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Attia ASA, Abou Elez RMM, El-Gazzar N, Elnahriry SS, Alfifi A, Al-Harthi HF, Alkhalifah DHM, Hozzein WN, Diab HM, Ibrahim D. Cross-sectional analysis of risk factors associated with Mugil cephalus in retail fish markets concerning methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1348973. [PMID: 38371296 PMCID: PMC10869461 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1348973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aeromonas hydrophila and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are potent bacterial pathogens posing major hazards to human health via consuming fish harboring these pathogens or by cross-contamination beyond the contaminated environment. The aim of this study was to determine risk variables associated with the presence of certain pathogenic bacteria from Mugil cephalus fish in retail markets in Egypt. The virulence genes of A. hydrophila and S. aureus were also studied. Furthermore, the antibiotic sensitivity and multidrug resistance of the microorganisms were evaluated. Methods In a cross-sectional investigation, 370 samples were collected from mullet skin and muscle samples, washing water, fish handlers, knives, and chopping boards. Furthermore, fish handlers' public health implications were assessed via their response to a descriptive questionnaire. Results S. aureus and Aeromonas species dominated the investigated samples with percentages of 26.76% and 30.81%, respectively. Furthermore, A. hydrophila and MRSA were the predominant recovered bacterial pathogens among washing water and knives (53.85% and 46.66%, respectively). The virulence markers aerA and hlyA were found in 90.7% and 46.5% of A. hydrophila isolates, respectively. Moreover, the virulence genes nuc and mec were prevalent in 80% and 60% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility results revealed that all A. hydrophila isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and all MRSA isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. Remarkably, multiple drug resistance (MDR) patterns were detected in high proportions in A. hydrophila (88.37%) and MRSA (100%) isolates. The prevalence of Aeromonas spp. and S. aureus had a positive significant correlation with the frequency of handwashing and use of sanitizer in cleaning of instruments. MRSA showed the highest significant prevalence rate in the oldest age category. Conclusion The pathogenic bacteria recovered in this study were virulent and had a significant correlation with risk factors associated with improper fish handling. Furthermore, a high frequency of MDR was detected in these pathogenic bacteria, posing a significant risk to food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S. A. Attia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha M. M. Abou Elez
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nashwa El-Gazzar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shimaa S. Elnahriry
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Alfifi
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helal F. Al-Harthi
- Department of Biology, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Hussien M. Alkhalifah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael N. Hozzein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohmoud Diab
- Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Environment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Sherif AH, Okasha LA, Kassab AS, Abass ME, Kasem EA. Long-term exposure to lead nitrate and zinc sulfate Nile tilapia impact the Aeromonas hydrophila treatment. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:71. [PMID: 38175215 PMCID: PMC10766840 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollution with heavy metals (HMs) is time- and concentration-dependent. Lead and zinc pollute the aquatic environment, causing severe health issues in aquatic animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nile tilapia, the predominant cultured fish in Egypt, were experimentally exposed to 10% of LC50 of lead nitrate (PbNO3) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Samples were collected in three different periods, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, in addition to a trial to treat the experimental fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, with an antibiotic (florfenicol). RESULTS Liver enzymes were linearly upsurged in a time-dependent manner in response to HMs exposure. ALT was 92.1 IU/l and AST was 82.53 IU/l after eight weeks. In the eighth week of the HMs exposure, in the hepatic tissue, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and metallothionein (MT) were increased to 117.8 U/mg prot, 72.2 U/mg prot, and 154.5 U/mg prot, respectively. On exposure to HMs, gene expressions of some cytokines were linearly downregulated in a time-dependent manner compared to the control. After four weeks of exposure to the HMs, the oxidative burst activity (OBA) of immune cells was decreased compared to the control 9.33 and 10.3 cells, respectively. Meanwhile, the serum bactericidal activity (SBA) significantly declined to 18.5% compared to the control 32.6% after eight weeks of exposure. Clinical signs of A. hydrophila infection were exaggerated in polluted fish, with a mortality rate (MR) of 100%. The re-isolation rate of A. hydrophila was decreased in fish treated with florfenicol regardless of the pollution impacts after eight weeks of HMs exposure. CONCLUSION It could be concluded that the immune suppression and oxidative stress resulting from exposure to HMs are time-dependent. Clinical signs and post-mortem lesions in polluted fish infected with A. hydrophila were prominent. Infected-Nile tilapia had weak responses to florfenicol treatment due to HMs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Sherif
