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Rani A, Stadler JT, Marsche G. HDL-based therapeutics: A promising frontier in combating viral and bacterial infections. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108684. [PMID: 38964560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and impaired HDL functionality have been consistently associated with increased susceptibility to infection and its serious consequences. This has been attributed to the critical role of HDL in maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis, which is essential for the proper functioning of immune and structural cells. HDL, a multifunctional particle, exerts pleiotropic effects in host defense against pathogens. It functions as a natural nanoparticle, capable of sequestering and neutralizing potentially harmful substances like bacterial lipopolysaccharides. HDL possesses antiviral activity, preventing viruses from entering or fusing with host cells, thereby halting their replication cycle. Understanding the complex relationship between HDL and the immune system may reveal innovative targets for developing new treatments to combat infectious diseases and improve patient outcomes. This review aims to emphasize the role of HDL in influencing the course of bacterial and viral infections and its and its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alankrita Rani
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Julia T Stadler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria.
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2
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Nabil-Adam A, Ashour ML, Shreadah MA. Modulation of MAPK/NF-κB Pathway and NLRP3 Inflammasome by Secondary Metabolites from Red Algae: A Mechanistic Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37971-37990. [PMID: 37867644 PMCID: PMC10586274 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological properties of seaweeds are diverse. No studies have been conducted on the protective effect of Galaxaura oblongata (GOE) against lippopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the brain. This study is divided into three phases, the first of which is the initial phase. In vitro study includes antioxidant, radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities, including cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1), COX2, NO, acetylcholine inhibition, sphingosine kinase 1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6, as well as antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid. Using LPS-induced acute inflammation, the second phase was conducted in vivo. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays were performed to investigate the protective role of GOE. In addition to the phytochemical analysis, the bioactive content of GOE was also investigated. In vitro results demonstrated the potential of GOE as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agent. A study using LPS as an induced lung injury and neuroinflammation model confirmed the in vitro results. The GOE significantly reduced inflammatory, oxidative, and neurodegenerative biomarkers based on histopathological and immuno-histochemistry results. Based on computational drug design, four target proteins were approved: nuclear factor κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, TNF-α, and NLRP3. Using polyphenolic compounds in GOE as ligands demonstrated good alignment and affinity against the three proteins. Finally, the current study offers a new approach to developing drug leads considering GOE's protective and curative roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Nabil-Adam
- Marine
Biotechnology and Natural Products Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Alexandria 21556, Egypt
| | - Mohamed L. Ashour
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams
University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P. O. Box
6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Attia Shreadah
- Marine
Biotechnology and Natural Products Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Alexandria 21556, Egypt
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3
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Integrated analysis of microbe-host interactions in Crohn’s disease reveals potential mechanisms of microbial proteins on host gene expression. iScience 2022; 25:103963. [PMID: 35479407 PMCID: PMC9035720 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Tian X, Zhang Z, Li W. Expression of TLR2 and TLR5 in distal ileum of mice with obstructive jaundice and their role in intestinal mucosal injury. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:237-250. [PMID: 35154543 PMCID: PMC8826794 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.85648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim was to investigate the expression of TLR2 and TLR5 in the distal ileum of mice with obstructive jaundice (OJ) and their role in intestinal mucosal injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 100 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to two groups: (I) sham operation (SH); (II) bile duct ligation (BDL). The mice were respectively sacrificed before operation and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days after operation to collect specimens. Various indicators were detected by PCR, immunohistochemistry and other methods. RESULTS TLR2 was increased gradually with the extension of OJ time in the BDL group (p < 0.05). However, the changes in the expression of TLR5 were not obvious at different time points. The amount of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus showed downward trends in intestinal tract of the BDL group. Furthermore, the amount of Escherichia coli was increased in intestinal tract of the BDL group. The pathological score of intestinal mucosa and the expression of NF-κB increased gradually in the BDL group with the extension of OJ time. There were positive correlations between the pathological score of intestinal mucosa and expressions of TLR2(r = 0.767, p < 0.05) and NF-κB (r = 0.817, p < 0.05) in BDL group. NF-κB expression was positively correlated with TLR2 expression(r = 0.706, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Disturbance of intestinal flora caused by OJ could increase the expression of NF-κB via up-regulating the expression of TLR2 to activate the downstream signaling pathway, thus aggravated the injury of intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tian
