1
|
Hu C, Yang M, Feng X, Wang S, Ma Y, Ma Y. miR-10167-3p targets TCF7L1 to inhibit bovine adipocyte differentiation and promote bovine adipocyte proliferation. Genomics 2024; 116:110903. [PMID: 39069233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are widely involved in various lipogenic processes, including adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, lipid droplet formation, and adipocyte-specific gene activation. The present study aimed to investigate the gene expression profiles of bovine preadipocytes under high miR-10167-3p expression using the RNA-seq technique and to verify the functions of its downstream target genes on the proliferation and differentiation of bovine preadipocytes. First, RNA-seq identified 573 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 243 were downregulated and 330 were upregulated. Then, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that 15.19% of the DEGs were enriched in pathways related to lipid metabolism. Meanwhile, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay verified the target-binding relationship between miR-10167-3p and TCF7L1. The function of TCF7L1 was assessed using several experiments in adipocytes with high TCF7L1 expression and RNA interference. The mRNA and protein expression of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis marker genes were detected using qPCR and western blot, respectively; lipid droplet synthesis was detected using oil red O, Nile red, and bodipy staining; adipocyte proliferation was detected by EdU; and apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. The results revealed that TCF7L1 overexpression inhibited bovine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis and promoted their proliferation, with opposite results obtained with its RNA interference. These results may provide a reference for the subsequent investigation of the molecular mechanism of bovine fat deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Mengli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Shuzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yanfen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong Z, Wang F, Liu Y, Li Y, Yu H, Peng S, Sun T, Qu M, Sun K, Wang L, Ma Y, Chen K, Zhao J, Lin Q. Genomic and single-cell analyses reveal genetic signatures of swimming pattern and diapause strategy in jellyfish. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5936. [PMID: 39009560 PMCID: PMC11250803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish exhibit innovative swimming patterns that contribute to exploring the origins of animal locomotion. However, the genetic and cellular basis of these patterns remains unclear. Herein, we generated chromosome-level genome assemblies of two jellyfish species, Turritopsis rubra and Aurelia coerulea, which exhibit straight and free-swimming patterns, respectively. We observe positive selection of numerous genes involved in statolith formation, hair cell ciliogenesis, ciliary motility, and motor neuron function. The lineage-specific absence of otolith morphogenesis- and ciliary movement-related genes in T. rubra may be associated with homeostatic structural statocyst loss and straight swimming pattern. Notably, single-cell transcriptomic analyses covering key developmental stages reveal the enrichment of diapause-related genes in the cyst during reverse development, suggesting that the sustained diapause state favours the development of new polyps under favourable conditions. This study highlights the complex relationship between genetics, locomotion patterns and survival strategies in jellyfish, thereby providing valuable insights into the evolutionary lineages of movement and adaptation in the animal kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Fanghan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yali Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yongxue Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Saijun Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Meng Qu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuanqing Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Restoration, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, Shandong, 264006, China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qiang Lin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chand S, Tripathi AS, Dewani AP, Sheikh NWA. Molecular targets for management of diabetes: Remodelling of white adipose to brown adipose tissue. Life Sci 2024; 345:122607. [PMID: 38583857 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterised metabolic dysfunction that results in elevated glucose level in the bloodstream. Diabetes is of two types, type1 and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is considered as one of the major reasons intended for incidence of diabetes hence it turns out to be essential to study about the adipose tissue which is responsible for fat storage in body. Adipose tissues play significant role in maintaining the balance between energy stabilization and homeostasis. The three forms of adipose tissue are - White adipose tissue (WAT), Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and Beige adipose tissue (intermediate form). The amount of BAT gets reduced, and WAT starts to increase with the age. WAT when exposed to certain stimuli gets converted to BAT by the help of certain transcriptional regulators. The browning of WAT has been a matter of study to treat the metabolic disorders and to initiate the expenditure of energy. The three main regulators responsible for the browning of WAT are PRDM16, PPARγ and PGC-1α via various cellular and molecular mechanism. Presented review article includes the detailed elaborative aspect of genes and proteins involved in conversion of WAT to BAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shushmita Chand
