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Kumari D, Jamwal V, Singh A, Singh SK, Mujwar S, Ansari MY, Singh K. Repurposing FDA approved drugs against Sterol C-24 methyltransferase of Leishmania donovani: A dual in silico and in vitro approach. Acta Trop 2024; 258:107338. [PMID: 39084482 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani affecting populations belonging to developing countries. The present study explores drug repurposing as an innovative strategy to identify new uses for approved clinical drugs, reducing the time and cost required for drug discovery. The three-dimensional structure of Leishmania donovani Sterol C-24 methyltransferase (LdSMT) was modeled and 1615 FDA-approved drugs from the ZINC database were computationally screened to identify the potent leads. Fulvestrant, docetaxel, indocyanine green, and iohexol were shortlisted as potential leads with the highest binding affinity and fitness scores for the concerned pathogenic receptor. Molecular dynamic simulation studies showed that the macromolecular complexes of indocyanine green and iohexol with LdSMT remained stable throughout the simulation and can be further evaluated experimentally for developing an effective drug. The proposed leads have further demonstrated promising safety profiles during cytotoxicity analysis on the J774.A1 macrophage cell line. Mechanistic analysis with these two drugs also revealed significant morphological alterations in the parasite, along with reduced intracellular parasitic load. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of drug repurposing in identifying new treatments for leishmaniasis and other diseases affecting developing countries, highlighting the importance of considering approved clinical drugs for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Kumari
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vishwani Jamwal
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ajeet Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Shashank K Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Md Yousuf Ansari
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Kumari D, Kour P, Singh CP, Choudhary R, Ali SM, Bhayye S, Bharitkar YP, Singh K. Anhydroparthenin as a dual-target inhibitor against Sterol C-24 methyltransferase and Sterol 14-α demethylase of Leishmania donovani: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico study. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132034. [PMID: 38702006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Parthenium hysterophorus plant has a diverse chemical profile and immense bioactive potential. It exhibits excellent pharmacological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, microbicidal, and anti-trypanosomal. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-leishmanial potential and toxicological safety of anhydroparthenin isolated from P. hysterophorus. Anydroparthenin was extracted from the leaves of P. hysterophorus and characterized through detailed analysis of 1H, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Dye-based in vitro and ex vivo assays confirmed that anhydroparthenin significantly inhibited both promastigote and amastigote forms of the Leishmania donovani parasites. Both the cytotoxicity experiment and hemolytic assay revealed its non-toxic nature and safety index in the range of 10 to 15. Further, various mechanistic assays suggested that anhydroparthenin led to the generation of oxidative stress, intracellular ATP depletion, alterations in morphology and mitochondrial membrane potential, formation of intracellular lipid bodies, and acidic vesicles, ultimately leading to parasite death. As a dual targeting approach, computational studies and sterol quantification assays confirmed that anhydroparthenin inhibits the Sterol C-24 methyl transferase and Sterol 14-α demethylase proteins involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis in Leishmania parasites. These results suggest that anhydroparthenin could be a promising anti-leishmanial molecule and can be developed as a novel therapeutic stratagem against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Kumari
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Parampreet Kour
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Chetan Paul Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Rinku Choudhary
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of I.T. and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra 411046, India
| | - Syed Mudassir Ali
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sagar Bhayye
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of I.T. and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra 411046, India
| | - Yogesh P Bharitkar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Islam A, do Prado BR, Dittz D, Rodrigues BL, Silva SMD, do Monte-Neto RL, Shabeer M, Frézard F, Demicheli C. Susceptibility of Leishmania to novel pentavalent organometallics: Investigating impact on DNA and membrane integrity in antimony(III)-sensitive and -resistant strains. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22194. [PMID: 38704828 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The aim the present study was to investigate the impact of novel pentavalent organobismuth and organoantimony complexes on membrane integrity and their interaction with DNA, activity against Sb(III)-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania strains and toxicity in mammalian peritoneal macrophages. Ph3M(L)2 type complexes were synthesized, where M = Sb(V) or Bi(V) and L = deprotonated 3-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid or 2-acetylbenzoic acid. Both organobismuth(V) and organoantimony(V) complexes exhibited efficacy at micromolar concentrations against Leishmania amazonensis and L. infantum but only the later ones demonstrated biocompatibility. Ph3Sb(L1)2 and Ph3Bi(L1)2 demonstrated distinct susceptibility profiles compared to inorganic Sb(III)-resistant strains of MRPA-overexpressing L. amazonensis and AQP1-mutated L. guyanensis. These complexes were able to permeate the cell membrane and interact with the Leishmania DNA, suggesting that this effect may contribute to the parasite growth inhibition via apoptosis. Taken altogether, our data substantiate the notion of a distinct mechanism of uptake pathway and action in Leishmania for these organometallic complexes, distinguishing them from the conventional inorganic antimonial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Islam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Postgraduate Program in Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Government Lady Reading Hospital Medical Teaching Institution, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Bruno Rodrigues do Prado
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Dalton Dittz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Av. Universitária, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Lages Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sydnei Magno da Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av Amazonas, s/n, Umuarama, Brazil
| | | | - Muhammad Shabeer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Postgraduate Program in Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Demicheli
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Sphingosine as a New Antifungal Agent against Candida and Aspergillus spp. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415510. [PMID: 36555152 PMCID: PMC9779773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether sphingosine is effective as prophylaxis against Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. In vitro experiments showed that sphingosine is very efficacious against A. fumigatus and Nakeomyces glabrataa (formerly named C. glabrata). A mouse model of invasive aspergillosis showed that sphingosine exerts a prophylactic effect and that sphingosine-treated animals exhibit a strong survival advantage after infection. Furthermore, mechanistic studies showed that treatment with sphingosine leads to the early depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and to a release of cytochrome C within minutes, thereby presumably initiating apoptosis. Because of its very good tolerability and ease of application, inhaled sphingosine should be further developed as a possible prophylactic agent against pulmonary aspergillosis among severely immunocompromised patients.
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Alanazi AD, Ben Said M. Plant Bioactive Ingredients in Delivery Systems and Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: An Evidence-Based Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2022; 17:458-472. [PMID: 36694570 PMCID: PMC9825702 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v17i4.11272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background This study was designed considering the challenges of leishmaniasis treatment and the benefits of carriers of drug delivery systems to review plant bioactive ingredients in delivery systems and nanocarriers for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Methods The methodology of this review investigation followed the 06-PRISMA recommendations. The searches were carried out up to January 30, 2022, in the central English databases SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, EMBASE, PUBMED, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR using the search terms "ç", "leishmaniasis", "herbal medicines", "drug delivery", "nanocarriers", "herbal compounds", and "secondary metabolites". Results Out of 5731 articles, 19 publications, including 12 in vivo (63.15%), 3 in vitro (15.8%), and 4 in vitro/in vivo (21.1%) up to 2022, fulfilled the criteria presence for argument in the current systematic study. Plant bioactive ingredients were curcumin, betulinic acid, artemisinin, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, andrographolide, pentalinonsterol, ursolic acid, amarogentin, carvacrol, 14-deoxy-11-oxo-andrographolide, quercetin, beta-lapachone, cedrol, 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone, and oleanolic acid. Conclusion The high potential of plant bioactive ingredients in delivery systems due to the load on the nanocarrier for the treatment of leishmaniasis through some main mechanisms of action, e.g. changes in the fluidity and the structure of the cell wall, creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I enzyme, minimal cytotoxicity, stimulation of cell cycle disruption, stimulation of apoptosis, enhancement of the immune system. However, further investigations, especially in the clinical setting, are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah D Alanazi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
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Silva-Silva JV, Moreira RF, Watanabe LA, de Souza CDSF, Hardoim DDJ, Taniwaki NN, Bertho AL, Teixeira KF, Cenci AR, Doring TH, Júnior JWDC, de Oliveira AS, Marinho PSB, Calabrese KDS, Marinho AMDR, Almeida-Souza F. Monomethylsulochrin isolated from biomass extract of Aspergillus sp. against Leishmania amazonensis: In vitro biological evaluation and molecular docking. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:974910. [PMID: 36093206 PMCID: PMC9452909 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.974910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis represents a serious world health problem, with 1 billion people being exposed to infection and a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations with a potentially fatal outcome. Based on the limitations observed in the treatment of leishmaniasis, such as high cost, significant adverse effects, and the potential for drug resistance, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the leishmanicidal activity of the compounds pseurotin A and monomethylsulochrin isolated from the biomass extract of Aspergillus sp. The chromatographic profiles of the extract were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode-array UV-Vis detector (HPLC-DAD-UV), and the molecular identification of the pseurotin A and monomethylsulochrin were carried out by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in tandem (LC-ESI-MS-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Antileishmanial activity was assayed against promastigote and intracellular amastigote of Leishmania amazonensis. As a control, cytotoxicity assays were performed in non-infected BALB/c peritoneal macrophages. Ultrastructural alterations in parasites were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were determined by flow cytometry. Only monomethylsulochrin inhibited the promastigote growth (IC50 18.04 ± 1.11 µM), with cytotoxicity to peritoneal macrophages (CC50 5.09 91.63 ± 1.28 µM). Activity against intracellular amastigote forms (IC50 5.09 ± 1.06 µM) revealed an increase in antileishmanial activity when compared with promastigotes. In addition to a statistically significant reduction in the evaluated infection parameters, monomethylsulochrin altered the ultrastructure of the promastigote forms with atypical vacuoles, electron-dense corpuscles in the cytoplasm, changes at the mitochondria outer membrane and abnormal disposition around the kinetoplast. It was showed that monomethylsulochrin leads to a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (25.9%, p = 0.0286). Molecular modeling studies revealed that monomethylsulochrin can act as inhibitor of sterol 14-alpha-demethylase (CYP51), a therapeutic target for human trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. Assessed for its drug likeness, monomethylsulochrin follows the Lipinski Rule of five and Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge criteria. Furthermore, monomethylsulochrin can be used as a reference in the development of novel and therapeutically useful antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Silva-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Daiana de Jesus Hardoim
