Luna-Lucena D, Moda LM, Nascimento L, Pedrino M, Oliveira FR, Sanches FC, Santos DE, Santos CG, Vieira J, Barchuk AR, Hartfelder K, Simões ZLP, Bitondi MMG, Pinheiro DG. The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Frieseomelitta varia - a highly eusocial stingless bee (Meliponini) with a permanently sterile worker caste. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:386. [PMID: 32493270 PMCID: PMC7268684 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of our understanding on the social behavior and genomics of bees and other social insects is centered on the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera. The genus Apis, however, is a highly derived branch comprising less than a dozen species, four of which genomically characterized. In contrast, for the equally highly eusocial, yet taxonomically and biologically more diverse Meliponini, a full genome sequence was so far available for a single Melipona species only. We present here the genome sequence of Frieseomelitta varia, a stingless bee that has, as a peculiarity, a completely sterile worker caste. RESULTS The assembly of 243,974,526 high quality Illumina reads resulted in a predicted assembled genome size of 275 Mb composed of 2173 scaffolds. A BUSCO analysis for the 10,526 predicted genes showed that these represent 96.6% of the expected hymenopteran orthologs. We also predicted 169,371 repetitive genomic components, 2083 putative transposable elements, and 1946 genes for non-coding RNAs, largely long non-coding RNAs. The mitochondrial genome comprises 15,144 bp, encoding 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs. We observed considerable rearrangement in the mitochondrial gene order compared to other bees. For an in-depth analysis of genes related to social biology, we manually checked the annotations for 533 automatically predicted gene models, including 127 genes related to reproductive processes, 104 to development, and 174 immunity-related genes. We also performed specific searches for genes containing transcription factor domains and genes related to neurogenesis and chemosensory communication. CONCLUSIONS The total genome size for F. varia is similar to the sequenced genomes of other bees. Using specific prediction methods, we identified a large number of repetitive genome components and long non-coding RNAs, which could provide the molecular basis for gene regulatory plasticity, including worker reproduction. The remarkable reshuffling in gene order in the mitochondrial genome suggests that stingless bees may be a hotspot for mtDNA evolution. Hence, while being just the second stingless bee genome sequenced, we expect that subsequent targeting of a selected set of species from this diverse clade of highly eusocial bees will reveal relevant evolutionary signals and trends related to eusociality in these important pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia C. de Paula Freitas
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG Brazil
| | - Anete P. Lourenço
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG Brazil
| | - Francis M. F. Nunes
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano C. P. Abreu
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Fábio O. Barbin
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Luana Bataglia
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Carlos A. M. Cardoso-Júnior
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Mário S. Cervoni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Saura R. Silva
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal, SP Brazil
| | - Fernanda Dalarmi
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Marco A. Del Lama
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Thiago S. Depintor
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Kátia M. Ferreira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Paula S. Gória
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Michael C. Jaskot
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Denyse C. Lago
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Danielle Luna-Lucena
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Livia M. Moda
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Matheus Pedrino
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Franciene Rabiço Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Fernanda C. Sanches
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Douglas E. Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Carolina G. Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Joseana Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG Brazil
| | - Angel R. Barchuk
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG Brazil
| | - Klaus Hartfelder
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Zilá L. P. Simões
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Márcia M. G. Bitondi
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Daniel G. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal, SP Brazil
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Lin J, Yu XQ, Wang Q, Tao X, Li J, Zhang S, Xia X, You M. Immune responses to Bacillus thuringiensis in the midgut of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:103661. [PMID: 32097696 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is the first insect to develop resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in the field. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanism of the interaction between Bt and midgut immunity in P. xylostella. Here, we report immune responses in the P. xylostella midgut to Bt strain Bt8010 using a combined approach of transcriptomics and quantitative proteomics. Many genes in the Toll, IMD, JNK and JAK-STAT pathways and antimicrobial peptide genes were activated at 18 h post-infection. In the prophenoloxidase (PPO) cascade, four serpin genes were activated, and the PPO1 gene was suppressed by Bt8010. Inhibition of the two PPO proteins was observed at 18 h post-infection. Feeding Bt8010-infected larvae recombinant PPOs enhanced their survival. These results revealed that the Toll, IMD, JNK and JAK-STAT pathways were triggered and participated in the immune defence of the midgut against Bt8010, while the PPO cascade was inhibited and played an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Insect Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinping Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.
