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Hermosilla-Trespaderne M, Hu-Yang MX, Dannoura A, Frey AM, George AL, Trost M, Marín-Rubio JL. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Trilaciclib-Induced Senescence. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024:100778. [PMID: 38679389 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Trilaciclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, was approved as a myeloprotective agent for protecting bone marrow from chemotherapy-induced damage in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). This is achieved through the induction of a temporary halt in the cell cycle of bone marrow cells. While it has been studied in various cancer types, its potential in haematological cancers remains unexplored. This research aimed to investigate the efficacy of trilaciclib in haematological cancers. Utilizing mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we examined the alterations induced by trilaciclib in the chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) cell line, K562. Interestingly, trilaciclib promoted senescence in these cells rather than cell death, as observed in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), and myeloma cells. In K562 cells, trilaciclib hindered cell cycle progression and proliferation by stabilising CDK4/6 and downregulating cell cycle-related proteins, along with the concomitant activation of autophagy pathways. Additionally, trilaciclib-induced senescence was also observed in the non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line (NSCLC), A549. These findings highlight trilaciclib's potential as a therapeutic option for haematological cancers and underscore the need to carefully balance senescence induction and autophagy modulation in CML treatment, as well as in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hermosilla-Trespaderne
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Mark Xinchen Hu-Yang
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Abeer Dannoura
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew M Frey
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Amy L George
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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George AL, Dueñas ME, Marín-Rubio JL, Trost M. Stability-based approaches in chemoproteomics. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e6. [PMID: 38604802 PMCID: PMC11062140 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2024.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Target deconvolution can help understand how compounds exert therapeutic effects and can accelerate drug discovery by helping optimise safety and efficacy, revealing mechanisms of action, anticipate off-target effects and identifying opportunities for therapeutic expansion. Chemoproteomics, a combination of chemical biology with mass spectrometry has transformed target deconvolution. This review discusses modification-free chemoproteomic approaches that leverage the change in protein thermodynamics induced by small molecule ligand binding. Unlike modification-based methods relying on enriching specific protein targets, these approaches offer proteome-wide evaluations, driven by advancements in mass spectrometry sensitivity, increasing proteome coverage and quantitation methods. Advances in methods based on denaturation/precipitation by thermal or chemical denaturation, or by protease degradation are evaluated, emphasising the evolving landscape of chemoproteomics and its potential impact on future drug-development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. George
- Laboratory for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Laboratory for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Laboratory for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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3
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Méndez-Alejandre A, Raymond BBA, Trost M, Marín-Rubio JL. Bi-functional particles for real-time phagosome acidification and proteolysis multiplex assay in macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1204223. [PMID: 37638042 PMCID: PMC10456865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1204223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagosome acidification and proteolysis are essential processes in the immune response to contain and eliminate pathogens. In recent years, there has been an increased desire for a rapid and accurate method of assessing these processes in real-time. Here, we outline the development of a multiplexed assay that allows simultaneous monitoring of phagosome acidification and proteolysis in the same sample using silica beads conjugated to pHrodo and DQ BSA. We describe in detail how to prepare the bi-functional particles and show proof of concept using differentially activated macrophages. This multiplexed spectrophotometric assay allows rapid and accurate assessment of phagosome acidification and proteolysis in real-time and could provide valuable information for understanding the immune response to pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Méndez-Alejandre