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Alvaro Luiz Bertho
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kerolain Faoro Teixeira
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Arthur Ribeiro Cenci
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Doring
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - José Wilmo da Cruz Júnior
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Aldo Sena de Oliveira
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Kátia da Silva Calabrese
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Kátia da Silva Calabrese, ; Andrey Moacir do Rosario Marinho,
| | - Andrey Moacir do Rosario Marinho
- Post-graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Kátia da Silva Calabrese, ; Andrey Moacir do Rosario Marinho,
| | - Fernando Almeida-Souza
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Post-Graduate in Animal Sciences, State University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Gouveia ALA, Santos FAB, Alves LC, Cruz-Filho IJ, Silva PR, Jacob ITT, Soares JCS, Santos DKDN, Souza TRCL, Oliveira JF, Lima MDCA. Thiazolidine derivatives: In vitro toxicity assessment against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania infantum and ultrastructural study. Exp Parasitol 2022; 236-237:108253. [PMID: 35381223 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neglected diseases, such as Leishmaniasis, constitute a group of communicable diseases that occur mainly in tropical countries. Considered a public health problem with limited treatment. Therefore, there is a need for new therapies. In this sense, our proposal was to evaluate in vitro two series of thiazolidine compounds (7a-7e and 8a-8e) against Leishmania infantum. We performed in vitro evaluations through macrophage cytotoxicity assays (J774) and nitric oxide production, activity against promastigotes and amastigotes, as well as ultrastructural analyzes in promastigotes. In the evaluation of cytotoxicity, the thiazolidine compounds presented CC50 values between 8.52 and 126.83 μM. Regarding the evaluation against the promastigote forms, the IC50 values ranged between 0.42 and 142.43 μM. Compound 7a was the most promising, as it had the lowest IC50. The parasites treated with compound 7a showed several changes, such as cell body shrinkage, shortening and loss of the flagellum, intense mitochondrial edema and cytoplasmic vacuolization, leading the parasite to cell inviability. In assays against the amastigote forms, the compound showed a low IC50 (0.65 μM). These results indicate that compound 7a was efficient for both evolutionary forms of the parasite. In silico studies suggest that the compound has good oral bioavailability. These results show that compound 7a is a potential drug candidate for the treatment of Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allana L A Gouveia
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Antibiotics, Center for Biosciences, 50.670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fábio A B Santos
- Aggeu Magalhães Institut. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM-FIOCRUZ), 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Alves
- Aggeu Magalhães Institut. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM-FIOCRUZ), 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Iranildo José Cruz-Filho
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Antibiotics, Center for Biosciences, 50.670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Paula R Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Antibiotics, Center for Biosciences, 50.670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Iris T T Jacob
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Antibiotics, Center for Biosciences, 50.670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José Cleberson S Soares
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Antibiotics, Center for Biosciences, 50.670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Dayane K D N Santos
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Antibiotics, Center for Biosciences, 50.670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Tulio Ricardo C L Souza
- Rural University of Pernambuco, Academic Unit of Belo Jardim, 55156-580, Belo Jardim, PE, Brazil
| | - Jamerson F Oliveira
- University for the International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony (UNILAB), 62790-970, Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo A Lima
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Antibiotics, Center for Biosciences, 50.670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Khazaei F, Yadegari M, Ghanbari E, Heydari M, Khazaei M. Therapeutic applications and characteristics of Falcaria vulgaris in traditional medicine and experimental studies. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2022; 12:116-130. [PMID: 35614887 PMCID: PMC9090321 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2021.18488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective Falcaria vulgaris is a herb with various applications in traditional medicine, including treatment of skin and gastric ulcers, liver diseases and gastrointestinal problems. It contains many valuable and important compounds with antioxidants and anti-ulcer properties, including carvacrol, spathulenol, limonene, tannins and saponins. In recent years, besides confirming many of its conventional uses, new beneficial properties of this plant have been identified. The purpose of this review is to investigate the therapeutic applications and botanical characteristics of F. vulgaris in traditional medicine and experimental studies. Materials and Methods This study was a systematic review using the keywords "Falcaria vulgaris," "Therapeutic properties" and "Animal studies", 100 articles were extracted from various databases, including PubMed, SinceDirect, SID (scientific information database) and google search engines without time limit; after several stages of title monitoring and abstracts review, finally, 70 articles were selected for this study. Results In traditional medicine of different countries, several therapeutic properties have been reported for F. vulgaris, most of which are attributed to its antioxidant content and the presence of tannins and saponins. In recent decades, many studies have been done to identify and confirm the medicinal properties of F. vulgaris, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-diabetic effects, healing properties of skin and stomach ulcers, and protection of the liver and kidney. Conclusion F. vulgaris has a variety of biological properties and is used as a valuable plant in medical research that helps to improve health and prevent some diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khazaei
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Maryam Yadegari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elham Ghanbari
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammadbagher Heydari
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +98-8334281563, Fax: +98-8334281563,
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Paula JC, Fernandes NS, Karam TK, Baréa P, Sarragiotto MH, Ueda-Nakamura T, Silva SO, Nakamura CV. β-carbolines RCC and C5 induce death of Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:99-110. [PMID: 34913373 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania spp., and its treatment is limited. The β-carbolines have shown activity against kinetoplastids. Aim: To evaluate the activity and effects of the β-carbolines, N-{2-[(4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]ethyl}-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-β-carboline-3-carboxamide (RCC) and N-benzyl-1-(4-methoxy)phenyl-9H-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (C5), against L. amazonensis intracellular amastigotes and to suggest their mechanism of action. Methods: We analyzed the activity and cytotoxicity of β-carbolines and the morphological alterations by electron microscopy. Mitochondrial membrane potential, production nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, lipidic bodies, autophagic vacuoles and ATP were also evaluated. Results & conclusion: The results showed that RCC and C5 are active against intracellular amastigotes and were able to induce oxidative stress and ultrastructural alterations such as accumulation of lipid bodies and autophagic vacuoles, leading to parasite death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica C Paula
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Nilma S Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Thaysa K Karam
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Paula Baréa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria H Sarragiotto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Tania Ueda-Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Sueli O Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Celso V Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Keshav P, Goyal DK, Kaur S. GC-MS screening and antiparasitic action of Putranjiva roxburghii leaves against sensitive and resistant strains of Leishmania donovani. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:1002-1013. [PMID: 34789984 PMCID: PMC8556436 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Looming drug resistance cases of leishmaniasis infection are an undeniably serious danger to worldwide public health, also jeopardize the efficacy of available drugs. Besides this, no successful vaccine is available till date. Since the ancient era, many plants and their parts have been used as medicines against various ailments. Hence, the importance of drug development for new molecules against Leishmania infection is significant that is a cost-effective and safer drug preferably from the natural herbal resources. We evaluated the GC-MS screening and efficacy of Putranjiva roxburghii (PR) against the sensitive and resistant promastigotes of L. donovani. GC-MS profiling revealed that the extract was rich in myo-inositol-4-C-methyl, azulene and desulphosinigrin. Quantitative investigation of phytoconstituents confirmed that PR was rich in phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids. We found an IC50 25.61 ± 0.57 µg/mL and 29.02 ± 1.21 µg/mL of PR against sodium stibogluconate sensitive and resistant strain respectively. It was found to be safer in cytotoxicity assay and generated ROS mediated oxidative stress in the parasitic cells which was evidenced by the increased and decreased levels of superoxide radicals, lipid peroxidation products, lipid bodies and levels of thiol, plasma membrane integrity respectively. Therefore, our results support the importance of P. roxburghii as a medicinal plant against L. donovani and showed potential for exploration as an antileishmanial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Keshav
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, UT India
| | - Deepak Kumar Goyal
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, UT India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, UT India
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Synthesis, In Silico Study, and Anti-Cancer Activity of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101375. [PMID: 34680491 PMCID: PMC8533299 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones are known for their biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, we have synthesized and characterized 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-MBTSc) and 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (4-NBTSc) using IR, 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The compound’s in vitro anticancer activities against different cell lines were evaluated. Molecular docking, Insilco ADMET, and drug-likeness prediction were also done. The test compounds showed a comparative IC50 and growth inhibition with the standard drug Doxorubicin. The IC50 ranges from 2.82 µg/mL to 14.25 µg/mL in 3-MBTSc and 2.80 µg/mL to 7.59 µg/mL in 4-NBTSc treated cells. The MTT assay result revealed, 3-MBTSc inhibits 50.42 and 50.31 percent of cell growth in B16-F0 and EAC cell lines, respectively. The gene expression showed that tumor suppressor genes such as PTEN and BRCA1 are significantly upregulated in 7.42 and 5.33 folds, and oncogenes, PKC, and RAS are downregulated −7.96 and −7.64 folds, respectively in treated cells. The molecular docking performed on the four targeted proteins (PARP, VEGFR-1, TGF-β1, and BRAFV600E) indicated that both 4-NBTSc and 3-MBTSc potentially bind to TGF-β1 with the best binding energy of −42.34 Kcal/mol and −32.13 Kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, the test compound possesses desirable ADMET and drug-likeness properties. Overall, both 3-MBTSc and 4-NBTSc have the potential to be multitargeting drug candidates for further study. Moreover, 3-MBTSc showed better activity than 4-NBTSc.