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Shiomurti Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, ERA College of Pharmacy, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anil P Dewani
- Department of Pharmacology, P. Wadhwani College of Pharmacy, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kar D, Ganguly I, Singh S, Bhatia AK, Dixit SP. Genome-wide runs of homozygosity signatures in diverse Indian goat breeds. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:81. [PMID: 38375512 PMCID: PMC10874352 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study analyzed ROH and consensus ROH regions in 102 animals of eleven diverse Indian goat (Capra hircus) breeds using whole genome sequencing. A total of 51,705 ROH and 21,271 consensus regions were identified. The mean number of ROH per animal was highest in the meat breed, Jharkhand Black (2693) and lowest in the pashmina breed, Changthangi (60). The average length of ROH (ALROH) was maximum in Kanniadu (974.11 Kb) and minimum in Tellicherry (146.98 Kb). Long ROH is typically associated with more recent inbreeding, whereas short ROH is connected to more ancient inbreeding. The overall ROH-based genomic inbreeding (FROH) was highest for Jharkhand Black (0.602) followed by Kanniadu (0.120) and Sangamneri (0.108) among all breeds. FROH of Jharkhand Black was higher than Kanniadu up to 5 Mb ROH length category. However, in > 20 Mb ROH length category, Kanniadu (0.98) exhibited significantly higher FROH than Jharkhand Black (0.46). This implies that Kanniadu had higher levels of recent inbreeding than Jharkhand Black. Despite this, due to the presence of both recent and ancient inbreeding, Jharkhand Black demonstrated higher overall FROH compared to Kanniadu. ROH patterns revealed dual purpose (meat and dairy) and pashmina breeds as less consanguineous while recent inbreeding was apparent in meat breeds. Analysis of ROH consensus regions identified selection sweeps in key genes governing intramuscular fat deposition, meat tenderisation, lean meat production and carcass weight (CDK4, ALOX15, CASP9, PRDM16, DVL1) in meat breeds; milk fat percentage and mammary gland development (POLD1, NOTCH2, ARHGAP35) in dual purpose (meat and dairy) breeds; while cold adaptation and hair follicle development (APOBEC1, DNAJC3, F2RL1, FGF9) in pashmina breed. MAPK, RAS, BMP and Wnt signaling pathways associated with hair follicle morphogenesis in Changthangi were also identified. PCA analysis based on ROH consensus regions revealed that meat breeds are more diverse than other goat breeds/populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03921-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dibyasha Kar
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Indrajit Ganguly
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Sanjeev Singh
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Avnish Kumar Bhatia
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - S. P. Dixit
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Guo D, Wang F, Tian M, Wang C, Guo X, Xu B, Wang Y. Functional analysis of AccCDK2-like and AccCINP-like genes in Apis cerana cerana under pesticide and heavy metal stress. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 195:105540. [PMID: 37666611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and pesticides represent prominent sources of pollution in the natural habitat of Apis cerana cerana, potentially endangering their health through the induction of oxidative stress reactions. This study aimed to address this issue by isolating AccCDK2-like and AccCINP-like proteins from Apis cerana cerana and investigating their functional roles in honey bee resistance against pesticide and heavy metal stresses. Bioinformatics analysis revealed significant homology of these proteins with those found in other species. Functional studies confirmed their participation in interaction with each other, alongside demonstrating distinct patterns of expression and localization. Specifically, AccCDK2-like exhibited higher expression levels in prepupae and muscle tissues, while AccCINP-like showed maximal expression in brown pupae and abdomen. Furthermore, the expression levels of these proteins were found to be modulated in response to pesticide and heavy metal stresses. Notably, overexpression of AccCDK2-like and AccCINP-like led to a noticeable alteration in E. coli's ability to withstand external stresses. Additionally, silencing of the AccCDK2-like and AccCINP-like genes resulted in a significant reduction in antioxidant enzyme activity and the expression levels of genes related to antioxidant function. Consequently, the mortality rate of Apis cerana cerana under pesticide and heavy metal stresses conspicuously increased. Hence, our findings suggest that AccCDK2-like and AccCINP-like proteins potentially play a crucial role in the response of Apis cerana cerana to pesticide and heavy metal stress, likely by modulating the antioxidant pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jourshari MG, Shadparvar AA, Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh N, Rafeie F, Banabazi MH, Johansson AM. Genome-wide association study on abdomen depth, head width, hip width, and withers height in native cattle of Guilan (Bos indicus). