Involvement of soluble scavenger receptor A in suppression of T cell activation in patients with chronic hepatitis B

Prognostic and predictive significance of serum soluble scavenger receptor A in acute primary basal ganglia hemorrhage: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Scavenger receptor A (SRA) can regulate immune response and is involved in pathophysiological processes of acute brain injury. We analyzed the prognostic role of serum soluble SRA in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

METHODS

In this prospective cohort study of 110 healthy controls and 110 patients with acute basal ganglia hemorrhage, serum soluble SRA concentrations were detected. Univariate analyses, followed by multivariate logistic regression analyses, were utilized to explore the relationship between serum soluble SRA concentrations and early neurologic deterioration (END) plus post-stroke 3-month poor prognosis (modified Rankin Scale scores of 3-6).

RESULTS

Serum soluble SRA concentrations of patients were significantly higher than those of controls (median, 3.6 vs 0.9 ng/ml; P < 0.001). Serum soluble SRA concentrations of patients were independently correlated with hematoma volume (β, 0.201; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.093-0.309; P = 0.001), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores (β, 0.118; 95 % CI, 0.024-0.213; P = 0.024), and 3-month modified Rankin Scale scores (β, 0.148; 95 % CI, 0.063-0.232; P = 0.001). Serum soluble SRA concentrations independently predicted END and poor 3-month prognosis with odds ratio values of 1.394 (95 % CI, 1.024-1.899; P = 0.035) and 1.441 (95 % CI, 1.016-2.044; P = 0.040) respectively. Serum soluble SRA concentrations were efficiently predictive of the development of END (ROC AUC 0.746; 95 % CI, 0.631-0.861) and poor 3-month prognosis (AUC, 0.773; 95 % CI, 0.685-0.861). Serum soluble SRA concentrations significantly improved AUCs of NIHSS score and hematoma volume to 0.889 (95 % CI, 0.829-0.948; P = 0.035) and 0.873 (95 % CI, 0.811-0.936; P = 0.036) for prognostic prediction. The END predictive ability of serum sSRA concentrations combined with NIHSS score and ICH volume (AUC, 0.900; 95 % CI, 0.835-0.965) was significantly superior to those of NIHSS score (P = 0.020) and hematoma volume (P = 0.022). The prognostic predictive capability of serum sSRA concentrations combined with NIHSS score and ICH volume (AUC, 0.907; 95 % CI, 0.852-0.962) substantially exceeded those of NIHSS score (P = 0.009) and hematoma volume (P = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

Serum soluble SRA concentrations may reflect illness severity and neurologic function after ICH, indicating serum soluble SRA may serve as a promising prognostic biochemical marker of ICH.

The role of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in inflammatory disorders and cancer

Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1), also named CD204, holds key inflammatory roles in multiple pathophysiologic processes. Present primarily on the surface of various types of macrophage, this receptor variably affects processes such as atherosclerosis, innate and adaptive immunity, lung and liver disease, and more recently, cancer. As highlighted throughout this review, the role of MSR1 is often dichotomous, being either host protective or detrimental to the pathogenesis of disease. We will discuss the role of MSR1 in health and disease with a focus on the molecular mechanisms influencing MSR1 expression, how altered expression affects disease process and macrophage function, the limited cell signalling pathways discovered thus far, the emerging role of MSR1 in tumour associated macrophages as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting MSR1.

Scavenger receptor A in immunity and autoimmune diseases: Compelling evidence for targeted therapy

INTRODUCTION

Scavenger receptor A (SR-A) is reported to be involved in innate and adaptive immunity and in recent years, the soluble form of SR-A has also been identified. Intriguingly, SR-A displays double-edged sword features in different diseases. Moreover, targeted therapy on SR-A, including genetic modulation, small molecule inhibitor, inhibitory peptides, fucoidan, and blocking antibodies, provides potential strategies for treatment. Currently, therapeutics targeting SR-A are in preclinical studies and clinical trials, revealing great perspectives in future immunotherapy.

AREAS COVERED

Through searching PubMed (January 1979-March 2022) and clinicaltrials.gov, we review most of the research and clinical trials involving SR-A. This review briefly summarizes recent study advances on SR-A, with particular concern on its role in immunity and autoimmune diseases.

EXPERT OPINION

Given the emerging evidence of SR-A in immunity, its targeted therapy has been studied in various diseases, especially autoimmune diseases. However, many challenges still remain to be overcome, such as the double-sworded effects and the specific isoform targeting. For further clinical success of SR-A targeted therapy, the crystal structure illustration and the dual function discrimination of SR-A should be further investigated. Nevertheless, although challenging, targeting SR-A would be a potential effective strategy in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and other immune-related diseases.