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- Biology Department, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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George AL, Sidgwick FR, Watt JE, Martin MP, Trost M, Marín-Rubio JL, Dueñas ME. Comparison of Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Methods for Drug Target Identification by Thermal Proteome Profiling. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:2629-2640. [PMID: 37439223 PMCID: PMC10407934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal proteome profiling (TPP) provides a powerful approach to studying proteome-wide interactions of small therapeutic molecules and their target and off-target proteins, complementing phenotypic-based drug screens. Detecting differences in thermal stability due to target engagement requires high quantitative accuracy and consistent detection. Isobaric tandem mass tags (TMTs) are used to multiplex samples and increase quantification precision in TPP analysis by data-dependent acquisition (DDA). However, advances in data-independent acquisition (DIA) can provide higher sensitivity and protein coverage with reduced costs and sample preparation steps. Herein, we explored the performance of different DIA-based label-free quantification approaches compared to TMT-DDA for thermal shift quantitation. Acute myeloid leukemia cells were treated with losmapimod, a known inhibitor of MAPK14 (p38α). Label-free DIA approaches, and particularly the library-free mode in DIA-NN, were comparable of TMT-DDA in their ability to detect target engagement of losmapimod with MAPK14 and one of its downstream targets, MAPKAPK3. Using DIA for thermal shift quantitation is a cost-effective alternative to labeled quantitation in the TPP pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. George
- Laboratory
for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
| | - Frances R. Sidgwick
- Laboratory
for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
| | - Jessica E. Watt
- Newcastle
Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O’Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
| | - Mathew P. Martin
- Newcastle
Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O’Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory
for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Laboratory
for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
| | - Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Laboratory
for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
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Dueñas ME, Marín-Rubio JL, Peltier-Heap J, Hartlova A, Trost M. Assessing the Phagosome Proteome by Quantitative Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2692:361-374. [PMID: 37365479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3338-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The process of phagocytosis involves a series of defined steps, including the formation of a new intracellular organelle, i.e., the phagosome, and the maturation of the phagosome by fusion with endosomes and lysosomes to produce an acidic and proteolytic environment in which the pathogens are degraded. Phagosome maturation is associated with significant changes in the proteome of phagosomes due to the acquisition of new proteins or enzymes, post-translational modifications of existing proteins, as well as other biochemical changes that ultimately lead to the degradation or processing of the phagocytosed particle. Phagosomes are highly dynamic organelles formed by the uptake of particles through phagocytic innate immune cells; thus characterization of the phagosomal proteome is essential to understand the mechanisms controlling innate immunity, as well as vesicle trafficking. In this chapter, we describe how novel quantitative proteomics methods, such as using tandem mass tag (TMT) labelling or acquiring label-free data using data-independent acquisition (DIA), can be applied for the characterization of protein composition of phagosomes in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anetta Hartlova
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Sahlgrenska Academy/Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthias Trost
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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6
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Gudgeon J, Marín-Rubio JL, Trost M. The role of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in inflammatory disorders and cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012002. [PMID: 36325338 PMCID: PMC9618966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1), also named CD204, holds key inflammatory roles in multiple pathophysiologic processes. Present primarily on the surface of various types of macrophage, this receptor variably affects processes such as atherosclerosis, innate and adaptive immunity, lung and liver disease, and more recently, cancer. As highlighted throughout this review, the role of MSR1 is often dichotomous, being either host protective or detrimental to the pathogenesis of disease. We will discuss the role of MSR1 in health and disease with a focus on the molecular mechanisms influencing MSR1 expression, how altered expression affects disease process and macrophage function, the limited cell signalling pathways discovered thus far, the emerging role of MSR1 in tumour associated macrophages as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting MSR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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7
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Marín-Rubio JL, Peltier-Heap RE, Dueñas ME, Heunis T, Dannoura A, Inns J, Scott J, Simpson AJ, Blair HJ, Heidenreich O, Allan JM, Watt JE, Martin MP, Saxty B, Trost M. A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Assay Identifies Nilotinib as an Inhibitor of Inflammation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12014-12030. [PMID: 36094045 PMCID: PMC9511480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Inflammatory responses are important in cancer, particularly
in the context of monocyte-rich aggressive myeloid neoplasm. We developed
a label-free cellular phenotypic drug discovery assay to identify
anti-inflammatory drugs in human monocytes derived from acute myeloid
leukemia (AML), by tracking several features ionizing from only 2500
cells using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight
(MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. A proof-of-concept screen showed that
the BCR-ABL inhibitor nilotinib, but not the structurally similar
imatinib, blocks inflammatory responses. In order to identify the