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | | | - Wen Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Khatun S, Appidi T, Rengan AK. The role played by bacterial infections in the onset and metastasis of cancer. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100078. [PMID: 34841367 PMCID: PMC8610348 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding various responses of cells towards change in their external environment, presence of other species and is important in identifying and correlating the mechanisms leading to malignant transformations and cancer development. Although uncovering and comprehending the association between bacteria and cancer is highly challenging, it promises excellent perspectives and approaches for successful cancer therapy. This review introduces various bacterial species, their virulence factors, and their role in cell transformations leading to cancer (particularly gastric, oral, colon, and breast cancer). Bacterial dysbiosis permutates host cells, causes inflammation, and results in tumorigenesis. This review explored bacterial-mediated host cell transformation causing chronic inflammation, immune receptor hyperactivation/absconding immune recognition, and genomic instability. Bacterial infections downregulate E-cadherin, leading to loosening of epithelial tight junction polarity and triggers metastasis. In addition to understanding the role of bacterial infections in cancer development, we have also reviewed the application of bacteria for cancer therapy. The emergence of bacteriotherapy combined with conventional therapies led to new and effective ways of overcoming challenges associated with available treatments. This review discusses the application of bacterial minicells, microswimmers, and outer cell membrane vesicles (OMV) for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajmina Khatun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Tejaswini Appidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
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High triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio as a biochemical marker of severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 44:437-444. [PMID: 34330502 PMCID: PMC8103772 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background & aims Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with severe complications have shown comorbidities with cardiovascular-disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus; clinical disorders that share the common metabolic alterations of insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. A high triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (Tg/HDL c) ratio has been associated with reduced insulin sensitivity, metabolic syndrome and adverse cardiovascular events. Our aim in this study was to determine the association between different components of the lipid profile and particularly the Tg/HDL c ratio with severe complications like the requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients. Methods We collected demographic, clinical and biochemical data to conduct a cohort study in 43 adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at baseline and in the subsequent 15 days. Patients were subjected to a very similar treatment scheme with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. Descriptive statistics, variable association and logistic regression were applied to identify predictors of disease severity among elements and calculations from the lipid profile. Results Patients were aged 57 ± 14 years; 55.8% were male from which 75% required hospitalization and 44.2% were female who 58% were hospitalized. The most common comorbidities were type 2 diabetes mellitus (58%) and hypertension (40%). Hospitalized and critical care patients showed lower HDL c blood levels and increased Tg/HDL c ratio than those with outpatient management and mild/asymptomatic COVID-19. Tg/HDL c ratio correlated with variables of disease severity such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (r = 0.356; p < 0.05); National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS 2) (r = 0.495; p < 0.01); quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) (r = 0.538; p < 0.001); increased need of oxygen support (r = 0.447; p < 0.01) and requirement of mechanical ventilation (r = 0.378; p < 0.05). Tg/HDL c ratio had a negative correlation with partial oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SaO 2/FiO2) ratio (r = −0.332;p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that Tg/HDL c ratio can predict increases in inflammatory factors like LDH (p < 0.01); ferritin (p < 0.01) and D-dimer (p < 0.001). Logistic regression model indicated that ≥7.45 Tg/HDL c ratio predicts requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 11.815, CI 1.832–76.186, p < 0.01). Conclusions The Tg/HDLc ratio can be used as an early biochemical marker of COVID-19 severe prognosis with requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation.
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Marsilio I, Caputi V, Latorre E, Cerantola S, Paquola A, Alcalde AI, Mesonero JE, O'Mahony SM, Bertazzo A, Giaroni C, Giron MC. Oxidized phospholipids affect small intestine neuromuscular transmission and serotonergic pathways in juvenile mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14036. [PMID: 33222337 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidized phospholipid derivatives (OxPAPCs) act as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-like damage-associated molecular patterns. OxPAPCs dose-dependently exert pro- or anti-inflammatory effects by interacting with several cellular receptors, mainly Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. It is currently unknown whether OxPAPCs may affect enteric nervous system (ENS) functional and structural integrity. METHODS Juvenile (3 weeks old) male C57Bl/6 mice were treated intraperitoneally with OxPAPCs, twice daily for 3 days. Changes in small intestinal contractility were evaluated by isometric neuromuscular responses to receptor and non-receptor-mediated stimuli. Alterations in ENS integrity and serotonergic pathways were assessed by real-time PCR and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy in longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus whole-mount preparations (LMMPs). Tissue levels of serotonin (5-HT), tryptophan, and kynurenine were measured by HPLC coupled to UV/fluorescent detection. KEY RESULTS OxPAPC treatment induced enteric gliosis, loss of myenteric plexus neurons, and excitatory hypercontractility, and reduced nitrergic neurotransmission with no changes in nNOS+ neurons. Interestingly, these changes were associated with a higher functional response to 5-HT, altered immunoreactivity of 5-HT receptors and serotonin transporter (SERT) together with a marked decrease in 5-HT levels, shifting tryptophan metabolism toward kynurenine production. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES OxPAPC treatment disrupted structural and functional integrity of the ENS, affecting serotoninergic tone and 5-HT tissue levels toward a higher kynurenine content during adolescence, suggesting that changes in intestinal lipid metabolism toward oxidation can affect serotoninergic pathways, potentially increasing the risk of developing functional gastrointestinal disorders during critical stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marsilio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Caputi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eva Latorre
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Cerantola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,San Camillo Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Andrea Paquola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ana I Alcalde
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José E Mesonero