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Prasanna P, Kumar P, Mandal S, Payal T, Kumar S, Hossain SU, Das P, Ravichandiran V, Mandal D. 7,8-dihydroxyflavone-functionalized gold nanoparticles target the arginase enzyme of Leishmania donovani. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1887-1903. [PMID: 34397295 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To analyze the efficacy and possible mechanism of action of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) and DHF synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) against the parasite Leishmania donovani. Methods: GNPs were synthesized using DHF and characterized by dynamic light scattering, ζ potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The efficacy of DHF and DHF-GNP were tested against sensitive and drug-resistant parasites. GNP uptake was measured on macrophages by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: DHF and DHF-GNP (∼35 nm) were equally effective against sensitive and drug-resistant strains and inhibited the arginase activity of parasites. Increased IFN-γ and reduced IL-12 cytokine response showed a Th1/Th2-mediated cell death in macrophages. Conclusion: The low cytotoxicity and high biological activity of DHF-GNP may be useful for chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Saptarshi Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, 801106, India
| | - Tanvi Payal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India.,Cognizant Technology Solution, Hyderabad, 800051, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Sk Ugir Hossain
- Department of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, 700026, India
| | - Prolay Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, 801106, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
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Dias-Lopes G, Zabala-Peñafiel A, de Albuquerque-Melo BC, Souza-Silva F, Menaguali do Canto L, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Alves CR. Axenic amastigotes of Leishmania species as a suitable model for in vitro studies. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105956. [PMID: 33979642 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are etiological agents of infection diseases, which in some cases can be fatal. The main forms of their biological cycle, promastigotes and amastigotes, can be maintained in vitro. While promastigotes are easier to maintain, amastigotes are more complex and can be obtained through different ways, including infection assays of tissues or in vitro cells, and differentiation from promastigotes to axenic amastigotes. Several protocols have been proposed for in vitro differentiation for at least 12 Leishmania spp. of both subgenera, Leishmania and Viannia. In this review we propose a critical summary of axenic amastigotes induction, as well as the impact of these strategies on metabolic pathways and regulatory networks analyzed by omics approaches. The parameters used by different research groups show considerable variations in temperature, pH and induction stages, as highlighted here for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Therefore, a consensus on strategies for inducing amastigogenesis is necessary to improve accuracy and even define stage-specific biomarkers. In fact, the axenic amastigote model has contributed to elucidate several aspects of the parasite cycle, however, since it does not reproduce the intracellular environment, its use requires several precautions. In addition, we present a discussion about using axenic amastigotes for drug screening, suggesting the need of a more sensitive methodology to verify cell viability in these tests. Collectively, this review explores the advantages and limitations found in studies with axenic amastigotes, done for more than 30 years, and discuss the gaps that impair their use as a suitable model for in vitro studies.
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Khan AA, Alanazi AM, Alsaif N, Algrain N, Wani TA, Bhat MA. Enhanced Efficacy of Thiosemicarbazone Derivative-Encapsulated Fibrin Liposomes against Candidiasis in Murine Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030333. [PMID: 33806702 PMCID: PMC7998974 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most studied species for the candidiasis infection and is becoming resistant towards existing antifungal drugs. Considering this, in the current study, we developed and characterized a fibrin liposome-based formulation encapsulating a novel thiosemicarbazone derivative, 2C, and evaluated its antifungal efficacy against murine candidiasis. The 2C-containing formulation was prepared by encapsulating 2C within the liposomes (2C-L) that were further encapsulated in the fibrin beads (2C-FL). The in-house synthesized 2C-FLs were spherical with a zeta potential of −34.12 ± 0.3 mV, an entrapment efficiency of 72.6 ± 4.7%, and a loading efficiency of 9.21 ± 2.3%, and they showed a slow and sustained release of 2C. Compared to free 2C, the formulation was non-toxic and exhibited serum stability, increased tissue specificity, and penetration. The 2C-FL formulation had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 4.92 ± 0.76 µg/mL and was able to induce apoptosis and necrosis in C. albicans in vitro. The administration of 2C-FL in C. albicans-infected mice prolonged their survival and antifungal effects when compared with the free 2C. The 2C-FL antifungal therapy significantly reduced the fungal burden and displayed an improved survival rate. In conclusion, the 2C thiosemicarbazone derivative possesses a potent antifungal activity that became more advantageous upon its encapsulation in the fibrin liposome delivery system.
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de Aquino TM, França PHB, Rodrigues ÉEES, Nascimento IJS, Santos-Júnior PFS, Aquino PGV, Santos MS, Queiroz AC, Araújo MV, Alexandre-Moreira MS, Rodrigues RRL, Rodrigues KAF, Freitas JD, Bricard J, Meneghetti MR, Bourguignon JJ, Schmitt M, da Silva-Júnior EF, de Araújo-Júnior JX. Synthesis, Antileishmanial Activity and in silico Studies of Aminoguanidine Hydrazones (AGH) and Thiosemicarbazones (TSC) Against Leishmania chagasi Amastigotes. Med Chem 2021; 18:151-169. [PMID: 33593264 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210216154428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a worldwide health problem, highly endemic in developing countries. Among the four main clinical forms of the disease, visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe, fatal in 95% of cases. The undesired side-effects from first-line chemotherapy and the reported drug resistance search for effective drugs that can replace or supplement those currently used an urgent need. Aminoguanidine hydrazones (AGH's) have been explored for exhibiting a diverse spectrum of biological activities, in particular the antileishmanial activity of MGBG. The bioisosteres thiosemicarbazones (TSC's) offer a similar biological activity diversity, including antiprotozoal effects against Leishmania species and Trypanosoma cruzi. OBJECTIVE Considering the impact of leishmaniasis worldwide, this work aimed to design, synthesize, and perform a screening upon L. chagasi amastigotes and for the cytotoxicity of the small "in-house" library of both AGH and TSC derivatives and their structurally-related compounds. METHOD A set of AGH's (3-7), TSC's (9, 10), and semicarbazones (11) were initially synthesized. Subsequently, different semi-constrained analogs were designed and also prepared, including thiazolidines (12), dihydrothiazines (13), imidazolines (15), pyrimidines (16, 18) azines (19, 20), and benzotriazepinones (23-25). All intermediates and target compounds were obtained with satisfactory yields and exhibited spectral data consistent with their structures. All final compounds were evaluated against L. chagasi amastigotes and J774.A1 cell line. Molecular docking was performed towards trypanothione reductase using GOLD® software. RESULT The AGH's 3i, 4a, and 5d, and the TSC's 9i, 9k, and 9o were selected as valuable hits. These compounds presented antileishmanial activity compared with pentamidine, showing IC50 values ranged from 0.6 to 7.27 μM, maximal effects up to 55.3%, and satisfactory SI values (ranged from 11 to 87). On the other hand, most of the resulting semi-constrained analogs were found cytotoxic or presented reduced antileishmanial activity. In general, TSC class is more promising than its isosteric AGH analogs, and the beneficial aromatic substituent effects are not similar in both series. In silico studies have suggested that these hits are capable of inhibiting the trypanothione reductase from the amastigote forms. CONCLUSION The promising antileishmanial activity of three AGH's and three TSC's was characterized. These compounds presented antileishmanial activity compared with PTD, showing IC50 values ranged from 0.6 to 7.27 μM, and satisfactory SI values. Further pharmacological assays involving other Leishmania strains are under progress, which will help to choose the best hits for in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M de Aquino
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - Paulo H B França
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - Érica E E S Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - Igor J S Nascimento
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - Paulo F S Santos-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - Pedro G V Aquino
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Garanhuns-PE, 55292-270. Brazil
| | - Mariana S Santos
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Garanhuns-PE, 55292-270. Brazil
| | - Aline C Queiroz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - Morgana V Araújo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - Magna S Alexandre-Moreira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - Raiza R L Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, 64202-020, Parnaíba-PI. Brazil
| | - Klinger A F Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, 64202-020, Parnaíba-PI. Brazil
| | - Johnnatan D Freitas
- Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, Federal Institute of Alagoas, Campus Maceió, Ferroviário Avenue, 57020-600, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - Jacques Bricard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation thérapeutique, UMR 7200, Labex Medalis, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch. France
| | - Mario R Meneghetti
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-90 0, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - Jean-Jacques Bourguignon
- Laboratoire d'Innovation thérapeutique, UMR 7200, Labex Medalis, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch. France
| | - Martine Schmitt
- Laboratoire d'Innovation thérapeutique, UMR 7200, Labex Medalis, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch. France
| | - Edeildo F da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió-AL. Brazil
| | - João X de Araújo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió-AL. Brazil
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Keshav P, Goyal DK, Kaur S. Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani exhibited sensitivity towards the high altitudinal plant Cicer microphyllum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1:100040. [PMID: 35284854 PMCID: PMC8906067 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explored Cicer microphyllum (CM), a Trans-Himalayan plant for its chemical components by GC-MS, phytochemical quantitation, and anti-leishmanial efficacy against sensitive strain (SS) and resistant strain (RS) promastigotes of L. donovani in vitro. The hydroethanolic extract of aerial parts of CM was screened for the presence of chemical compounds and phytochemical estimation. The antileishmanial activity of CM was assessed against the promastigotes of L. donovani. The cell volume and cell viability were analyzed by flow cytometry. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid bodies was determined after treatment with reference and test drug. The extract of CM is complemented with major plant secondary metabolites and the quantitative assessment for phytoconstituents showed the highest concentration of phenols followed by flavonoids and terpenoids. Different biologically active chemical compounds were identified by the GC-MS analysis. The 50% inhibitory concentrations against L. donovani sensitive strain were 14.40 μg/ml and 23.03 μg/ml whereas for resistant promastigotes these were 49.84 μg/ml and 26.77 μg/ml after SAG (sodium stibogluconate) and CM exposure, respectively. CM treatment reduced cell viability induced by loss in plasma membrane integrity. Drug treatment resulted in higher ROS generation and production of lipid bodies. GC-MS screening of the extract revealed the richness of active chemical components in CM. The presence of diverse phytochemicals, no cytotoxicity to human macrophages, and the antileishmanial action of CM depicted its potential as an alternative future drug. First report of in vitro leishmanial activity of Cicer microphyllum (CM) against SAG-resistant and SAG-sensitive strain. Chemical characterization of CM by GC-MS revealed biologically active components. CM augmented ROS production and lipid bodiesʼ formation in Leishmania parasites. Parasitic cells exhibited loss of membrane integrity upon drug treatment. No significant toxicity on THP-1 cell line was observed.
