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Mühlmeier G, Polk ML, Tisch M, Cuevas M. [Allergen immunotherapy for rare allergens]. HNO 2024:10.1007/s00106-024-01469-0. [PMID: 38639764 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-024-01469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Among allergies to aeroallergens, approximately 20% are allotted to the so-called rare allergens. These include ash pollen, weed pollen, storage mites, molds, and animal allergens. The prevalences of allergies to these allergens are lower, but affected patients also suffer considerably from their "rare" allergy. Hence, these allergies should neither be overseen nor completely forgotten in daily practice. Especially mold, mite, and animal allergens often induce asthma, so that the significance of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) should not be neglected in causal therapy. This work summarizes the current state of knowledge on the groups of rare aeroallergens in terms of characteristics, prevalences, and data on AIT. It is based on a systematic literature search performed in the MEDLINE (PubMed®) and Google Scholar databases. AIT preparations for rare allergens are classified as individual formulations and are not subject to the German Therapy Allergen Ordinance. Due to the low case numbers, the levels of evidence for these formulations are not as high as those for dust mites, grass, or birch pollen, but exhibit good efficacy in practical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Mühlmeier
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland.
| | - Marie-Luise Polk
- Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Matthias Tisch
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Mandy Cuevas
- Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
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Layhadi JA, Moya R, Tan TJ, Lenormand MM, Sharif H, Parkin RV, Vila-Nadal G, Fedina O, Zhu R, Laisuan W, Durham SR, Carnés J, Shamji MH. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies precise tolerogenic cellular and molecular pathways induced by depigmented-polymerized grass pollen allergen extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:1357-1370.e9. [PMID: 36649758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunologic mechanism of action of allergoids remains poorly understood. Previous models of allergenicity and immunogenicity have yielded suboptimal knowledge of these immunotherapeutic vaccine products. Novel single-cell RNA sequencing technology offers a bridge to this gap in knowledge. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify the underpinning tolerogenic molecular and cellular mechanisms of depigmented-polymerized Phleum pratense (Phl p) extract. METHODS The molecular mechanisms underlying native Phl p, depigmented Phl p (DPG-Phl p), and depigmented-polymerized (DPG-POL-Phl p) allergoid were investigated by single-cell RNA sequencing. Allergen-specific TH2A, T follicular helper (Tfh), and IL-10+ regulatory B cells were quantified by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 16 grass pollen-allergic and 8 nonatopic control subjects. The ability of Phl p, DPG-Phl p, and DPG-POL-Phl p to elicit FcεRI- and FcεRII-mediated IgE responses was measured by basophil activation test and IgE-facilitated allergen binding assay. RESULTS Analysis revealed that DPG-POL-Phl p downregulated genes associated with TH2 signaling, induced functional regulatory T cells exhibiting immunosuppressive roles through CD52 and Siglec-10, modulated genes encoding immunoproteasome that dysregulate the processing and presentation of antigens to T cells and promoted a shift from IgE toward an IgA1 and IgG responses. In grass pollen-allergic subjects, DPG-POL-Phl p exhibited reduced capacity to elicit proliferation of TH2A, IL-4+ Tfh and IL-21+ Tfh cells while being the most prominent at inducing IL-10+CD19+CD5hi and IL-10+CD19+CD5hiCD38intCD24int regulatory B-cell subsets compared to Phl p (all P < .05). Furthermore, DPG-POL-Phl p demonstrated a hypoallergenic profile through basophil activation and histamine release compared to Phl p (31.54-fold, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Single-cell RNA sequencing provides an in-depth resolution of the mechanisms underlying the tolerogenic profile of DPG-POL-Phl p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Layhadi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Moya
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, LETI Pharma SL, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiak Ju Tan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madison M Lenormand
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hanisah Sharif
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Rebecca V Parkin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Vila-Nadal
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oleksandra Fedina
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rongfei Zhu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wannada Laisuan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Durham
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerónimo Carnés
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, LETI Pharma SL, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohamed H Shamji
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Immunological mechanisms involved in the human response to a dog dander allergoid. Mol Immunol 2022; 145:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Moya R, Ramió-Lluch L, Parody N, Brazis P, Puigdemont A, Carnés J. Specific Dermatophagoides farinae extract for canine immunotherapy. Vet Dermatol 2020; 32:131-e29. [PMID: 33112005 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a pruritic allergic skin disease most often caused by Dermatophagoides farinae. Differences in the sensitization profile to D. farinae have been reported between people and dogs. However, allergic dogs traditionally have been treated with extracts intended for human immunotherapy. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To develop a specific allergen immunotherapy for veterinary practice enriched in canine major allergens and to demonstrate its in vitro efficacy. ANIMALS Twenty privately owned dogs, clinically diagnosed with cAD, and three healthy dogs. METHODS AND MATERIALS A veterinary D. farinae allergen extract was manufactured and characterized compared to D. farinae extract used for human immunotherapy. The protein profile was analysed by SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography and Der f 15 and Der f 18 allergens quantified by mass spectrometry. The allergenic profile was studied by immunoblot and the biological potency by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition assays. The extract's capacity to induce cytokine production [interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-Ɣ] by peripheral blood mononuclear cells also was evaluated. RESULTS The veterinary extract showed a higher content of high molecular weight proteins, preferentially recognized by atopic dog sera. The fold-increases in Der f 15 and Der f 18 with respect to the human extract were 2.07 ± 0.32 and 1.63 ± 0.15, respectively. The veterinary extract showed higher biological potency (0.062 versus 0.132 µg required for 50% inhibition of dogs sera) compared to the human extract and induced significantly higher levels of IL-10 (1,780 pg/mL) and IFN-Ɣ (50.4 pg/mL) with respect to the negative control. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A veterinary D. farinae extract with a higher content of dog major allergens was developed and in vitro efficacy demonstrated by immunological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Moya