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Antonella Bertazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Zhang M, Wu C. The relationship between intestinal goblet cells and the immune response. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20201471. [PMID: 33017020 PMCID: PMC7569202 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells (GCs) are single-cell glands that produce and secrete mucin. Mucin forms a mucus layer, which can separate the materials in cavities from the intestinal epithelium and prevent the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms in various ways. GCs can also participate in the immune response through nonspecific endocytosis and goblet cell-associated antigen passages (GAPs). GCs endocytose soluble substances from the lumen and transmit antigens to the underlying antigen-presenting cells (APCs). A variety of immuno-regulatory factors can promote the differentiation, maturation of GCs, and the secretion of mucin. The mucin secreted by GCs forms a mucus layer, which plays an important role in resisting the invasion of foreign bacteria and intestinal inherent microorganisms, regulating the immune performance of the body. Therefore, the present study mainly reviews the barrier function of the mucus layer, the mucus secreted by goblet cells, the protective effect against pathogenic bacteria, the delivery of luminal substances through GAPs and the relationship between GCs and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Wu
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Koehler H, Puchalski K, Ruiz G, Jacobs B, Langland J. The Role of Endophytic/Epiphytic Bacterial Constituents in the Immunostimulatory Activity of the Botanical, Astragalus membranaceus. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:239-250. [PMID: 32607085 PMCID: PMC7309664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus is a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine being one of the oldest medicinal herbs listed in the material medica of Chinese herbal medicine. Chinese herbalists have used Astragalus to help the human body fight a variety of diseases. Modern herbalists utilize Astragalus primarily as an immunostimulant to prevent common infection and aid in the recovery following infection. Historically, the biological activities associated with Astragalus have been accounted for, at least in part, to several constituents present in the botanical including saponins and polysaccharides. We propose that in addition to these constituents, compounds from endophytic (or epiphytic) bacteria present in (or on) the roots of Astragalus may have an important biological role. Lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins are major components of Gram-negative bacteria and highly potent activators of the innate immune response. Our data supports a direct correlation between the level of immune gene induction and the level of lipopolysaccharides/lipoproteins present in the Astragalus extract. We demonstrate that extracts from Astragalus specifically activate Toll-like and NOD-like receptors involved in the recognition and response to bacterial constituents and that removal of the lipopolysaccharide/lipoprotein from the Astragalus extract reduced the level of this response. The results support that many immune enhancing botanicals have established a symbiotic relationship with Gram-negative bacteria and that the immune enhancing effect of these botanical extracts on the body may not only be due to endogenous plant compounds, but endophytic (or epiphytic) bacterial components as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Koehler
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Keely Puchalski
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, The Ric Scalzo Institute for Botanical Research, Tempe, AZ
| | - Guillermo Ruiz
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, The Ric Scalzo Institute for Botanical Research, Tempe, AZ
| | - Bertram Jacobs
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ
| | - Jeffrey Langland
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, The Ric Scalzo Institute for Botanical Research, Tempe, AZ,Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Jeffrey Langland, Ric Scalzo Institute for Botanical Research, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3653-8844;
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Satta N, Frias MA, Vuilleumier N, Pagano S. Humoral Immunity Against HDL Particle: A New Perspective in Cardiovascular Diseases? Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3128-3146. [PMID: 31470782 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190830164917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases are closely associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Over the last decades, the comprehension of atherosclerosis, the principal initiator of CVD, evolved from a lipidcentered disease to a predominant inflammatory and immune response-driven disease displaying features of autoimmunity against a broad range of auto-antigens, including lipoproteins. Among them, high density lipoproteins (HDL) are important actors of cholesterol transport and bear several anti-atherogenic properties, raising a growing interest as therapeutic targets to decrease atherosclerosis and CVD burden, with nevertheless rather disappointing results so far. Reflecting HDL composition complexity, autoimmune responses and autoantibodies against various HDL components have been reported. RESULTS In this review, we addressed the important complexity of humoral autoimmunity towards HDL and particularly how this autoimmune response could help improving our understanding of HDL biological implication in atherosclerosis and CVD. We also discussed several issues related to specific HDL autoantibody subclasses characteristics, including etiology, prognosis and pathological mechanisms according to Rose criteria. CONCLUSION Finally, we addressed the possible clinical value of using these antibodies not only as potential biomarkers of atherogenesis and CVD, but also as a factor potentially mitigating the benefit of HDL-raising therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Satta
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Frias
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Pagano
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Wang M, Qazi IH, Wang L, Zhou G, Han H. Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030407. [PMID: 32183199 PMCID: PMC7143636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
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12
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Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Endotoxemia with Dietary Factors. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102277. [PMID: 31547555 PMCID: PMC6835897 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic endotoxemia is a condition in which blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels are elevated, regardless of the presence of obvious infection. It has been suggested to lead to chronic inflammation-related diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), pancreatitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, it has attracted attention as a target for the prevention and treatment of these chronic diseases. As metabolic endotoxemia was first reported in mice that were fed a high-fat diet, research regarding its relationship with diets has been actively conducted in humans and animals. In this review, we summarize the relationship between fat intake and induction of metabolic endotoxemia, focusing on gut dysbiosis and the influx, kinetics, and metabolism of LPS. We also summarize the recent findings about dietary factors that attenuate metabolic endotoxemia, focusing on the regulation of gut microbiota. We hope that in the future, control of metabolic endotoxemia using dietary factors will help maintain human health.