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Torres Suarez E, Granados-Falla DS, Robledo SM, Murillo J, Upegui Y, Delgado G. Antileishmanial activity of synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring quinolone alkaloid N-methyl-8-methoxyflindersin. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243392. [PMID: 33370295 PMCID: PMC7769561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected, parasitic tropical disease caused by an intracellular protozoan from the genus Leishmania. Quinoline alkaloids, secondary metabolites found in plants from the Rutaceae family, have antiparasitic activity against Leishmania sp. N-methyl-8-methoxyflindersin (1), isolated from the leaves of Raputia heptaphylla and also known as 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H,5H,6H-pyran[3,2-c]quinolin-5-one, shows antiparasitic activity against Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes. This study used in silico tools to identify synthetic quinoline alkaloids having structure similar to that of compound 1 and then tested these quinoline alkaloids for their in vitro antiparasitic activity against Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis, in vivo therapeutic response in hamsters suffering from experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and ex vivo immunomodulatory potential in healthy donors' human peripheral blood (monocyte)-derived macrophages (hMDMs). Compounds 1 (natural), 2 (synthetic), and 8 (synthetic) were effective against intracellular promastigotes (9.9, 3.4, and 1.6 μg/mL medial effective concentration [EC50], respectively) and amastigotes (5.07, 7.94, and 1.91 μg/mL EC50, respectively). Compound 1 increased nitric oxide production in infected hMDMs and triggered necrosis-related ultrastructural alterations in intracellular amastigotes, while compound 2 stimulated oxidative breakdown in hMDMs and caused ultrastructural alterations in the parasite 4 h posttreatment, and compound 8 failed to induce macrophage modulation but selectively induced apoptosis of infected hMDMs and alterations in the intracellular parasite ultrastructure. In addition, synthetic compounds 2 and 8 improved the health of hamsters suffering from experimental CL, without evidence of treatment-associated adverse toxic effects. Therefore, synthetic compounds 2 and 8 are potential therapeutic candidates for topical treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Torres Suarez
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunotoxicología, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Susana Granados-Falla
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunotoxicología, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sara María Robledo
- PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Javier Murillo
- PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yulieth Upegui
- PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Delgado
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunotoxicología, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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The interaction of a thiosemicarbazone derived from R - (+) - limonene with lipid membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 234:105018. [PMID: 33232725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a potential drug, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde-thiosemicarbazone (2-TSC), a thiosemicarbazone derived from the terpene R-(+)-limonene, was studied through calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data showed that 2-TSC causes structural changes in a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) membrane, strongly decreasing the cooperativity of the bilayer gel-fluid thermal transition. Optical absorption spectroscopy showed that 2-TSC is more soluble in ethanol and lipids than in water medium, and that the drug displays different structures in the different environments. Though 2-TSC displays no fluorescence, time resolved fluorescence showed that the drug is an effective quencher of the fluorescent probe 6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene (Laurdan). As it is well accepted that Laurdan is positioned into the bilayer close to the membrane surface, that is possibly the localization of 2-TSC in a bilayer. Electron spin resonance (ESR) of the probe 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-(14-doxyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14-PCSL) revealed that 2-TSC is inserted into the hydrocarbon part of the bilayer, fluidizing the lipid bilayer gel phase and rigidifying or organizing the bilayer fluid phase. Similar effects are found for other lipophilic molecules, including cholesterol. These results are useful to improve the understanding of the processes that govern the interaction of thiosemicarbazones with cell membranes, related to the activity of the drugs and their cytotoxicity.
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de Paula JC, Bakoshi ABK, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Ud Din Z, Rodrigues-Filho E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV. Antiproliferative activity of the dibenzylideneacetone derivate (E)-3-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)but‑3-en-2-one in Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105653. [PMID: 32777226 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the most prevalent neglected diseases in the world. The illness is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite with a complex life cycle and three morphologically distinct developmental stages. Nowadays, the only treatment is based on two nitro-derivative drugs, benznidazole and nifurtimox, which cause serious side effects. Since the treatment is limited, the search for new treatment options for patients with Chagas disease is highly necessary. In this study we analyzed the substance A11K3, a dibenzylideneacetone (DBA). DBAs have an acyclic dienone attached to aryl groups in both β-positions and studies have shown that they have biological activity against tumors cells, bacteria, and protozoa such as T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. Here we show that A11K3 is active against all three T. cruzi evolutionary forms: the epimastigote (IC50 = 3.3 ± 0.8), the trypomastigote (EC50 = 24 ± 4.3) and the intracellular amastigote (IC50 = 9.3 ± 0.5 µM). A cytotoxicity assay in LLCMK2 cells showed a CC50 of 239.2 ± 15.7 µM giving a selectivity index (CC50/IC50) of 72.7 for epimastigotes, 9.9 for trypomastigotes and 25.9 for intracellular amastigotes. Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of the parasites treated with A11K3 by TEM and SEM revealed alterations in the Golgi complex, mitochondria, plasma membrane and cell body, with an increase of autophagic vacuoles and lipid bodies. Biochemical assays of A11K3-treated T. cruzi showed an increase of ROS, plasma membrane ruptures, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization with a decrease in ATP and accumulation of autophagic vacuoles. The results lead to the hypothesis that A11K3 causes death of the protozoan through events such as plasma membrane and mitochondrial alterations and autophagy, characteristic of cell collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Carreira de Paula
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda Beatriz Kawano Bakoshi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin-Bidóia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Zia Ud Din
- LaBioMMi, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, SP 13.565-905, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues-Filho
- LaBioMMi, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, SP 13.565-905, Brazil
| | - Tania Ueda-Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
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Pereira KLG, Vasconcelos NBR, Braz JVC, InÁcio JDF, Estevam CS, Correa CB, Fernandes RPM, Almeida-Amaral EE, Scher R. Ethanolic extract of Croton blanchetianus Ball induces mitochondrial defects in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20180968. [PMID: 33146273 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by Leishmania. Chemotherapy remains the mainstay for leishmaniasis control; however, available drugs fail to provide a parasitological cure, and are associated with high toxicity. Natural products are promising leads for the development of novel chemotherapeutics against leishmaniasis. This work investigated the leishmanicidal properties of ethanolic extract of Croton blanchetianus (EECb) on Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis, and found that EECb, rich in terpenic compounds, was active against promastigote and amastigote forms of both Leishmania species. Leishmania infantum promastigotes and amastigotes presented IC50 values of 208.6 and 8.8 μg/mL, respectively, whereas Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes presented IC50 values of 73.6 and 3.1 μg/mL, respectively. Promastigotes exposed to EECb (100 µg/mL) had their body cellular volume reduced and altered to a round shape, and the flagellum was duplicated, suggesting that EECb may interfere with the process of cytokinesis, which could be the cause of the decline in the parasite multiplication rate. Regarding possible EECb targets, a marked depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential was observed. No cytotoxic effects of EECb were observed in murine macrophages at concentrations below 60 µg/mL, and the CC50 obtained was 83.8 µg/mL. Thus, the present results indicated that EECb had effective and selective effects against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis, and that these effects appeared to be mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katily L G Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49000-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Nancy B R Vasconcelos
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49000-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Juliana V C Braz
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49000-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Job D F InÁcio
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charles S Estevam
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49000-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Cristiane B Correa
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49000-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Roberta P M Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49000-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Elmo E Almeida-Amaral
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Scher
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49000-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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21
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Membrane dynamics in Leishmania amazonensis and antileishmanial activities of β-carboline derivatives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183473. [PMID: 32937102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two β-carboline compounds, 8i and 6d, demonstrated in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes similar to that of miltefosine (MIL). Estimates of the membrane-water partition coefficient (KM/W) and the compound concentrations in the membrane (cm50) and aqueous phase (cw50) for half maximal inhibitory concentration were made. Whereas these biophysical parameters for 6d were not significantly different from those reported for MIL, 8i showed lower affinity for the parasite membrane (lower KM/W) and a lower concentration of the compound in the membrane required to inhibit the growth of the parasite (lower cm50). A 2-hour treatment of Leishmania promastigotes with the compounds 8i and 6d caused membrane rigidity in a concentration-dependent manner, as demonstrated by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique and spin label method. This increased rigidity of the membrane was interpreted to be associated with the occurrence of cross-linking of oxidized cytoplasmic proteins to the parasite membrane skeleton. Importantly, the two β-carboline-oxazoline derivatives showed low hemolytic action, both in experiments with isolated red blood cells or with whole blood, denoting their great Leishmania/erythrocyte selectivity index. Using electron microscopy, changes in the membrane of both the amastigote and promastigote form of the parasite were confirmed, and it was demonstrated that compounds 8i and 6d decreased the number of amastigotes in infected murine macrophages. Furthermore, 8i and 6d were more toxic to the protozoa than to J774A.1 macrophages, with treated promastigotes exhibiting a decrease in cell volume, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, accumulation of lipid bodies, increased ROS production and changes in the cell cycle.
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22
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Queiroz CM, de Oliveira Filho GB, Espíndola JWP, do Nascimento AV, Aliança ASDS, de Lorena VMB, Feitosa APS, da Silva PR, Alves LC, Leite ACL, Brayner FA. Thiosemicarbazone and thiazole: in vitro evaluation of leishmanicidal and ultrastructural activity on Leishmania infantum. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Antileishmanial Activity and Influence on Mitochondria of the Essential Oil from Tagetes lucida Cav. and Its Main Component. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antileishmanial drugs are toxic, expensive, and resistance to them has emerged. Several studies have focused on natural products as alternatives. In the present work, the chemical composition, in vitro antileishmanial activity, cytotoxicity effects, and the influence on mitochondrial function of the essential oil from Tagetes lucida Cav. was determined, as well its main compound estragole. Forty-nine compounds were detected in the oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), of which estragole was the main constituent (97%). The oil showed inhibition of the promastigotes of L. tarentolae and L. amazonensis (IC50 = 61.4 and 118.8 µg/mL, respectively), decreased oxygen consumption of L. tarentolae, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential in L. amazonensis, inhibitory activity on the intracellular amastigote of L. amazonensis (IC50 = 14.2 ± 1.6 µg/mL), and cytotoxicity values ranging from 80.8 to 156 µg/mL against murine macrophages and J774 cells. Estragole displayed higher activity on promastigotes (IC50 = 28.5 and 25.5 µg/mL, respectively), amastigotes (IC50 = 1.4 ± 0.1 µg/mL), and cytotoxicity values ranging from 20.6 to 14.5 µg/mL, respectively, while on mitochondria, it caused a decrease of the membrane potential but did not inhibit oxygen consumption. The potential antileishmanial activity of the essential oil from T. lucida and estragole makes these compounds favorable candidates for exploration in further studies.