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289612. [PMID: 37595009 PMCID: PMC10437930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Native breeds in any country are a national capital, and their preservation is of great importance. Native Cattle of Guilan (NCG) is one of the few pure native breeds in Iran and the West Asia region. During the last decade, NCG population has decreased by more than 40%. This study aimed to identify significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and candidate genes associated with meat production traits in NCG using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The blood and hair samples were collected from 72 NCG individuals and genotyped using the Illumina Bovine SNP50 chip. The results of the genomic scan showed that several SNPs were associated with abdominal depth, head width, hip width, and withers height in NCG. Several candidate genes were identified, including multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains 11 (MEGF11), Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A (MSRA), chondroitin sulfate synthase 3 (CHSY3), Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 7 (CDK7), and Parkin (PRKN) genes, which are involved in muscle growth, meat tenderness, differentiation of fat cells, fat metabolism, and adipogenesis. These genes can contribute to meat quantity and quality in NCG. This study provided valuable insights into the genetics of NCG and the identification of effective genes associated with meat production traits. The results of this study could be used for the preservation and sustainable use of this breed of native cattle, as an important genetic resource in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdol Ahad Shadparvar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Farjad Rafeie
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Banabazi
- Department of Biotechnology, Animal Science Research Institute of IRAN (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (HGEN), Centre for Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (VHC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Maria Johansson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics (HGEN), Centre for Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (VHC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang M, Gao X, Hu C, Wang S, Sheng H, Ma Y. Bta-miR-484 Targets SFRP1 and Affects Preadipocytes Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12710. [PMID: 37628891 PMCID: PMC10454478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators of numerous biological processes in animals, including adipogenesis. Despite the abundance of miRNAs associated with adipogenesis, their exact mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Our study highlights the role of bta-miR-484 as a major regulator of adipocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Here, we demonstrated that the expression of bta-miR-484 initially increased during adipogenesis before decreasing. Overexpression of bta-miR-484 in adipocytes ultimately inhibited cell proliferation and differentiation, reduced the number of EdU fluorescence-stained cells, increased the number of G1 phase cells, reduced the number of G2 and S phase cells, and downregulated the expression of proliferation markers (CDK2 and PCNA) and differentiation markers (CEBPA, FABP4, and LPL). Additionally, overexpression of bta-miR-484 promoted the expression of apoptosis-related genes (Caspase 3, Caspase 9, and BAX), and increased the number of apoptotic cells observed via flow cytometry. In contrast, bta-miR-484 inhibition in adipocytes yielded opposite effects to those observed during bta-miR-484 overexpression. Moreover, luciferase reporter assays confirmed SFRP1 as a target gene of bta-miR-484, and revealed that bta-miR-484 downregulates SFRP1 mRNA expression. These findings offer compelling evidence that bta-miR-484 targets SFRP1, inhibits proliferation and differentiation, and promotes apoptosis. Therefore, these results offer novel insights into the bta-miR-484 regulation of adipocyte growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sheng H, Zhang J, Pan C, Wang S, Gu S, Li F, Ma Y, Ma Y. Genome-wide identification of bovine ADAMTS gene family and analysis of its expression profile in the inflammatory process of mammary epithelial cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125304. [PMID: 37315674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif (ADAMTS) are secreted, multi-domain matrix-related zinc endopeptidases that play a role in organogenesis, assembly and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), cancer and inflammation. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the bovine ADAMTS gene family has not yet been carried out. In this study, 19 ADAMTS family genes were identified in Bos taurus by genome-wide bioinformatics analysis, and they were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the Bos taurus ADAMTS are divided into eight subfamilies, with highly consistent gene structures and motifs within the same subfamily. Collinearity analysis showed that the Bos taurus ADAMTS gene family is homologous to other bovine subfamily species, and many ADAMTS genes may be derived from tandem replication and segmental replication. In addition, based on the analysis of RNA-seq data, we found the expression pattern of ADAMTS gene in different tissues. Meanwhile, we also analyzed the expression profile of ADAMTS gene in the inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) stimulated by LPS by qRT-PCR. The results can provide ideas for understanding the evolutionary relationship and expression pattern of ADAMTS gene in Bovidae, and clarify the theoretical basis of the function of ADAMTS in inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sheng
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Junxing Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Cuili Pan
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Shuzhe Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Shuaifeng Gu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Fen Li
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yanfen Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yun Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu C, Feng X, Ma Y, Wei D, Zhang L, Wang S, Ma Y. CircADAMTS16 Inhibits Differentiation and Promotes Proliferation of Bovine Adipocytes by Targeting miR-10167-3p. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081175. [PMID: 37190084 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) are covalently closed-loop non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules present in eukaryotes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that circRNAs are important regulators of bovine fat deposition, but their precise mechanisms remain unclear. Previous transcriptome sequencing studies have indicated that circADAMTS16, a circRNA derived from the a disintegrin-like metalloproteinases with the thrombospondin motif 16 (ADAMTS16) gene, is high expressed in bovine adipose tissue. This gives a hint that the circRNA may be involved in the process of bovine lipid metabolism. In this study, the targeting relationship between circADAMTS16 and miR-10167-3p was verified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Then, the functions of circADAMTS16 and miR-10167-3p in bovine adipocytes were explored through gain-of-function and lose-of-function. The mRNA expression levels of genes were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and lipid droplet formation was phenotypically evaluated by Oil Red O staining. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected using CCK-8, EdU, and flow cytometry. We demonstrated that circADAMTS16 targeted binding to miR-10167-3p. The up-regulation of circADAMTS16 inhibited the differentiation of bovine preadipocytes, and the overexpression of miR-10167-3p promoted the differentiation of bovine preadipocytes. Meanwhile, CCK-8 and EdU results indicated that circADAMTS16 promoted adipocyte proliferation. Subsequently, flow cytometry analysis showed that circADAMTS16 promoted cell transition from G0/G1 phase to S phase, and inhibited cell apoptosis. However, up-regulation of miR-10167-3p inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Briefly, circADAMTS16 inhibited the differentiation and promotes the proliferation of bovine adipocytes by targeting miR-10167-3p during bovine fat deposition, which provides new insights into the mechanism of circRNAs regulation of beef quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yanfen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Dawei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lingkai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Shuzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sheng H, Zhang J, Li F, Pan C, Yang M, Liu Y, Cai B, Zhang L, Ma Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Bovine Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Gene and Its Expression during Adipocyte Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065663. [PMID: 36982739 PMCID: PMC10054561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family genes are a class of polypeptide factors with similar structures that play an important role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, nutritional metabolism, and neural activity. In previous studies, the FGF gene has been widely studied and analyzed in many species. However, the systematic study of the FGF gene in cattle has not been reported. In this study, 22 FGF genes distributed on 15 chromosomes were identified in the Bos taurus genome and clustered into seven subfamilies according to phylogenetic analysis and conservative domains. Collinear analysis showed that the bovine FGF gene family was homologous to Bos grunniens, Bos indicus, Hybrid-Bos taurus, Bubalus bubalis, and Hybrid-Bos indicus, and tandem replication and fragment replication were the key driving forces for the expansion of the gene family. Tissue expression profiling showed that bovine FGF genes were commonly expressed in different tissues, with FGF1, FGF5, FGF10, FGF12, FGF16, FGF17, and FGF20 being highly expressed in adipose tissue. In addition, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) detection showed that some FGF genes were differentially expressed before and after adipocyte differentiation, indicating their diverse role in the formation of lipid droplets. This study made a comprehensive exploration of the bovine FGF family and laid a foundation for further study on the potential function in the regulation of bovine adipogenic differentiation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Falchi L, Cesarani A, Mastrangelo S, Senczuk G, Portolano B, Pilla F, Macciotta NPP. Analysis of runs of homozygosity of cattle living in different climate zones. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad061. [PMID: 36802370 PMCID: PMC10066727 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of this study was to analyze the distribution and characteristics of runs of homozygosity in Bos taurus taurus and Bos taurus indicus breeds, as well as their crosses, farmed all around the world. With this aim in view, we used single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) genotypes for 3,263 cattle belonging to 204 different breeds. After quality control, 23,311 SNPs were retained for the analysis. Animals were divided into seven different groups: 1) continental taurus, 2) temperate taurus, 3) temperate indicus, 4) temperate composite, 5) tropical taurus, 6) tropical indicus, and 7) tropical composite. The climatic zones were created according to the latitude of the breeds' country of origin: i) continental, latitude ≥ 45°; ii) temperate, 45°< Latitude >23.26°; iii) tropics, latitude ≤ 23.26°. Runs of homozygosity were computed as 15 SNPs spanning in at least 2 Mb; number of ROH per animal (nROH), average ROH length (meanMb), and ROH-based inbreeding coefficients (FROH) were also computed. Temperate indicus showed the largest nROH, whereas Temperate taurus the lowest value. Moreover, the largest meanMb was observed for Temperate taurus, whereas the lowest value for Tropics indicus. Temperate indicus breeds showed the largest FROH values. Genes mapped in the identified ROH were reported to be associated with the environmental adaptation, disease resistance, coat color determinism, and production traits. Results of the present study confirmed that runs of homozygosity could be used to identify genomic signatures due to both artificial and natural selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Falchi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Cesarani
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, 30602 Athens, USA
| | - Salvatore Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Senczuk
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Baldassare Portolano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Pilla
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang Y, Liu J, Liu H, Zhang W, Li X, Liu L, Zhou M, Wang J, Su S, Ding X, Wang C. miR-381-3p Inhibits Intramuscular Fat Deposition through Targeting FABP3 by ceRNA Regulatory Network. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101497. [PMID: 36290402 PMCID: PMC9598794 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition is an important determinant of pork quality and a complex process facilitated by non-coding ceRNAs. In this study, 52 Berkshire × Anqing Sixwhite crossbred pigs were slaughtered to measure eight carcass and pork quality traits. Whole-transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed using longissimus dorsi samples of six low- and high-IMF samples; 34 ceRNA networks, based on 881, 394, 158 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs, were constructed. Following weighted gene co-expression network analysis between the low and high IMF, only one ceRNA, lncRNA4789/miR-381-3p/FABP3, that showed similar DE trend in longissimus dorsi tissue was retained. Dual-luciferase reporter assays further indicated that FABP3 was a direct, functional target of miR-381-3p, where miR-381-3p overexpression inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of FABP3. In addition, overexpressed lncRNA4789 attenuated the effect of miR-381-3p on FABP3 by sponging miR-381-3p. Cell function verification experiment demonstrated that miR-381-3p suppressed IMF deposition by inhibiting preadipocyte cell differentiation and lipid droplet deposition via the suppression of FABP3 expression in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signalling pathway, whereas lncRNA4789 rescued FABP3 expression by sponging miR-381-3p. Our study may aid in identifying novel molecular markers for its optimization in IMF which is of importance in breeding for improving pork quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing 100125, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huatao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Linqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shiguang Su
- Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chonglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Assessing Genetic Diversity and Searching for Selection Signatures by Comparison between the Indigenous Livni and Duroc Breeds in Local Livestock of the Central Region of Russia. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous pig breeds are mainly associated with the adaptive capacity that is necessary to respond adequately to climate change, food security, and livelihood needs, and natural resources conservation. Livni pigs are an indigenous fat-type breed farmed in a single farm in the Orel region and located in the Central European part of the Russian Federation. To determine the genomic regions and genes that are affected by artificial selection, we conducted the comparative study of two pig breeds with different breeding histories and breeding objectives, i.e., the native fat-type Livni and meat-type Duroc breeds using the Porcine GGP HD BeadChip, which contains ~80,000 SNPs. To check the Livni pigs for possible admixture, the Landrace and the Large White breeds were included into the study of genetic diversity as these breeds participated in the formation of the Livni pigs. We observed the highest level of genetic diversity in Livni pigs compared to commercial breeds (UHE = 0.409 vs. 0.319–0.359, p < 0.001; AR = 1.995 vs. 1.894–1.964, p < 0.001). A slight excess of heterozygotes was found in all of the breeds. We identified 291 candidate genes, which were localized within the regions under putative selection, including 22 and 228 genes, which were specific for Livni and Duroc breeds, respectively, and 41 genes common for both breeds. A detailed analysis of the molecular functions identified the genes, which were related to the formation of meat and fat traits, and adaptation to environmental stress, including extreme temperatures, which were different between breeds. Our research results are useful for conservation and sustainable breeding of Livni breed, which shows a high level of genetic diversity. This makes Livni one of the valuable national pig genetic resources.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lei Z, Wei D, Ma Y, Tang L, Wang S, Wang P, Pan C, Hu C, Wang X, Ma Y. miR-302b promotes bovine preadipocyte differentiation and inhibits proliferation by targeting CDK2. Anim Biotechnol 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35254208 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2029743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been recently reported to act as key regulators of adipogenesis, a multifactorial complex process. One miRNA, miR-302b, is an important regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation and controls cancer development, but we speculate that miR-302b may also regulate bovine adipogenesis. Herein we have evaluated the role of this miRNA in bovine adipocyte differentiation using quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), Oil Red O staining, a dual-luciferase reporter. CDK2 was identified as the target gene of miR-302b, and miR-302b agomir promoted mRNA and protein expression levels of adipocyte-specific genes. In addition, a CCK-8 kit was used to show that miR-302b agomir, but not the negative control, inhibits preadipocyte proliferation. In conclusion, miR-302b promotes bovine preadipocyte differentiation and inhibits proliferation by targeting CDK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dawei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanfen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shuzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Cuili Pan
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chunli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xingping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hati S, Zallocchi M, Hazlitt R, Li Y, Vijayakumar S, Min J, Rankovic Z, Lovas S, Zuo J. AZD5438-PROTAC: A selective CDK2 degrader that protects against cisplatin- and noise-induced hearing loss. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113849. [PMID: 34560429 PMCID: PMC8608744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hearing loss and cancer. Previously, we identified AZD5438 and AT7519-7 as potent inhibitors of CDK2, however, they also targeted additional kinases, leading to unwanted toxicities. Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are a new promising class of small molecules that can effectively direct specific proteins to proteasomal degradation. Herein we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of PROTACs of AT7519-7 and AZD5438 and the identification of PROTAC-8, an AZD5438-PROTAC, that exhibits selective, partial CDK2 degradation. Furthermore, PROTAC-8 protects against cisplatin ototoxicity and kainic acid excitotoxicity in zebrafish. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the structural requirements for CDK2 degradation. Together, PROTAC-8 is among the first-in-class PROTACs with in vivo therapeutic activities and represents a new lead compound that can be further developed for better efficacy and selectivity for CDK2 degradation against hearing loss and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Hati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Marisa Zallocchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Robert Hazlitt
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yuju Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Sarath Vijayakumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Zoran Rankovic
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sándor Lovas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
| |
Collapse
|