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26
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Dennis AB, Ballesteros GI, Robin S, Schrader L, Bast J, Berghöfer J, Beukeboom LW, Belghazi M, Bretaudeau A, Buellesbach J, Cash E, Colinet D, Dumas Z, Errbii M, Falabella P, Gatti JL, Geuverink E, Gibson JD, Hertaeg C, Hartmann S, Jacquin-Joly E, Lammers M, Lavandero BI, Lindenbaum I, Massardier-Galata L, Meslin C, Montagné N, Pak N, Poirié M, Salvia R, Smith CR, Tagu D, Tares S, Vogel H, Schwander T, Simon JC, Figueroa CC, Vorburger C, Legeai F, Gadau J. Functional insights from the GC-poor genomes of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius ervi and Lysiphlebus fabarum. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:376. [PMID: 32471448 PMCID: PMC7257214 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitoid wasps have fascinating life cycles and play an important role in trophic networks, yet little is known about their genome content and function. Parasitoids that infect aphids are an important group with the potential for biological control. Their success depends on adapting to develop inside aphids and overcoming both host aphid defenses and their protective endosymbionts. RESULTS We present the de novo genome assemblies, detailed annotation, and comparative analysis of two closely related parasitoid wasps that target pest aphids: Aphidius ervi and Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). The genomes are small (139 and 141 Mbp) and the most AT-rich reported thus far for any arthropod (GC content: 25.8 and 23.8%). This nucleotide bias is accompanied by skewed codon usage and is stronger in genes with adult-biased expression. AT-richness may be the consequence of reduced genome size, a near absence of DNA methylation, and energy efficiency. We identify missing desaturase genes, whose absence may underlie mimicry in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of L. fabarum. We highlight key gene groups including those underlying venom composition, chemosensory perception, and sex determination, as well as potential losses in immune pathway genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings are of fundamental interest for insect evolution and biological control applications. They provide a strong foundation for further functional studies into coevolution between parasitoids and their hosts. Both genomes are available at https://bipaa.genouest.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice B Dennis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Gabriel I Ballesteros
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Stéphanie Robin
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université de Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lukas Schrader
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Bast
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Zoology, Universität zu Köln, 50674, Köln, Germany
| | - Jan Berghöfer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Leo W Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maya Belghazi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, PINT, PFNT, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université de Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jan Buellesbach
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Cash
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Zoé Dumas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Errbii
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Elzemiek Geuverink
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua D Gibson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Corinne Hertaeg
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, D-USYS, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hartmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, F-78000, Versailles, France
| | - Mark Lammers
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Blas I Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ina Lindenbaum
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Camille Meslin
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, F-78000, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, F-78000, Versailles, France
| | - Nina Pak
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Chris R Smith
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, 47374, USA
| | - Denis Tagu
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Sophie Tares
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian C Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université de Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jürgen Gadau
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Powers JC, Turangan R, Joosse BA, Hillyer JF. Adult Mosquitoes Infected with Bacteria Early in Life Have Stronger Antimicrobial Responses and More Hemocytes after Reinfection Later in Life. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11060331. [PMID: 32481519 PMCID: PMC7349202 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The immunological strategies employed by insects to overcome infection vary with the type of infection and may change with experience. We investigated how a bacterial infection in the hemocoel of the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, prepares the immune system to face a subsequent bacterial infection. For this, adult female mosquitoes were separated into three groups—unmanipulated, injured, or infected with Escherichia coli—and five days later all the mosquitoes were infected with a different strain of E. coli. We found that an injury or a bacterial infection early in life enhances the ability of mosquitoes to kill bacteria later in life. This protection results in higher mosquito survival and is associated with an increased hemocyte density, altered phagocytic activity by individual hemocytes, and the increased expression of nitric oxide synthase and perhaps prophenoloxidase 6. Protection from a second infection likely occurs because of heightened immune awareness due to an already existing infection instead of memory arising from an earlier, cured infection. This study highlights the dynamic nature of the mosquito immune response and how one infection prepares mosquitoes to survive a subsequent infection.