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Khadir F, Taheri T, Habibzadeh S, Zahedifard F, Gholami E, Heidari-Kharaji M, Oryan A, Rafati S. Antileishmanial effect of rapamycin as an alternative approach to control Leishmania tropica infection. Vet Parasitol 2019; 276:108976. [PMID: 31739256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) is a parasitic disease in animals and human with no satisfactory treatments and vaccination. Rapamycin is a potent inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with various applications. Here, the effect of rapamycin alone or in combination with two other drugs, namely amphotericin B (AmB) and glucantime, was investigated against Leishmania tropica infection. In vitro viability and electron microscopy evaluation of the parasites showed detrimental changes in their appearance and viability. Treatment with clinically relevant dose of rapamycin (10.2 μg/dose) is able to control the parasite load in BALB/c mice infected with L. tropica. Furthermore, the cytokine profiles showed significant polarization towards Th1 immune response. Surprisingly, combination therapy with either AmB or glucantime was not efficient. Rapamycin is showed an effective alternative therapy against leishmaniosis caused by L. tropica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khadir
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Taheri
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Habibzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedifard
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Gholami
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Heidari-Kharaji
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Leite ACL, Espíndola JWP, de Oliveira Cardoso MV, de Oliveira Filho GB. Privileged Structures in the Design of Potential Drug Candidates for Neglected Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4323-4354. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171023163752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Privileged motifs are recurring in a wide range of biologically
active compounds that reach different pharmaceutical targets and pathways and could represent
a suitable start point to access potential candidates in the neglected diseases field.
The current therapies to treat these diseases are based in drugs that lack of the desired effectiveness,
affordable methods of synthesis and allow a way to emergence of resistant
strains. Due the lack of financial return, only few pharmaceutical companies have been
investing in research for new therapeutics for neglected diseases (ND).
Methods:
Based on the literature search from 2002 to 2016, we discuss how six privileged
motifs, focusing phthalimide, isatin, indole, thiosemicarbazone, thiazole, and thiazolidinone
are particularly recurrent in compounds active against some of neglected diseases.
Results:
It was observed that attention was paid particularly for Chagas disease, malaria,
tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, dengue, African sleeping sickness (Human
African Trypanosomiasis - HAT) and toxoplasmosis. It was possible to verify that, among
the ND, antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activities were between the most searched.
Besides, thiosemicarbazone moiety seems to be the most versatile and frequently explored
scaffold. As well, phthalimide, isatin, thiazole, and thiazolidone nucleus have been also
explored in the ND field.
Conclusion:
Some described compounds, appear to be promising drug candidates, while
others could represent a valuable inspiration in the research for new lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José Wanderlan Pontes Espíndola
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Gevanio Bezerra de Oliveira Filho
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
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26
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Roque Marques KM, do Desterro MR, de Arruda SM, de Araújo Neto LN, do Carmo Alves de Lima M, de Almeida SMV, da Silva ECD, de Aquino TM, da Silva-Júnior EF, de Araújo-Júnior JX, de M Silva M, de A Dantas MD, Santos JCC, Figueiredo IM, Bazin MA, Marchand P, da Silva TG, Mendonça Junior FJB. 5-Nitro-Thiophene-Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives Present Antitumor Activity Mediated by Apoptosis and DNA Intercalation. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1075-1091. [PMID: 31223089 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190621120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the need for the development of new antitumor drugs, associated with the great antitumor potential of thiophene and thiosemicarbazonic derivatives, in this work we promote molecular hybridization approach to synthesize new compounds with increased anticancer activity. OBJECTIVE Investigate the antitumor activity and their likely mechanisms of action of a series of N-substituted 2-(5-nitro-thiophene)-thiosemicarbazone derivatives. METHODS Methods were performed in vitro (cytotoxicity, cell cycle progression, morphological analysis, mitochondrial membrane potential evaluation and topoisomerase assay), spectroscopic (DNA interaction studies), and in silico studies (docking and molecular modelling). RESULTS Most of the compounds presented significant inhibitory activity; the NCIH-292 cell line was the most resistant, and the HL-60 cell line was the most sensitive. The most promising compound was LNN-05 with IC50 values ranging from 0.5 to 1.9 µg.mL-1. The in vitro studies revealed that LNN-05 was able to depolarize (dose-dependently) the mitochondrial membrane, induceG1 phase cell cycle arrest noticeably, promote morphological cell changes associated with apoptosis in chronic human myelocytic leukaemia (K-562) cells, and presented no topoisomerase II inhibition. Spectroscopic UV-vis and molecular fluorescence studies showed that LNN compounds interact with ctDNA forming supramolecular complexes. Intercalation between nitrogenous bases was revealed through KI quenching and competitive ethidium bromide assays. Docking and Molecular Dynamics suggested that 5-nitro-thiophene-thiosemicarbazone compounds interact against the larger DNA groove, and corroborating the spectroscopic results, may assume an intercalating interaction mode. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight 5-nitro-thiophene-thiosemicarbazone derivatives, especially LNN-05, as a promising new class of compounds for further studies to provide new anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Mirella Roque Marques
- Bioactive Products Prospecting Laboratory, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Rodrigues do Desterro
- Bioactive Products Prospecting Laboratory, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Sandrine Maria de Arruda
- Bioactive Products Prospecting Laboratory, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Nascimento de Araújo Neto
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Alves de Lima
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | | | - Edjan Carlos Dantas da Silva
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Nursing and Pharmacy School, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio-AL, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Nursing and Pharmacy School, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio-AL, Brazil
| | | | - João Xavier de Araújo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Nursing and Pharmacy School, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio-AL, Brazil
| | - Marina de M Silva
- Laboratory of Development and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio-AL, Brazil
| | - Maria Dayanne de A Dantas
- Laboratory of Development and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio-AL, Brazil
| | - Josué Carinhanha C Santos
- Laboratory of Development and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio-AL, Brazil
| | - Isis M Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Development and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio-AL, Brazil
| | - Marc-Antoine Bazin
- Universite de Nantes, Cibles et medicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, EA1155, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Marchand
- Universite de Nantes, Cibles et medicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, EA1155, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Teresinha Gonçalves da Silva
- Bioactive Products Prospecting Laboratory, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
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Mendonça DBD, Silva REC, Palace-Berl F, Takakura CF, Soares SRC, Braz LMA, Tavares LC, Lindoso JAL. Nitro-Heterocyclic compounds induce apoptosis-like effects in Leishmania (L). amazonensis promastigotes. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e144418. [PMID: 31130997 PMCID: PMC6521708 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1444-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three drugs - pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B and pentamidine - are currently used for leishmaniasis treatment. They are administered for long periods, only parenterally, and have high cardiac, renal and hepatic toxicities. Therefore, the investigation of new compounds is required. Nitro-heterocyclic derivatives have been used as possible drug candidates to treat diseases caused by trypanosomatids. Methods Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes (MHO/BR/73/M2269), maintained in the Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia - Instituto de Medicina Tropical- USP, were exposed to five nitroheterocyclic derivatives, with differences at phenyl-ring position 4: BSF-C4H9, BSF-H, BSF-NO2, BSF-CH3 and BSF-Cl, for 48 hours. After analyzing viability (MTT assay), we evaluated cellular-morphology activity of compounds by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and measurement of apoptosis (phosphatidylserine expression) by flow cytometry. Results EC50 of amphotericin B and BSF-CH3 were 0.50 (M and 0.39 (M respective. Other nitro-heterocyclic compounds presented EC50 higher than amphotericin B. All compounds showed greater AV- and PI-positive expression than amphotericin B at 100 (M, except BSF-NO2. TEM showed complete nuclear disfigurement with 100 (M of BSF-NO2, 25 and 6.25 (M of BSF-H, and 6.25 (M BSF-Cl; presence of vesicles within the flagellar pocket with 25 (M BSF-H; alteration of the kinetoplast with 25 (M BSF-C4H9, 25 (M of BSF-H, 6.25 (M BSF-CH3 and 6.25 (M of BSF-Cl. Conclusions Nitro-heterocyclic compounds have shown activity against promastigotes of L. amazonensis, at lower concentrations. However, improvement of compound scaffolds are needed to assist the elucidation of the mechanism of action and to achieve greater activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Barros Dias Mendonça
- Laboratory of Serum Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Ellen Costa Silva
- Laboratory of Serum Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fanny Palace-Berl
- Laboratory of Planning and Development of Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemical-Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Fh Takakura
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina C Soares
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia Maria Almeida Braz
- Laboratory of Serum Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leoberto Costa Tavares
- Laboratory of Planning and Development of Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemical-Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Angelo Lauletta Lindoso
- Laboratory of Serum Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Infectology Emilio Ribas, Secretary of State for Health, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
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28
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Synthesis and comparison of antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of S-(−)-limonene benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazones with their R-(+)-analogues. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bakherad Z, Safavi M, Fassihi A, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Bakherad M, Rastegar H, Ghasemi JB, Sepehri S, Saghaie L, Mahdavi M. Anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and molecular docking studies of thiosemicarbazone indole-based derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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30
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Scarim CB, Jornada DH, Machado MGM, Ferreira CMR, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. Thiazole, thio and semicarbazone derivatives against tropical infective diseases: Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and malaria. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:378-395. [PMID: 30453246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiazole, thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone moieties are privileged scaffolds (acting as primary pharmacophores) in many compounds that are useful to treat several diseases, mainly tropical infectious diseases. In this review article, we critically analyzed the contribution of these scaffolds to medicinal chemistry in the last five years, focusing on tropical infectious diseases, such as Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and malaria. We also present perspectives for their use in drug design in order to contribute to the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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31