cellular (off-)targets of nilotinib, we performed thermal proteome
profiling (TPP). Unlike imatinib, nilotinib and other later-generation
BCR-ABL inhibitors bind to p38α and inhibit the p38α-MK2/3
signaling axis, which suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression,
cell adhesion, and innate immunity markers in activated monocytes
derived from AML. Thus, our study provides a tool for the discovery
of new anti-inflammatory drugs, which could contribute to the treatment
of inflammation in myeloid neoplasms and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rachel E Peltier-Heap
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Abeer Dannoura
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Joseph Inns
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jonathan Scott
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A John Simpson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,Respiratory Medicine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Helen J Blair
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Olaf Heidenreich
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - James M Allan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jessica E Watt
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mathew P Martin
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Barbara Saxty
- LifeArc, SBC Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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8
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Heap RE, Marín-Rubio JL, Peltier J, Heunis T, Dannoura A, Moore A, Trost M. Proteomics characterisation of the L929 cell supernatant and its role in BMDM differentiation. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000957. [PMID: 33853969 PMCID: PMC8091624 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BMDMs are a key model system to study macrophage biology in vitro. Commonly used methods to differentiate macrophages from BM are treatment with either recombinant M-CSF or the supernatant of L929 cells, which secrete M-CSF. However, little is known about the composition of L929 cell-conditioned media (LCCM) and how it affects the BMDM phenotype. Here, we used quantitative mass spectrometry to characterise the kinetics of protein secretion from L929 cells over a 2-wk period, identifying 2,193 proteins. Whereas M-CSF is very abundant in LCCM, we identified several other immune-regulatory proteins such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), osteopontin, and chemokines such as Ccl2 and Ccl7 at surprisingly high abundance levels. We therefore further characterised the proteomes of BMDMs after differentiation with M-CSF, M-CSF + MIF, or LCCM, respectively. Interestingly, macrophages differentiated with LCCM induced a stronger anti-inflammatory M1 phenotype that those differentiated with M-CSF. This resource will be valuable to all researchers using LCCM for the differentiation of BMDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Heap
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julien Peltier
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Abeer Dannoura
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adam Moore
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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9
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Heunis T, Lamoliatte F, Marín-Rubio JL, Dannoura A, Trost M. Technical report: Targeted proteomic analysis reveals enrichment of atypical ubiquitin chains in contractile murine tissues. J Proteomics 2020; 229:103963. [PMID: 32898700 PMCID: PMC7567960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitylation is an elaborate post-translational modification involved in all biological processes. Its pleotropic effect is driven by the ability to form complex polyubiquitin chain architectures that can influence biological functions. In this study, we optimised sample preparation and chromatographic separation of Ubiquitin peptides for Absolute Quantification by Parallel Reaction Monitoring (Ub-AQUA-PRM). Using this refined Ub-AQUA-PRM assay, we were able to quantify all ubiquitin chain types in 10-min LC-MS/MS runs. We used this method to determine the ubiquitin chain-linkage composition in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and different mouse tissues. We could show tissue-specific differences in ubiquitin levels in murine tissues, with polyubiquitin chain types contributing a small proportion to the total pool of ubiquitin. Interestingly, we observed enrichment of atypical (K33) ubiquitin chains in heart and muscle. Our approach enabled high-throughput screening of ubiquitin chain-linkage composition in different murine tissues and highlighted a possible role for atypical ubiquitylation in contractile tissues. Significance Large knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of ubiquitin chain-linkage composition in mammalian tissues. Defining this in vivo ubiquitin chain-linkage landscape could reveal the functional importance of different ubiquitin chain types in tissues. In this study, we refined the previously described Ub-AQUA-PRM assay to enable quantification of all ubiquitin chain types in a high-throughput manner. Using this assay, we provided new data on the ubiquitin chain-linkage composition in primary murine macrophages and tissues, and revealed an enrichment of atypical ubiquitin chains in contractile tissues. Our approach should thus enable rapid, high-throughput screening of ubiquitin chain-linkage composition in different sample types, as demonstrated in murine primary cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiaan Heunis
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Lamoliatte
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Abeer Dannoura
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Trost
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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