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28
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Körner M, Vogelweith F, Libbrecht R, Foitzik S, Feldmeyer B, Meunier J. Offspring reverse transcriptome responses to maternal deprivation when reared with pathogens in an insect with facultative family life. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200440. [PMID: 32345162 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring of species with facultative family life are able to live with and without parents (i.e. to adjust to extreme changes in their social environment). While these adjustments are well understood on a phenotypic level, their genetic underpinnings remain surprisingly understudied. Investigating gene expression changes in response to parental absence may elucidate the genetic constraints driving evolutionary transitions between solitary and family life. Here, we manipulated maternal presence to observe gene expression changes in the fat body of juvenile European earwigs, an insect with facultative family life. Because parents typically protect offspring against pathogens, expression changes were recorded in pathogen-free and pathogen-exposed environments. We found that manipulating maternal presence changed the expression of 154 genes, including several metabolism and growth-related genes, and that this change depended on pathogen presence. Specifically, localization and cell transporter genes were downregulated in maternal absence without pathogens but upregulated with pathogens. At least one immunity gene (pathogenesis-related protein 5) was affected by pathogen exposure regardless of maternal presence. Overall, our findings explicate how offspring adjust to parental deprivation on a molecular level and reveal that such adjustments heavily depend on pathogens in the environment. This emphasizes the central role of pathogens in family life evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Körner
- Evolutionary Animal Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Romain Libbrecht
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Foitzik
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Molecular Ecology, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
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29
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A Sustained Immune Response Supports Long-Term Antiviral Immune Priming in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02777-19. [PMID: 32156821 PMCID: PMC7064767 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02777-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, innate immune priming has been evidenced in many invertebrate phyla. If mechanistic models have been proposed, molecular studies aiming to substantiate these models have remained scarce. We reveal here the transcriptional signature associated with immune priming in the oyster Crassostrea gigas Oysters were fully protected against Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), a major oyster pathogen, after priming with poly(I·C), which mimics viral double-stranded RNA. Global analysis through RNA sequencing of oyster and viral genes after immune priming and viral infection revealed that poly(I·C) induces a strong antiviral response that impairs OsHV-1 replication. Protection is based on a sustained upregulation of immune genes, notably genes involved in the interferon pathway and apoptosis, which control subsequent viral infection. This persistent antiviral alert state remains active over 4 months and supports antiviral protection in the long term. This acquired resistance mechanism reinforces the molecular foundations of the sustained response model of immune priming. It further opens the way to applications (pseudovaccination) to cope with a recurrent disease that causes dramatic economic losses in the shellfish farming industry worldwide.IMPORTANCE In the last decade, important discoveries have shown that resistance to reinfection can be achieved without a functional adaptive immune system, introducing the concept of innate immune memory in invertebrates. However, this field has been constrained by the limited number of molecular mechanisms evidenced to support these phenomena. Taking advantage of an invertebrate species, the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), in which we evidenced one of the longest and most effective periods of protection against viral infection observed in an invertebrate, we provide the first comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of antiviral innate immune priming. We show that priming with poly(I·C) induced a massive upregulation of immune-related genes, which control subsequent viral infection, and it was maintained for over 4 months after priming. This acquired resistant mechanism reinforces the molecular foundations of the sustained response model of immune priming. It opens the way to pseudovaccination to prevent the recurrent diseases that currently afflict economically or ecologically important invertebrates.