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e Silva KSF, da S Neto BR, Zambuzzi-Carvalho PF, de Oliveira CMA, Pires LB, Kato L, Bailão AM, Parente-Rocha JA, Hernández O, Ochoa JGM, de A Soares CM, Pereira M. Response of Paracoccidioides lutzii to the antifungal camphene thiosemicarbazide determined by proteomic analysis. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1473-1496. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To perform the proteomic profile of Paracoccidioides lutzii after treatment with the compound camphene thiosemicarbazide (TSC-C) in order to study its mode of action. Methods: Proteomic analysis was carried out after cells were incubated with TSC-C in a subinhibitory concentration. Validation of the proteomic results comprised the azocasein assay, western blot and determination of the susceptibility of a mutant to the compound. Results: Proteins related to metabolism, energy and protein fate were regulated after treatment. In addition, TSC-C reduces the proteolytic activity of the protein extract similarly to different types of protease inhibitors. Conclusion: TSC-C showed encouraging antifungal activity, working as a protease inhibitor and downregulating important pathways impairing the ability of the fungi cells to produce important precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleber SF e Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Benedito R da S Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Patrícia F Zambuzzi-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Cecília MA de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Ludmila B Pires
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lucilia Kato
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Parente-Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Orville Hernández
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) & Escuela de Microbiología Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan GM Ochoa
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) & Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Célia M de A Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Da Silva BJM, Pereira SWG, Rodrigues APD, Do Nascimento JLM, Silva EO. In vitro antileishmanial effects of Physalis angulata root extract on Leishmania infantum. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2018; 16:404-410. [PMID: 30195443 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we evaluated the effects of the aqueous extract of Physalis angulata root (AEPa) on Leishmania infantum proliferation, morphology, and the driving mechanism in leishmanicidal activity and modulatory action on macrophages. METHODS L. infantum promastigotes were treated with 50 and 100 µg/mL AEPa for 72 h and then antipromastigote assay was performed by counts in a Newbauer chamber, morphological changes were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and the mechanism of the leishmanicidal activity was detected. In addition, macrophages were infected with L. infantum and were used to evaluate anti-amastigote activity of AEPa and effects of AEPa on cytokine secretion after 72-hour treatment. RESULTS Treatment with AEPa reduced the numbers of L. infantum promastigotes (50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 65.9 μg/mL; selectivity index (SI) = 22.1) and amastigotes (IC50 = 37.9 μg/mL; SI = 38.5) compared with the untreated control. Amphotericin B reduced 100% of the promastigote numbers after 72 h of treatment (IC50 = 0.2 μg/mL). AEPa induced several morphological changes and increased the production of reactive oxygen species and apoptotic death in promastigotes after treating for 72 h. AEPa (100 μg/mL) promoted tumor necrosis factor-α secretion in macrophages infected with L. infantum after 72 h of treatment, but did not induce an increase in this cytokine in noninfected macrophages. In addition, AEPa showed no cytotoxic effect on J774-A1 cells (50% cytotoxic concentration >1000 μg/mL). CONCLUSION AEPa presented antileishmanial activity against the promastigotes and amastigotes of L. infantum without macrophage cytotoxicity; these results show that natural products such as P. angulata have leishmanicidal potential and in the future may be an alternative treatment for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno José Martins Da Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INCT-INBEB), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Sandro Wilson Gomes Pereira
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Drummond Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Evandro Chagas Institute, Belém, Pará 66087-082, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Martins Do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Edilene Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INCT-INBEB), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
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Calixto SL, Glanzmann N, Xavier Silveira MM, da Trindade Granato J, Gorza Scopel KK, Torres de Aguiar T, DaMatta RA, Macedo GC, da Silva AD, Coimbra ES. Novel organic salts based on quinoline derivatives: The in vitro activity trigger apoptosis inhibiting autophagy in Leishmania spp. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 293:141-151. [PMID: 30098941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are infectious diseases, caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus. These drugs present high toxicity, long-term administration, many adverse effects and are expensive, besides the identification of resistant parasites. In this work, the antileishmanial activity of quinoline derivative salts (QDS) was evaluated, as well as the toxicity on mammalian cells and the mechanism of action of the most promising compound. Among the compound tested, only the compound QDS3 showed activity against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania spp., being more active against the intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis-GFP (IC50 of 5.48 μM). This value is very close to the one observed for miltefosine (IC50 of 4.05 μM), used as control drug. Furthermore, the compound QDS3 exhibited a selective effect, being 40.35 times more toxic to the amastigote form than to the host cell. Additionally, promastigotes of L. amazonensis treated with this compound exhibited characteristics of cells in the process of apoptosis such as mitochondrial membrane depolarization, mitochondrial swelling, increase of ROS production, phosphatidylserine externalization, reduced and rounded shape, and cell cycle alteration. The integrity of the plasma membrane remained unaltered, excluding necrosis in treated promastigotes. The compound QDS3 inhibited the formation of autophagic vacuoles, which may have contributed to parasite death by preventing autophagic mechanisms in the removal of damaged organelles, intensifying the damage caused by the treatment, highlighting the antileishmanial effect of this compound. In addition, treatment with QDS3 induced increased ROS levels in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages, but not in uninfected host cell. These data reinforce that the induction of oxidative stress is one of the main toxic effects caused by the treatment with the compound QDS3 in L. amazonensis, causing irreversible damage and triggering a selective death of intracellular parasites. Data shown here confirm the biological activity of quinoline derivatives and encourage future in vivo studies with this compound in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Lima Calixto
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Glanzmann
- Departamento de Química, I.C.E, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Maria Xavier Silveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Trindade Granato
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Kezia Katiani Gorza Scopel
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Torres de Aguiar
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Renato Augusto DaMatta
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Gilson Costa Macedo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Adilson David da Silva
- Departamento de Química, I.C.E, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine Soares Coimbra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.
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Fragiadaki I, Katogiritis A, Calogeropoulou T, Brückner H, Scoulica E. Synergistic combination of alkylphosphocholines with peptaibols in targeting Leishmania infantum in vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 8:194-202. [PMID: 29631127 PMCID: PMC6039304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anti-leishmanial treatment increasingly encounters therapeutic limitations due to drug toxicity and development of resistance. The effort for new therapeutic strategies led us to work on combinations of chemically different compounds that could yield enhanced leishmanicidal effect. Peptaibols are a special type of antimicrobial peptides that are able to form ion channels in cell membranes and potentially affect cell viability. We assayed the antileishmanial activity of two well studied helical peptaibols, the 16-residue antiamoebin and the 20-residue alamethicin-analogue suzukacillin, and we evaluated the biological effect of their combination with the alkylphosphocholine miltefosine and its synthetic analogue TC52. The peptaibols tested exhibited only moderate antileishmanial activity, however their combination with miltefosine had a super-additive effect against the intracellular parasite (combination index 0.83 and 0.43 for antiamoebin and suzukacillin respectively). Drug combinations altered the redox stage of promastigotes, rapidly dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential and induced concatenation of mitochondrial network promoting spheroidal morphology. These results evidenced a potent and specific antileishmanial effect of the peptaibols/miltefosine combinations, achieved with significantly lower concentrations of the compounds compared to monotherapy. Furthermore, they revealed the importance of exploring novel classes of bioactive compounds such as peptaibols and demonstrated for the first time that they can act in synergy with currently used antileishmanial drugs to improve the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fragiadaki
- University of Crete, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anna Katogiritis
- University of Crete, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theodora Calogeropoulou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 116 35, Athens, Greece
| | - Hans Brückner
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), University of Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Effie Scoulica
- University of Crete, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Greece.
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Garcia FP, Henrique da Silva Rodrigues J, Din ZU, Rodrigues-Filho E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Auzély-Velty R, Nakamura CV. A3K2A3-induced apoptotic cell death of Leishmania amazonensis occurs through caspase- and ATP-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction. Apoptosis 2018; 22:57-71. [PMID: 27761752 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Current therapies mainly rely on antimonial drugs that are inadequate because of their high toxicity and increased drug resistance. An urgent need exists to discover new, more effective, more affordable, and more target-specific drugs. Pathways that are associated with apoptosis-like cell death have been identified in unicellular eukaryotes, including protozoan parasites. In the present study, we studied the mechanism of cell death that is induced by A3K2A3 against L. amazonensis. A3K2A3 is a dibenzylideneacetone that has an acyclic dienone that is attached to aryl groups in both β-positions, which is similar to curcuminoids and chalcone structures. This compound was previously shown to be safe with regard to cytotoxicity and active against the parasite. Biochemical and morphological approaches were used in the present study. The results suggested that A3K2A3 caused mitochondrial dysfunction in L. amazonensis promastigotes, leading to mechanisms of cell death that share some common phenotypic features with metazoan apoptosis, such as an increase in reactive oxygen species production, a decrease in the adenosine triphosphate ratio, phosphatidylserine exposure, a decrease in cell volume, caspase production, and DNA fragmentation. Altogether, these findings indicate that apoptosis can indeed be triggered by chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Pelegrin Garcia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Jean Henrique da Silva Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Zia Ud Din
- LaBioMMi, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, SP, 13.565-905, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues-Filho
- LaBioMMi, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, SP, 13.565-905, Brazil
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
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Plumbagin, a plant-derived naphthoquinone metabolite induces mitochondria mediated apoptosis-like cell death in Leishmania donovani: an ultrastructural and physiological study. Apoptosis 2018; 21:941-53. [PMID: 27315817 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Naphthoquinones are known to exhibit a broad range of biological activities against microbes, cancer and parasitic diseases and have been widely used in Indian traditional medicine. Plumbagin is a plant-derived naphthoquinone metabolite (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) reported to inhibit trypanothione reductase, the principal enzyme and a validated drug target involved in detoxification of oxidative stress in Leishmania. Here, we report the mechanistic aspects of cell death induced by plumbagin including physiological effects in the promastigote form and ultrastructural alterations in both promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani which till now remained largely unknown. Our observations show that oxidative stress induced by plumbagin resulted in depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, depletion in ATP levels, elevation of cytosolic calcium, increase in caspase 3/7-like protease activity and lipid peroxidation in promastigotes. Apoptosis-like cell death induction post plumbagin treatment was confirmed by biochemical assays like Annexin V/FITC staining, TUNEL as well as morphological and ultrastructural studies. These findings collectively highlight the mode of action and importance of oxidative stress inducing agents in effectively killing both forms of the Leishmania parasite and opens up the possibility of exploring plumbagin and its derivatives as promising candidates in the chemotherapy of Leishmaniasis.