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Calle del Sol no. 5, Tres Cantos, Madrid, 28760, Spain
| | - Laura Ramió-Lluch
- Animal Health B.U, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 184, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | - Nuria Parody
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Calle del Sol no. 5, Tres Cantos, Madrid, 28760, Spain
| | - Pilar Brazis
- Animal Health B.U, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 184, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | - Anna Puigdemont
- Department of Therapeutic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici M, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Carnés
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Calle del Sol no. 5, Tres Cantos, Madrid, 28760, Spain
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Thoms F, Jennings GT, Maudrich M, Vogel M, Haas S, Zeltins A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Riond B, Grossmann J, Hunziker P, Fettelschoss-Gabriel A, Senti G, Kündig TM, Bachmann MF. Immunization of cats to induce neutralizing antibodies against Fel d 1, the major feline allergen in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:193-203. [PMID: 31056187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cat allergy in human subjects is usually caused by the major cat allergen Fel d 1 and is found in approximately 10% of the Western population. Currently, there is no efficient and safe therapy for cat allergy available. Allergic patients usually try to avoid cats or treat their allergy symptoms. OBJECTIVE We developed a new strategy to treat Fel d 1-induced allergy in human subjects by immunizing cats against their own major allergen, Fel d 1. METHODS A conjugate vaccine consisting of recombinant Fel d 1 and a virus-like particle derived from the cucumber mosaic virus containing the tetanus toxin-derived universal T-cell epitope tt830-843 (CuMVTT) was used to immunize cats. A first tolerability and immunogenicity study, including a boost injection, was conducted by using the Fel-CuMVTT vaccine alone or in combination with an adjuvant. RESULTS The vaccine was well tolerated and had no overt toxic effect. All cats induced a strong and sustained specific IgG antibody response. The induced anti-Fel d 1 antibodies were of high affinity and exhibited a strong neutralization ability tested both in vitro and in vivo. A reduction in the endogenous allergen level and a reduced allergenicity of tear samples, were observed. CONCLUSION Vaccination of cats with Fel-CuMVTT induces neutralizing antibodies and might result in reduced symptoms of allergic cat owners. Both human subjects and animals could profit from this treatment because allergic cat owners would reduce their risk of developing chronic diseases, such as asthma, and become more tolerant of their cats, which therefore could stay in the households and not need to be relinquished to animal shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Thoms
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Schlieren, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; HypoPet AG, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gary T Jennings
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Schlieren, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; HypoPet AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Maudrich
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Immunology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Haas
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Schlieren, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; HypoPet AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research & Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hunziker
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Fettelschoss-Gabriel
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Schlieren, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Senti
- Clinical Trials Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- HypoPet AG, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Immunology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Ramesh M, Karagic M. New modalities of allergen immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2848-2863. [PMID: 30183485 PMCID: PMC6343630 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1502126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving field. Although subcutaneous immunotherapy has been practiced for over a hundred years, improved understanding of the underlying immunological mechanisms has led to the development of new, efficacious and better tolerated allergen-derivatives, adjuvants and encapsulated allergens. Diverse routes of allergen immunotherapy - oral, sublingual, epicutanoeus and intralymphatic - are enabling immunotherapy for anaphylactic food allergies and pollen-food allergy syndrome, while improving the tolerability and effectiveness of aeroallergen immunotherapy. The addition of Anti-IgE therapy decreases adverse effects of subcutaneous and oral immunotherapy.
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Sola J, Pedreño Y, Cerezo A, Peñalver-Mellado M. Development and characterization of an allergoid of cat dander for immunotherapy. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2018; 46:491-498. [PMID: 29342409 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to cats is a frequent cause of sensitization to indoor allergens and currently there are few alternatives to specific immunotherapy with cat native extracts. The objective is to develop and characterize a new allergoid to increase the tools available for use in clinical practice. METHODS The allergoid cat dander extract (ACD) was developed from a native cat dander extract (NCD) by modification with glutaraldehyde, and the optimal process control was determined by SDS-PAGE, DOT BLOT and determination of free amine groups. The ACD was characterized in protein profile by SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and peptide footprint. The allergenic profile of ACD was determined by immunoblot, IgE CAP inhibition and IgG competition ELISA. The major allergen content in NCD was obtained by the ELISA sandwich protocol and was extrapolated to ACD. RESULTS The control process determined the optimal development of the allergoid. The ACD obtained contains 182.28μg/mg of protein and 11.90μg/mg of Fel d 1. SDS-PAGE and SEC confirmed the presence of high molecular weight proteins in ACD, and the peptide footprint showed the presence of Fel d 1 and Fel d 7. The high degree of polymerization was evidenced with the determination of the reduction of lysine residues in the allergoid, resulting 91.96%. The ACD showed a significant loss of allergenicity respect to NCD, while the IgG-binding capacity was maintained. CONCLUSIONS The ACD obtained presents a good safety profile, so would be a good alternative for treatment of cat allergy.
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