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Survival capacity of the common woodlouse Armadillidium vulgare is improved with a second infection of Salmonella enterica. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 168:107278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ferro K, Peuß R, Yang W, Rosenstiel P, Schulenburg H, Kurtz J. Experimental evolution of immunological specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20598-20604. [PMID: 31548373 PMCID: PMC6789748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904828116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory and specificity are hallmarks of the adaptive immune system. Contrary to prior belief, innate immune systems can also provide forms of immune memory, such as immune priming in invertebrates and trained immunity in vertebrates. Immune priming can even be specific but differs remarkably in cellular and molecular functionality from the well-studied adaptive immune system of vertebrates. To date, it is unknown whether and how the level of specificity in immune priming can adapt during evolution in response to natural selection. We tested the evolution of priming specificity in an invertebrate model, the beetle Tribolium castaneum Using controlled evolution experiments, we selected beetles for either specific or unspecific immune priming toward the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, Lactococcus lactis, and 4 strains of the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis After 14 generations of host selection, specificity of priming was not universally higher in the lines selected for specificity, but rather depended on the bacterium used for priming and challenge. The insect pathogen B. thuringiensis induced the strongest priming effect. Differences between the evolved populations were mirrored in the transcriptomic response, revealing involvement of immune, metabolic, and transcription-modifying genes. Finally, we demonstrate that the induction strength of a set of differentially expressed immune genes predicts the survival probability of the evolved lines upon infection. We conclude that high specificity of immune priming can evolve rapidly for certain bacteria, most likely due to changes in the regulation of immune genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85704
| | - Robert Peuß
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Wentao Yang
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hinrich Schulenburg
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
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Ali A, Abd El Halim HM. Re-thinking adaptive immunity in the beetles: Evolutionary and functional trajectories of lncRNAs. Genomics 2019; 112:1425-1436. [PMID: 31442561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Unlike vertebrate animals, invertebrates lack lymphocytes and therefore have historically been believed not to develop immune memory. A few studies have reported evidence of immune priming in insects; however, these studies lack the molecular mechanism and proposed it might be different among taxa. Since lncRNAs are known to regulate the immune response, we identified 10,120 lncRNAs in Tribolium castaneum genome-wide followed by transcriptome analysis of primed and unprimed larvae of different infectious status. A shift in lncRNA expression between Btt primed larvae and other treatment groups provides evidence of immune memory response. A few "priming" lncRNAs (n = 9) were uniquely regulated in Btt primed larvae. Evidence suggests these lncRNAs are likely controlling immune priming in Tribolium by regulating expression of genes involved in proteasomal machinery, Notch system, zinc metabolism, and methyltransferase activity, which are necessary to modulate phagocytosis. Our results support a conserved immune priming mechanism in a macrophage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ali
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States of America; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
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Yi Y, Xu H, Li M, Wu G. RNA-seq profiles of putative genes involved in specific immune priming in Bombyx mori haemocytes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103921. [PMID: 31207402 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system of many invertebrates, including insects, has been shown to comprise memory, or specific immune priming. However, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms especially the candidate immune-related genes mediated the specificity of the immune priming are still very scarce and fragmentary. We therefore used two closely related Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria (Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 and P. luminescens H06) as the priming agents and employed Illumina/Solexa platform to investigate the transcriptional changes of the haemocytes of Bombyx mori larvae after priming. RESULTS In total, 23.0 Gbp of sequence data and 153,331,564 reads were generated, representing 10,496 genes. Approximately 89% of the genes or sequenced reads could be aligned to the silkworm reference genome. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of PBS-vs-TT01 (up-regulated expression of TT01 relative to PBS), PBS-vs-H06 (up-regulated expression of H06 relative to PBS) and TT01-vs-H06 (up-regulated expression of H06 relative to TT01) were 707, 159 and 461 respectively. In addition, expression patterns of 25 selected DEGs derived from quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were consistent with their transcript abundance changes obtained by transcriptomic analyses. The DEGs are mainly related to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), signaling molecular, effector molecules, phagosome and spliceosome, indicating that they have participated in the regulation of the specific immune priming in the B. mori larvae. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptome profiling data sets from this study will provide valuable resources to better understand the molecular and biological mechanisms regulating the specificity of invertebrates' immune priming. All these will shed light on controlling insect pests or preventing epidemic of infectious diseases in economic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Jingzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Mei Li
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China.
| | - Gongqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
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Khan I, Prakash A, Agashe D. Pathogen susceptibility and fitness costs explain variation in immune priming across natural populations of flour beetles. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1332-1342. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imroze Khan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research GKVK Bangalore India
- Ashoka University Sonepat Rai India
| | - Arun Prakash
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research GKVK Bangalore India
| | - Deepa Agashe
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research GKVK Bangalore India
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Wen Y, He Z, Xu T, Jiao Y, Liu X, Wang YF, Yu XQ. Ingestion of killed bacteria activates antimicrobial peptide genes in Drosophila melanogaster and protects flies from septic infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:10-18. [PMID: 30731096 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster possesses a sophisticated and effective immune system composed of humoral and cellular immune responses, and production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is an important defense mechanism. Expression of AMPs is regulated by the Toll and IMD (immune deficiency) pathways. Production of AMPs can be systemic in the fat body or a local event in the midgut and epithelium. So far, most studies focus on systemic septic infection in adult flies and little is known about AMP gene activation after ingestion of killed bacteria. In this study, we investigated activation of AMP genes in the wild-type w1118, MyD88 and Imd mutant flies after ingestion of heat-killed Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We showed that ingestion of E. coli activated most AMP genes, including drosomycin and diptericin, in the first to third instar larvae and pupae, while ingestion of S. aureus induced only some AMP genes in some larval stages or in pupae. In adult flies, ingestion of killed bacteria activated AMP genes differently in males and females. Interestingly, ingestion of killed E. coli and S. aureus in females conferred resistance to septic infection by both live pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and ingestion of E. coli in males conferred resistance to P. aeruginosa infection. Our results indicated that E. coli and S. aureus can activate both the Toll and IMD pathways, and systemic and local immune responses work together to provide Drosophila more effective protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhen He
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
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Pinaud S, Portet A, Allienne JF, Belmudes L, Saint-Beat C, Arancibia N, Galinier R, Du Pasquier L, Duval D, Gourbal B. Molecular characterisation of immunological memory following homologous or heterologous challenges in the schistosomiasis vector snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:238-252. [PMID: 30529491 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate immune response may be primed by a current infection in a sustained manner, leading to the failure of a secondary infection with the same pathogen. The present study focuses on the Schistosomiasis vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata, in which a specific genotype-dependent immunological memory was demonstrated as a shift from a cellular to a humoral immune response. Herein, we investigate the complex molecular bases associated with this genotype-dependant immunological memory response. We demonstrate that Biomphalaria regulates a polymorphic set of immune recognition molecules and immune effector repertoires to respond to different strains of Schistosoma parasites. These results suggest a combinatorial usage of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that distinguish different strains of parasites during the acquisition of immunological memory. Immunizations also show that snails become resistant after exposure to parasite extracts. Hemolymph transfer and a label-free proteomic analysis proved that circulating hemolymph compounds can be produced and released to more efficiently kill the newly encountered parasite of the same genetic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvain Pinaud
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Anaïs Portet
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Jean-François Allienne
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- CEA-Grenoble, Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes (EDyP), F-38054, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
| | - Cécile Saint-Beat
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Nathalie Arancibia
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Richard Galinier
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Louis Du Pasquier
- University of Basel, Zoological Institute, Department of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology Vesalgasse 1, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - David Duval
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
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Schulz NKE, Sell MP, Ferro K, Kleinhölting N, Kurtz J. Transgenerational Developmental Effects of Immune Priming in the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum. Front Physiol 2019; 10:98. [PMID: 30837885 PMCID: PMC6389831 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune priming, the increased chance to survive a secondary encounter with a pathogen, has been described for many invertebrate species, which lack the classical adaptive immune system of vertebrates. Priming can be specific even for closely related bacterial strains, last up to the entire lifespan of an individual, and in some species, it can also be transferred to the offspring and is then called transgenerational immune priming (TGIP). In the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, a pest of stored grains, TGIP has even been shown to be transferred paternally after injection of adult beetles with heat-killed Bacillus thuringiensis. Here we studied whether TGIP in T. castaneum is also transferred to the second filial generation, whether it can also occur after oral and injection priming of larvae and whether it has effects on offspring development. We found that paternal priming with B. thuringiensis does not only protect the first but also the second offspring generation. Also, fitness costs of the immune priming became apparent, when the first filial generation produced fewer offspring. Furthermore, we used two different routes of exposure to prime larvae, either by injecting them with heat-killed bacteria or orally feeding them B. thuringiensis spore culture supernatant. Neither of the parental larval priming methods led to any direct benefits regarding offspring resistance. However, the injections slowed down development of the injected individuals, while oral priming with both a pathogenic and a non-pathogenic strain of B. thuringiensis delayed offspring development. The long-lasting transgenerational nature of immune priming and its impact on offspring development indicate that potentially underlying epigenetic modifications might be stable over several generations. Therefore, this form of phenotypic plasticity might impact pest control and should be considered when using products of bacterial origin against insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora K E Schulz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Pauline Sell