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13
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Stromberg LR, Mendez HM, Kubicek-Sutherland JZ, Graves SW, Hengartner NW, Mukundan H. Presentation matters: Impact of association of amphiphilic LPS with serum carrier proteins on innate immune signaling. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198531. [PMID: 29902192 PMCID: PMC6002092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) by Toll-like receptors is central to innate immunity. Many bacterial PAMPs such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid have amphiphilic properties. The hydrophobicity of amphiphilic PAMPs contributes to increasing entropy and causes these molecules to self-aggregate or bind host carrier proteins in aqueous physiological environments. The goal of this work was to determine how innate immune signaling is impacted by physical presentation and association of amphiphilic PAMPs with serum carrier proteins, using LPS as an example molecule. Specifically, we measured LPS-induced cytokine profiles in murine macrophages when the antigen was presented associated with the various serum carrier proteins in serum versus a serum-depleted system. Our study demonstrates that the observed cytokine profiles are dramatically different when LPS is presented in buffer, versus in serum when it is associated with proteins, specifically with respect to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the latter. These studies suggest that LPS-mediated cytokine expression is dependent on its presentation in physiological systems. The amphiphilicity of bacterial PAMPs and consequent association with lipoproteins is a feature, which should be taken into account in the design of in vitro experiments. Further studies of the interdependencies of different serum carriers can identify pathways for drug delivery and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreen R. Stromberg
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Mendez
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jessica Z. Kubicek-Sutherland
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Steven W. Graves
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Nicolas W. Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Harshini Mukundan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
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Kaysen GA, Grimes B, Dalrymple LS, Chertow GM, Ishida JH, Delgado C, Segal M, Chiang J, Dwyer T, Johansen KL. Associations of lipoproteins with cardiovascular and infection-related outcomes in patients receiving hemodialysis. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 12:481-487.e14. [PMID: 29361496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In hemodialysis (HD) patients, higher lipid levels are associated with lower mortality. Lipid-lowering therapy does not reduce all-cause mortality or cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Lipoproteins play a role in the innate immune system. Our objective was to determine whether protection from infection might counterbalance adverse CV outcomes associated with lipoproteins. METHODS We examined associations between serum apolipoprotein (Apo) A1, B, C2, C3, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride levels and infectious mortality or hospitalization, CV mortality or hospitalization, and all-cause mortality in 433 prevalent HD patients. Cox models with time-varying apolipoprotein concentrations collected every 6 months for up to 2 years were used for analyses. RESULTS Median follow-up time for all-cause mortality was 2.7 years (25th-75th percentile range: 2.2-3.4 years). One hundred seventy-nine (41%) patients had an infection-related event. In multivariable models, higher Apo B and LDL were associated with lower risks of infection-related outcomes (hazard ratio Apo B 0.92 [95% confidence interval 0.86-0.99 per 10 mg/dL, P = .03]; hazard ratio LDL 0.93 [95% confidence interval 0.87-1.00 per 10 mg/dL, P = .05]). Sixty-three (15%) participants had a CV-related event. No significant associations were observed between lipoproteins and CV outcomes. Eighty-seven (20%) participants died. Higher Apo A1, Apo B, and Apo C3 were associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality. There was no interaction between the use of lipid-lowering medication and any of the outcomes. CONCLUSION Associations of lipoproteins with lower risk of serious infection accompanied by no significant association with CV events may help to explain the paradoxical association between lipids and survival and lack of benefit of lipid-lowering therapies in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Kaysen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Barbara Grimes
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Glenn M Chertow
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie H Ishida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Nephrology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Delgado
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Nephrology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Segal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janet Chiang
- Endocrinology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tjien Dwyer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten L Johansen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Nephrology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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