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Belloto AC, Souza GK, Perin PC, Schuquel ITA, Santin SMO, Chiavelli LUR, Garcia FP, Kaplum V, Rodrigues JHS, Scariot DB, Delvecchio R, Machado-Ferreira E, Santana Aguiar R, Soares CAG, Nakamura CV, Pomini AM. Crispoic acid, a new compound from Laelia marginata (Orchidaceae), and biological evaluations against parasites, human cancer cell lines and Zika virus. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:2916-2921. [PMID: 29117727 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1395428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The phytochemical study of Laelia marginata (Lindl.) L. O. Williams (Orchidaceae) led to the isolation of a new natural product named crispoic acid (1), together with six other known compounds (2-7). The new natural product was identified as a dimer of eucomic acid and was structurally characterised based upon 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS data. Biological assays with plant crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds were performed against two human cancer cell lines (Hela and Siha), and the tropical parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The phenantrenoid 9,10-dihydro-4-methoxyphenanthren-2,7-diol 2 was active against Hela and Siha cells (CC50 5.86 ± 0.19 and 20.78 ± 2.72 μg/mL, respectively). Sub-lethal concentrations of the flavone rhamnazin 4 were not able to rescue the viability of the Vero cells infected by Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrezza C Belloto
- a Departamento de Química , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Gredson K Souza
- a Departamento de Química , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Paula C Perin
- a Departamento de Química , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Ivania T A Schuquel
- a Departamento de Química , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Silvana M O Santin
- a Departamento de Química , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Lucas U R Chiavelli
- a Departamento de Química , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Francielle P Garcia
- b Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Vanessa Kaplum
- b Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Jean H S Rodrigues
- b Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Débora B Scariot
- b Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Delvecchio
- c Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Erik Machado-Ferreira
- c Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- c Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Carlos A G Soares
- c Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Celso V Nakamura
- b Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Armando M Pomini
- a Departamento de Química , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
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Ferreira LDAO, Oliveira MMD, Faleiro FL, Scariot DB, Boeing JS, Visentainer JV, Romagnolo MB, Nakamura CV, Truiti MDCT. Antileishmanial and antioxidant potential of fractions and isolated compounds from Nectandra cuspidata. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:2825-2828. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1378214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Débora Botura Scariot
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Maria da Conceição Torrado Truiti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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In Vitro Antileishmanial Activity of Falcaria vulgaris Fractions on Leishmania major. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.63754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Acyclic Sesquiterpenes from the Fruit Pericarp of Sapindus saponaria Induce Ultrastructural Alterations and Cell Death in Leishmania amazonensis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5620693. [PMID: 28904555 PMCID: PMC5585602 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5620693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies reported antiprotozoal activities of Sapindus saponaria L. The aim of this work was the evaluation of antileishmanial activity and mechanism of action of extract and fractions of S. saponaria L. Hydroethanolic extract (EHA) obtained from fruit pericarps was fractionated using solid-phase extraction in a reversed phase, resulting in fractions enriched with saponins (SAP fraction) and acyclic sesquiterpene oligoglycosides (OGSA fraction). The activities of EHA, SAP, and OGSA were evaluated by antiproliferative assays with promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms. Cytotoxicity on macrophages and hemolytic activity were also analyzed. Morphological and ultrastructural changes in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were evaluated by electron microscopy. Flow cytometry was used to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction and phosphatidylserine exposure. OGSA was more selective for parasites than mammalian J774A1 macrophage cells, with selectivity indices of 3.79 and 7.35, respectively. Our results showed that only the OGSA fraction did not present hemolytic activity at its IC50 for promastigote growth. Electron microscopy revealed changes in parasite flagellum, cell body shape, and organelle size, mainly mitochondria. Flow cytometry analysis indicated mitochondrial membrane and cell membrane dysfunction. OGSA showed antileishmanial activity, resulting in several changes to protozoa cells, including mitochondrial depolarization and early phosphatidylserine exposure, suggesting a possible apoptotic induction.
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Kumari A, Singh KP, Mandal A, Paswan RK, Sinha P, Das P, Ali V, Bimal S, Lal CS. Intracellular zinc flux causes reactive oxygen species mediated mitochondrial dysfunction leading to cell death in Leishmania donovani. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178800. [PMID: 28586364 PMCID: PMC5460814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania parasite is a global threat to public health and one of the most neglected tropical diseases. Therefore, the discovery of novel drug targets and effective drug is a major challenge and an important goal. Leishmania is an obligate intracellular parasite that alternates between sand fly and human host. To survive and establish infections, Leishmania parasites scavenge and internalize nutrients from the host. Nevertheless, host cells presents mechanism like nutrient restriction to inhibit microbial growth and control infection. Zinc is crucial for cellular growth and disruption in its homeostasis hinders growth and survival in many cells. However, little is known about the role of zinc in Leishmania growth and survival. In this study, the effect of zinc on the growth and survival of L.donovani was analyzed by both Zinc-depletion and Zinc-supplementation using Zinc-specific chelator N, N, N', N'–tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) and Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4). Treatment of parasites with TPEN rather than ZnSO4 had significantly affected the growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The pre-treatment of promastigotes with TPEN resulted into reduced host-parasite interaction as indicated by decreased association index. Zn depletion resulted into flux in intracellular labile Zn pool and increased in ROS generation correlated with decreased intracellular total thiol and retention of plasma membrane integrity without phosphatidylserine exposure in TPEN treated promastigotes. We also observed that TPEN-induced Zn depletion resulted into collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential which is associated with increase in cytosolic calcium and cytochrome-c. DNA fragmentation analysis showed increased DNA fragments in Zn-depleted cells. In summary, intracellular Zn depletion in the L. donovani promastigotes led to ROS-mediated caspase-independent mitochondrial dysfunction resulting into apoptosis-like cell death. Therefore, cellular zinc homeostasis in Leishmania can be explored for new drug targets and chemotherapeutics to control Leishmanial growth and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Kumari
- Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Krishn Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar Paswan
- Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Preeti Sinha
- Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Division of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Chandra Shekhar Lal
- Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
- * E-mail:
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de Araújo Neto LN, do Carmo Alves de Lima M, de Oliveira JF, de Souza ER, Buonafina MDS, Vitor Anjos MN, Brayner FA, Alves LC, Neves RP, Mendonça-Junior FJB. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antifungal activity of 5-nitro-thiophene-thiosemicarbazones derivatives. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:172-181. [PMID: 28479098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, twelve N-substituted 2-(5-nitro-thiophene)-thiosemicarbazones derivatives (L1-12) were synthesized, characterized and their in vitro cytotoxic and antifungal activities were evaluated against Candida sp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. The probable mechanisms of action have been investigated by sorbitol and ergosterol assays. Additionally, ultrastructural study by Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed with the L10 compound. All compounds were obtained in good yield and their chemical structures were characterized on basis of their physico-chemical and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NMR, Spectrophotometric Absorption in the Infrared - IR and High-resolution Mass Spectrometry - HRMS data. The results showed that all strains were more sensitive to the compound L10 except Candida tropicalis URM 6551. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity assay by incorporation of tritiated thymidine showed moderate cytotoxic activity on L8 of the 50 μg/mLat which had the best MIC-cytotoxicity relationship. Concerning the study of the possible mechanism of action, the compounds were not able to bind to ergosterol in the membrane, do not act by inhibiting the synthesis of fungal cell wall (sorbitol assay). However, the Scanning Electron Microscopy - SEM analysis shows significant morphological changes in shape, size, number of cells and hyphae, and cell wall indicating a possible mechanism of action by inhibition of enzymes related to the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Our results demonstrate that N-substituted 2-(5-nitro-thiophene)-thiosemicarbazones derivatives are potential antifungal agents with activity associated with inhibition of enzymes related to biosynthesis of ergosterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edson Rubhens de Souza
- Chemistry Laboratory and Therapeutic Innovation, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fábio André Brayner
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ) and Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), University of Pernambuco, 50100-130, Brazil
| | - Rejane Pereira Neves
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
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Bruno de Sousa C, Gangadhar KN, Morais TR, Conserva GAA, Vizetto-Duarte C, Pereira H, Laurenti MD, Campino L, Levy D, Uemi M, Barreira L, Custódio L, Passero LFD, Lago JHG, Varela J. Antileishmanial activity of meroditerpenoids from the macroalgae Cystoseira baccata. Exp Parasitol 2017; 174:1-9. [PMID: 28126391 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel drugs for the treatment of leishmaniases continues to be crucial to overcome the severe impacts of these diseases on human and animal health. Several bioactivities have been described in extracts from macroalgae belonging to the Cystoseira genus. However, none of the studies has reported the chemical compounds responsible for the antileishmanial activity observed upon incubation of the parasite with the aforementioned extracts. Thus, this work aimed to isolate and characterize the molecules present in a hexane extract of Cystoseira baccata that was found to be bioactive against Leishmania infantum in a previous screening effort. A bioactivity-guided fractionation of the C. baccata extract was carried out and the inhibitory potential of the isolated compounds was evaluated via the MTT assay against promastigotes and murine macrophages as well as direct counting against intracellular amastigotes. Moreover, the promastigote ultrastructure, DNA fragmentation and changes in the mitochondrial potential were assessed to unravel their mechanism of action. In this process, two antileishmanial meroditerpenoids, (3R)- and (3S)-tetraprenyltoluquinol (1a/1b) and (3R)- and (3S)-tetraprenyltoluquinone (2a/2b), were isolated. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited the growth of the L. infantum promastigotes (IC50 = 44.9 ± 4.3 and 94.4 ± 10.1 μM, respectively), inducing cytoplasmic vacuolization and the presence of coiled multilamellar structures in mitochondria as well as an intense disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Compound 1 decreased the intracellular infection index (IC50 = 25.0 ± 4.1 μM), while compound 2 eliminated 50% of the intracellular amastigotes at a concentration > 88.0 μM. This work identified compound 2 as a novel metabolite and compound 1 as a biochemical isolated from Cystoseira algae displaying antileishmanial activity. Compound 1 can thus be an interesting scaffold for the development of novel chemotherapeutic molecules for canine and human visceral leishmaniases studies. This work reinforces the evidence of the marine environment as source of novel molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katkam N Gangadhar
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Thiago R Morais
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Geanne A A Conserva
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Pereira