Serum Soluble Scavenger Receptor A Levels are Associated with Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Poor Clinical Outcome After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Study

OBJECTIVE

Scavenger receptor A (SRA), a pattern recognition molecule, is implicated in immune response after acute brain injury. We strived to identify serum soluble SRA (sSRA) as a potential biomarker of prognosis after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

METHODS

In this prospective observational study, we quantified serum sSRA levels of 131 aSAH patients and 131 healthy controls. A poor outcome was defined as extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOSE) scores of 1-4 at 90 days after injury. Relations of serum sSRA levels to severity, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and poor outcome were assessed using multivariate analysis. Predictive efficiency was determined via area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

RESULTS

Serum sSRA levels were markedly higher in aSAH patients than in controls (median, 2.9 ng/mL versus 1.0 ng/mL; P < 0.001). Serum sSRA levels were independently correlated with Hunt-Hess scores (beta, 0.569; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.244-0.894; P = 0.001), modified Fisher scores (beta, 0.664; 95% CI, 0.254-1.074; P = 0.002) and 90-day GOSE scores (beta, -0.275; 95% CI, -0.440-0.110; P = 0.005). Serum sSRA levels independently predicted DCI (odds ratio, 1.305; 95% CI, 1.012-1.687; P = 0.040) and a poor outcome (odds ratio, 2.444; 95% CI, 1.264-4.726; P = 0.008), as well as showed significant accuracy for the discrimination of DCI (AUC, 0.753; 95% CI, 0.649-0.857; P < 0.001) and a poor outcome (AUC, 0.800; 95% CI, 0.721-0.880; P < 0.001). Its combination with Hunt-Hess scores and modified Fisher scores displayed significantly improved AUCs for predicting DCI and poor outcome, as compared to any of them (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

There is a significant elevation of serum sSRA levels after aSAH, which in close correlation with illness severity, are independently associated with DCI and poor clinical outcome after aSAH. Hypothetically, SRA may regulate immune response in acute brain injury after aSAH and serum sSRA is presumed to be a potential prognostic biomarker of aSAH.

Scavenger receptor-A is a biomarker and effector of rheumatoid arthritis: A large-scale multicenter study

Early diagnosis is critical to improve outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but current diagnostic tools have limited sensitivity. Here we report a large-scale multicenter study involving training and validation cohorts of 3,262 participants. We show that serum levels of soluble scavenger receptor-A (sSR-A) are increased in patients with RA and correlate positively with clinical and immunological features of the disease. This discriminatory capacity of sSR-A is clinically valuable and complements the diagnosis for early stage and seronegative RA. sSR-A also has 15.97% prevalence in undifferentiated arthritis patients. Furthermore, administration of SR-A accelerates the onset of experimental arthritis in mice, whereas inhibition of SR-A ameliorates the disease pathogenesis. Together, these data identify sSR-A as a potential biomarker in diagnosis of RA, and targeting SR-A might be a therapeutic strategy.

Effect of adefovir dipivoxil on T cell immune function in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and hepatocirrhosis

The aim of the present study was to investigate the T cell immune function in chronic hepatitis B hepatocirrhosis patients at the compensated and decompensated stage following treatment with adefovir dipivoxil. A total of 104 patients diagnosed with hepatitis B hepatocirrhosis during the period from October 2013 to October 2014 were enrolled in the study. Among the cases, there were 56 cases at compensated stage, and another 48 at decompensated stage. Adefovir dipivoxil was administered for antiviral therapy (10 mg/time, 1 time/day, for a total of 24 weeks), and we compared the virus disappearance rate, liver function improvement and T cell immune function between the two groups before and after treatment. The difference between the virus disappearance rate in the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The decreased level of ALT decrease in the compensated group was significantly higher than that in the decompensated group, while the increased level of albumin in the compensated group was significantly higher as well. The differences showed statistical significance (P<0.05). After treatment, the level of CD4⁺ and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio were higher than before treatment, while the level of CD8⁺ was lower after treatment than before treatment in the two groups. The differences all showed statistical significance (P<0.05). The CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ T follicular helper (TFH) cell level in the two groups was higher after treatment, as was interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. The differences all showed statistical significance (P<0.05). As for comparison between groups, the difference had no statistical significance (P>0.05). Adefovir dipivoxil treatment can improve T cell immune function at the compensated and decompensated stages in chronic hepatitis B hepatocirrhosis patients. This may be associated with virus disappearance and liver function improvement.