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kevin Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nico Kleinhölting
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Cao X, Jiang H. Building a platform for predicting functions of serine protease-related proteins in Drosophila melanogaster and other insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 103:53-69. [PMID: 30367934 PMCID: PMC6358214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases (SPs) and serine protease homologs (SPHs) play essential roles in insect physiological processes including digestion, defense and development. Studies of insect genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes have generated a vast amount of information on these proteins, dwarfing the biological data acquired from a few model species. The large number and high diversity of homologous sequences makes it a challenge to use the limited functional information for making predictions across a broad taxonomic group of insects. In this work, we have extensively updated the framework of knowledge on the SP-related proteins in Drosophila melanogaster by identifying 52 new SPs/SPHs, classifying the 257 proteins into four groups (CLIP, gut, single- and multi-domain SPs/SPHs), and detecting inherent connections among phylogenetic relationships, genomic locations and expression profiles for 99 of the genes. Information on the existence of specific proteins in eggs, larvae, pupae and adults is presented to facilitate future research. More importantly, we have developed an approach to reveal close homologous or orthologous relationships among SPs/SPHs from D. melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae, Apis mellifera, Manduca sexta, and Tribolium castaneum thus inspiring functional studies in these and other holometabolous insects. This approach is useful for tackling similar problems on large and diverse protein families in other groups of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Medina-Gómez H, Farriols M, Santos F, González-Hernández A, Torres-Guzmán JC, Lanz H, Contreras-Garduño J. Pathogen-produced catalase affects immune priming: A potential pathogen strategy. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:93-95. [PMID: 30201591 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immune priming in invertebrates occurs when the first contact with a pathogen/parasite enhances resistance after a second encounter with the same strain or species. Although the mechanisms are not well understood, there is evidence that priming the immune response of some hosts leads to greater pro-oxidant production. Parasites, in turn, might counteract the host attack with antioxidants. Virulent pathogen strains may therefore mask invertebrate immune priming. For example, different parasite species overexpress catalase as a virulence factor to resist host pro-oxidants, possibly impairing the immune priming response. The aim of this study was firstly to evaluate the specificity of immune priming in Tenebrio molitor when facing homologous and heterologous challenges. Secondly, homologous challenges were carried out with two Metarhizium anisopliae strains (Ma10 and CAT). The more virulent strain (CAT) overexpresses catalase, an antioxidant that perhaps impairs a host immune response mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Indeed, T. molitor larvae exhibited better immune priming (survival) in response to the Ma10 than CAT homologous challenge. Moreover, the administration of paraquat, an ROS-promoting agent, favoured survival of the host upon exposure to each fungal strain. We propose that some pathogens likely overcome pro-oxidant-mediated immune priming defences by producing antioxidants such as catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Medina-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Mónica Farriols
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Fernando Santos
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Angélica González-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Torres-Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- ENES, unidad Morelia, UNAM, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No.8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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Melillo D, Marino R, Italiani P, Boraschi D. Innate Immune Memory in Invertebrate Metazoans: A Critical Appraisal. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1915. [PMID: 30186286 PMCID: PMC6113390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of developing immunological memory, a characteristic feature of adaptive immunity, is clearly present also in innate immune responses. In fact, it is well known that plants and invertebrate metazoans, which only have an innate immune system, can mount a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure to a stimulus. Evidence of immune memory in invertebrates comes from studies in infection immunity, natural transplantation immunity, individual, and transgenerational immune priming. These studies strongly suggest that environment and lifestyle take part in the development of immunological memory. However, in several instances the formal correlation between the phenomenon of immune memory and molecular and functional immune parameters is still missing. In this review, we have critically examined the cellular and humoral aspects of the invertebrate immune memory responses. In particular, we have focused our analysis on studies that have addressed immune memory in the most restrictive meaning of the term, i.e., the response to a challenge of a quiescent immune system that has been primed in the past. These studies highlight the central role of an increase in the number of immune cells and of their epigenetic re-programming in the establishment of sensu stricto immune memory in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melillo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Marino