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia das Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lenea Campino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Debora Levy
- Laboratório de Genética e Hematologia Molecular (LIM-31), Departamento de Clinica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Uemi
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Luísa Barreira
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Luiz Felipe D Passero
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, São Vicente, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - João Varela
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
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Scariot DB, Britta EA, Moreira AL, Falzirolli H, Silva CC, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Nakamura CV. Induction of Early Autophagic Process on Leishmania amazonensis by Synergistic Effect of Miltefosine and Innovative Semi-synthetic Thiosemicarbazone. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:255. [PMID: 28270805 PMCID: PMC5318461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug combination therapy is a current trend to treat complex diseases. Many benefits are expected from this strategy, such as cytotoxicity decrease, retardation of resistant strains development, and activity increment. This study evaluated in vitro combination between an innovative thiosemicarbazone molecule – BZTS with miltefosine, a drug already consolidated in the leishmaniasis treatment, against Leishmania amazonensis. Cytotoxicity effects were also evaluated on macrophages and erythrocytes. Synergistic antileishmania effect and antagonist cytotoxicity were revealed from this combination therapy. Mechanisms of action assays were performed in order to investigate the main cell pathways induced by this treatment. Mitochondrial dysfunction generated a significant increase of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production, causing severe cell injuries and promoting intense autophagy process and consequent apoptosis cell death. However, this phenomenon was not strong enough to promote dead in mammalian cell, providing the potential selective effect of the tested combination for the protozoa. Thus, the results confirmed that drugs involved in distinct metabolic routes are promising agents for drug combination therapy, promoting a synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora B Scariot
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Elizandra A Britta
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Amanda L Moreira
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Hugo Falzirolli
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Cleuza C Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Benedito P Dias-Filho
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Celso V Nakamura
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
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Britta EA, da Silva CC, Rubira AF, Nakamura CV, Borsali R. Generating nanoparticles containing a new 4-nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone compound with antileishmanial activity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:1159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martins SC, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Desoti VC, Falzirolli H, da Silva CC, Ueda-Nakamura T, Silva SDO, Nakamura CV. 1,3,4-Thiadiazole derivatives of R-(+)-limonene benzaldehyde-thiosemicarbazones cause death in Trypanosoma cruzi through oxidative stress. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:787-797. [PMID: 27484335 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activity of TDZ 2 on Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes and determined the possible mechanism of action of this compound on T. cruzi death. TDZ 2 inhibited T. cruzi proliferation in vitro and had low haemolytic potential. It also induced morphological and ultrastructural alterations. We observed a reduction of cell volume, the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, an increase in ROS production, lipoperoxidation of the cell membrane, lipid bodies formation and production of nitric oxide, a decrease in reduced thiols levels and, presence of autophagic vacuoles. The in vivo study found a reduction of parasitemia in animals treated with TDZ 2 alone or combined with benznidazole. Altogether, the alterations induced by TDZ 2 point to an oxidative stress condition that lead to T. cruzi cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange C Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin-Bidóia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vânia C Desoti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hugo Falzirolli
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cleuza C da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tania Ueda-Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sueli de O Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Celso V Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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47
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Manzano JI, Cochet F, Boucherle B, Gómez-Pérez V, Boumendjel A, Gamarro F, Peuchmaur M. Arylthiosemicarbazones as antileishmanial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:161-170. [PMID: 27475107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on a screening process, we targeted substituted thiosemicarbazone as potential antileishmanial agents. Our objective was to identify the key structural elements contributing to the anti-parasite activity that might be used for development of effective drugs. A series of 32 compounds was synthesized and their efficacy was evaluated against the clinically relevant intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. From these, 22 compounds showed EC50 values below 10 μM with the most active derivative (compound 14) showing an EC50 of 0.8 μM with very low toxicity on two different mammalian cell lines. The most relevant structural elements required for higher activity indicate that the presence of a fused bicyclic aromatic ring such as a naphthalene bearing an alkyl or an alkoxy group substituent are prerequisites. Owing to the easy synthesis, high activity and low toxicity, the most active compounds could be considered as a lead for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Manzano
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina 'López-Neyra', IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Florent Cochet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire DPM UMR 5063, 38041, Grenoble, France; CNRS, DPM UMR 5063, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Boucherle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire DPM UMR 5063, 38041, Grenoble, France; CNRS, DPM UMR 5063, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Verónica Gómez-Pérez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina 'López-Neyra', IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire DPM UMR 5063, 38041, Grenoble, France; CNRS, DPM UMR 5063, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina 'López-Neyra', IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Marine Peuchmaur
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire DPM UMR 5063, 38041, Grenoble, France; CNRS, DPM UMR 5063, 38041, Grenoble, France.
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Da Silva B, Da Silva R, Rodrigues A, Farias L, Do Nascimento J, Silva E. Physalis angulata induces death of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania ( Leishmania ) amazonensis via the generation of reactive oxygen species. Micron 2016; 82:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mittra B, Laranjeira-Silva MF, Perrone Bezerra de Menezes J, Jensen J, Michailowsky V, Andrews NW. A Trypanosomatid Iron Transporter that Regulates Mitochondrial Function Is Required for Leishmania amazonensis Virulence. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005340. [PMID: 26741360 PMCID: PMC4704735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron, an essential co-factor of respiratory chain proteins, is critical for mitochondrial function and maintenance of its redox balance. We previously reported a role for iron uptake in differentiation of Leishmania amazonensis into virulent amastigotes, by a mechanism that involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and is independent of the classical pH and temperature cues. Iron import into mitochondria was proposed to be essential for this process, but evidence supporting this hypothesis was lacking because the Leishmania mitochondrial iron transporter was unknown. Here we describe MIT1, a homolog of the mitochondrial iron importer genes mrs3 (yeast) and mitoferrin-1 (human) that is highly conserved among trypanosomatids. MIT1 expression was essential for the survival of Trypanosoma brucei procyclic but not bloodstream forms, which lack functional respiratory complexes. L. amazonensis LMIT1 null mutants could not be generated, suggesting that this mitochondrial iron importer is essential for promastigote viability. Promastigotes lacking one LMIT1 allele (LMIT1/Δlmit1) showed growth defects and were more susceptible to ROS toxicity, consistent with the role of iron as the essential co-factor of trypanosomatid mitochondrial superoxide dismutases. LMIT1/Δlmit1 metacyclic promastigotes were unable to replicate as intracellular amastigotes after infecting macrophages or cause cutaneous lesions in mice. When induced to differentiate axenically into amastigotes, LMIT1/Δlmit1 showed strong defects in iron content and function of mitochondria, were unable to upregulate the ROS-regulatory enzyme FeSOD, and showed mitochondrial changes suggestive of redox imbalance. Our results demonstrate the importance of mitochondrial iron uptake in trypanosomatid parasites, and highlight the role of LMIT1 in the iron-regulated process that orchestrates differentiation of L. amazonensis into infective amastigotes. Leishmaniasis is a serious parasitic disease that affects 12 million people worldwide, with clinical manifestations ranging from self-healing cutaneous lesions to deadly visceralizing disease. A vaccine is not available, and new and less toxic drugs against this protozoan parasite are urgently needed. Following introduction into vertebrate hosts during a sand fly blood meal, Leishmania parasites undergo extensive changes in morphology and metabolism that are critical for adaptation to life inside host macrophages and replication as amastigotes. Earlier studies identified major events that occur during amastigote differentiation, but the signaling mechanism initiating this process remained poorly understood. Previously we demonstrated a novel role for the reactive oxygen species (ROS) H2O2 in initiating amastigote differentiation, a process proposed to be dependent on iron availability inside the parasite’s mitochondria. In this study we identify LMIT1, a Leishmania transmembrane protein that functions as a mitochondrial iron transporter and is conserved in other trypanosomatid protozoan parasites. Reduced LMIT1 expression impairs mitochondrial function in the infective amastigote stage, abolishing parasite virulence. Our findings identify LMIT1 as a promising new drug target, and support the conclusion that iron-dependent ROS signals generated in the mitochondria regulate differentiation of virulent Leishmania amastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyottam Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Juliana Perrone Bezerra de Menezes
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, CPqGM, FIOCRUZ, Candeal, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Jensen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Michailowsky
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Faculdade de Medicina, Setor Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Norma W. Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Masic A, Valencia Hernandez AM, Hazra S, Glaser J, Holzgrabe U, Hazra B, Schurigt U. Cinnamic Acid Bornyl Ester Derivatives from Valeriana wallichii Exhibit Antileishmanial In Vivo Activity in Leishmania major-Infected BALB/c Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142386. [PMID: 26554591 PMCID: PMC4640567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis covers a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis to severe and lethal visceral leishmaniasis caused among other species by Leishmania major or Leishmania donovani, respectively. Some drug candidates are in clinical trials to substitute current therapies, which are facing emerging drug-resistance accompanied with serious side effects. Here, two cinnamic acid bornyl ester derivatives (1 and 2) were assessed for their antileishmanial activity. Good selectivity and antileishmanial activity of bornyl 3-phenylpropanoate (2) in vitro prompted the antileishmanial assessment in vivo. For this purpose, BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania major promastigotes and treated with three doses of 50 mg/kg/day of compound 2. The treatment prevented the characteristic swelling at the site of infection and correlated with reduced parasite burden. Transmitted light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of Leishmania major promastigotes revealed that compounds 1 and 2 induce mitochondrial swelling. Subsequent studies on Leishmania major promastigotes showed the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) as a putative mode of action. As the cinnamic acid bornyl ester derivatives 1 and 2 had exhibited antileishmanial activity in vitro, and compound 2 in Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice in vivo, they can be regarded as possible lead structures for the development of new antileishmanial therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Masic
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Sudipta Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Jan Glaser
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Banasri Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Uta Schurigt
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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