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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Khan I, Prakash A, Agashe D. Experimental evolution of insect immune memory versus pathogen resistance. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1583. [PMID: 29237849 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under strong pathogen pressure, insects often evolve resistance to infection. Many insects are also protected via immune memory (immune priming), whereby sublethal exposure to a pathogen enhances survival after secondary infection. Theory predicts that immune memory should evolve when the pathogen is highly virulent, or when pathogen exposure is relatively rare. However, there are no empirical tests of these hypotheses, and the adaptive benefits of immune memory relative to direct resistance against a pathogen are poorly understood. To determine the selective pressures and ecological conditions that shape immune evolution, we imposed strong pathogen selection on flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) populations, infecting them with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for 11 generations. Populations injected first with heat-killed and then live Bt evolved high basal resistance against multiple Bt strains. By contrast, populations injected only with a high dose of live Bt evolved a less effective but strain-specific priming response. Control populations injected with heat-killed Bt did not evolve priming; and in the ancestor, priming was effective only against a low Bt dose. Intriguingly, one replicate population first evolved priming and subsequently evolved basal resistance, suggesting the potential for dynamic evolution of different immune strategies. Our work is the first report showing that pathogens can select for rapid modulation of insect priming ability, allowing hosts to evolve divergent immune strategies (generalized resistance versus specific immune memory) with potentially distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imroze Khan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India .,Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, National Capital Region, P.O. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Arun Prakash
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Deepa Agashe
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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Futo M, Sell MP, Kutzer MAM, Kurtz J. Specificity of oral immune priming in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Biol Lett 2018; 13:rsbl.2017.0632. [PMID: 29237813 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune specificity is the degree to which a host's immune system discriminates among various pathogens or antigenic variants. Vertebrate immune memory is highly specific due to antibody responses. On the other hand, some invertebrates show immune priming, i.e. improved survival after secondary exposure to a previously encountered pathogen. Until now, specificity of priming has only been demonstrated via the septic infection route or when live pathogens were used for priming. Therefore, we tested for specificity in the oral priming route in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum For priming, we used pathogen-free supernatants derived from three different strains of the entomopathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis, which express different Cry toxin variants known for their toxicity against this beetle. Subsequent exposure to the infective spores showed that oral priming was specific for two naturally occurring strains, while a third engineered strain did not induce any priming effect. Our data demonstrate that oral immune priming with a non-infectious bacterial agent can be specific, but the priming effect is not universal across all bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momir Futo
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marie P Sell
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Megan A M Kutzer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
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43
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Gourbal B, Pinaud S, Beckers GJM, Van Der Meer JWM, Conrath U, Netea MG. Innate immune memory: An evolutionary perspective. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:21-40. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gourbal
- Interactions Hosts Pathogens Environments UMR 5244; University of Perpignan Via Domitia; CNRS; IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier; Perpignan France
| | - Silvain Pinaud
- Interactions Hosts Pathogens Environments UMR 5244; University of Perpignan Via Domitia; CNRS; IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier; Perpignan France
| | | | - Jos W. M. Van Der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES); University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
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44
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Lopez-Ezquerra A, Mitschke A, Bornberg-Bauer E, Joop G. Tribolium castaneum gene expression changes after Paranosema whitei infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 153:92-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Smith CR, Morandin C, Noureddine M, Pant S. Conserved roles of Osiris genes in insect development, polymorphism and protection. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:516-529. [PMID: 29322640 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Much of the variation among insects is derived from the different ways that chitin has been moulded to form rigid structures, both internal and external. In this study, we identify a highly conserved expression pattern in an insect-only gene family, the Osiris genes, that is essential for development, but also plays a significant role in phenotypic plasticity and in immunity/toxicity responses. The majority of Osiris genes exist in a highly syntenic cluster, and the cluster itself appears to have arisen very early in the evolution of insects. We used developmental gene expression in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the bumble bee, Bombus terrestris, the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, and the wood ant, Formica exsecta, to compare patterns of Osiris gene expression both during development and between alternate caste phenotypes in the polymorphic social insects. Developmental gene expression of Osiris genes is highly conserved across species and correlated with gene location and evolutionary history. The social insect castes are highly divergent in pupal Osiris gene expression. Sets of co-expressed genes that include Osiris genes are enriched in gene ontology terms related to chitin/cuticle and peptidase activity. Osiris genes are essential for cuticle formation in both embryos and pupae, and genes co-expressed with Osiris genes affect wing development. Additionally, Osiris genes and those co-expressed seem to play a conserved role in insect toxicology defences and digestion. Given their role in development, plasticity, and protection, we propose that the Osiris genes play a central role in insect adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Smith
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, USA
| | - C Morandin
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Noureddine
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, USA
| | - S Pant
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, USA
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46
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Ferro K, Ferro D, Corrà F, Bakiu R, Santovito G, Kurtz J. Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Genes in Tribolium castaneum: Evolution, Molecular Characterisation, and Gene Expression during Immune Priming. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1811. [PMID: 29375546 PMCID: PMC5763126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a normal consequence of the aerobic cell metabolism. Despite their high and potentially detrimental reactivity with various biomolecules, the endogenous production of ROS is a vital part of physiological, immunological, and molecular processes that contribute to fitness. The role of ROS in host-parasite interactions is frequently defined by their contribution to innate immunity as effectors, promoting parasite death during infections. In vertebrates, ROS and antioxidant system enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) are also involved in acquired immune memory, where they are responsible for T-cell signalling, activation, proliferation, and viability. Based on recent findings, ROS are now also assumed to play a role in immune priming, i.e., a form of memory in invertebrates. In this study, the potential involvement of Cu,Zn SODs in immunity of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is described for the first time, applying an approach that combines an in silico gene characterisation with an in vivo immune priming experiment using the Gram-positive entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. We identified an unusually high number of three different transcripts for extracellular SOD and found that priming leads to a fine-tuned modulation of SOD expression, highlighting the potential of physiological co-adaptations for immune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Diana Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rigers Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Lafont M, Petton B, Vergnes A, Pauletto M, Segarra A, Gourbal B, Montagnani C. Long-lasting antiviral innate immune priming in the Lophotrochozoan Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13143. [PMID: 29030632 PMCID: PMC5640609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, a paradigm shift has emerged in comparative immunology. Invertebrates can no longer be considered to be devoid of specific recognition and immune memory. However, we still lack a comprehensive view of these phenomena and their molecular mechanisms across phyla, especially in terms of duration, specificity, and efficiency in a natural context. In this study, we focused on a Lophotrochozoan/virus interaction, as antiviral priming is mostly overlooked in molluscs. Juvenile Crassostrea gigas oysters experience reoccurring mass mortalities events from Ostreid herpes virus 1 with no existing therapeutic treatment. Our results showed that various nucleic acid injections can prime oysters to trigger an antiviral state ultimately protecting them against a subsequent viral infection. Focusing on poly(I:C) as elicitor, we evidenced that it protected from an environmental infection, by mitigating viral replication. That protection seemed to induce a specific antiviral response as poly(I:C) fails to protect against a pathogenic bacteria. Finally, we showed that this phenomenon was long-lasting, persisting for at least 5 months thus suggesting for the first time the existence of innate immune memory in this invertebrate species. This study strengthens the emerging hypotheses about the broad conservation of innate immune priming and memory mechanisms in Lophotrochozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lafont
- Ifremer, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France.,Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR6539, F-29840, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- Ifremer, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science. University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Amélie Segarra
- Univ. Brest Occidentale, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- Ifremer, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
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48
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Trienens M, Kraaijeveld K, Wertheim B. Defensive repertoire of Drosophila larvae in response to toxic fungi. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5043-5057. [PMID: 28746736 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare including insecticidal secondary metabolites is a well-known strategy for environmental microbes to monopolize a food source. Insects in turn have evolved behavioural and physiological defences to eradicate or neutralize the harmful microorganisms. We studied the defensive repertoire of insects in this interference competition by combining behavioural and developmental assays with whole-transcriptome time-series analysis. Confrontation with the toxic filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans severely reduced the survival of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Nonetheless, the larvae did not behaviourally avoid the fungus, but aggregated at it. Confrontation with fungi strongly affected larval gene expression, including many genes involved in detoxification (e.g., CYP, GST and UGT genes) and the formation of the insect cuticle (e.g., Tweedle genes). The most strongly upregulated genes were several members of the insect-specific gene family Osiris, and CHK-kinase-like domains were over-represented. Immune responses were not activated, reflecting the competitive rather than pathogenic nature of the antagonistic interaction. While internal microbes are widely acknowledged as important, our study emphasizes the underappreciated role of environmental microbes as fierce competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Trienens
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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