- Fish Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Kafrelsheikh, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Lamiaa A Okasha
- Bacteriology unit, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Kafrelsheikh, 12619, Egypt
| | - Amina S Kassab
- Fish Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Kafrelsheikh, 12619, Egypt
| | - Mona E Abass
- Biochemistry unit, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Kafrelsheikh, 12619, Egypt
| | - Enas A Kasem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Sherif AH, Zommara MA. Selenium Nanoparticles Ameliorate Adverse Impacts of Aflatoxin in Nile Tilapia with Special Reference to Streptococcus agalactiae Infection. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023:10.1007/s12011-023-04031-1. [PMID: 38147231 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-04031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a plant-origin toxin that could induce oxidative stress in fish. The micromineral selenium (Se) possesses well-documented antioxidant properties. To assess the ameliorative effects of SeNPs (1 mg/kg fish feed) on oxidative stress induced by AFB1 (500 μg/kg fish feed), Nile tilapia (32.2±1.7 g body weight) were distributed randomly and even in six groups for 8-week feeding trial. Live enzymes, AST, ALT, and ALP levels were increased in the serum of fish fed AFB1-contaminated diet, and the addition of SeNPs could restore normal values compared to the control. The gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme and catalase (CAT) enzyme, and DNA fragmentation were significantly increased in response to aflatoxin exposure, while dietary SeNPs could mitigate the generated oxidative stress. The innate immunity, serum antibacterial activity (SAA), oxidative burst activity (OBA), phagocytic activities (PA and PI), and gene expression of cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, heat shock protein70 (Hsp), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) revealed a status of immunosuppression in Nile tilapia fed on AFB1-contaminated diet. These findings showed that fish became more vulnerable to Streptococcus agalactiae infection with a high mortality rate while dietary SeNPs provided a high relative protection level (RPL). From the obtained findings, SeNPs could mitigate the oxidative stress induced by feeding the AFB1 diet and could boost the immunity of stressed Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Sherif
- Fish Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Kafrelsheikh, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Mohsen A Zommara
- Dairy Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33511, Egypt
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Nayak A, Harshitha M, Disha S, Dubey S, Munang'andu HM, Evensen Ø, Karunasagar I, Chakraborty A, Maiti B. In vitro determination of probiotic efficacy of Bacillus subtilis TLDK301120C24 isolated from tilapia against warm water fish pathogens and in vivo validation using gnotobiotic zebrafish model. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106429. [PMID: 37940062 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Eco-friendly alternatives such as probiotics are needed to prevent economically relevant infectious diseases for a successful disease-free harvest in aquaculture. The use of antibiotics has been the favored practice, but its empirical and indiscriminate use has led to antibiotic resistance in the aquatic environment and residues in the food fish. With this rationale, a probiotic was isolated from tilapia, a commercially important cultured fish worldwide. The characteristics of the probiotic were checked against common bacterial pathogens affecting aquaculture. In vitro tests demonstrated the inhibitory effects of the isolated probiotic on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio anguillarum, and V. alginolyticus. The candidate probiotic, referred to as TLDK301120C24, was identified as Bacillus subtilis by a battery of biochemical tests and genotypic confirmation by 16S rDNA sequencing. The in vitro results revealed the ability of the probiotic to withstand the gut conditions that included pH range of 3-9, salt concentration of 0.5-6%, and bile salt concentration of up to 6%. The isolate could hydrolyze starch (12-14 mm clearance zone), protein (20-22 mm clearance zone), and cellulose (22-24 mm clearance zone). Further, the inhibitory ability of the probiotic against aquatic pathogens was determined in vivo using gnotobiotic zebrafish by employing a novel approach that involved tagging the probiotic with a red fluorescent protein and the pathogens with a green fluorescent protein, respectively. The colonizing ability of probiotics and its inhibitory effects against the pathogens were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy, PCR, and estimation of viable counts in LBA + Amp plates. Finally, the competitive inhibition and exclusion of fish pathogens A. hydrophila and E. tarda by B. subtilis was confirmed semi-quantitatively, through challenge experiments. This study shows the potential of B. subtilis as a probiotic and its excellent ability to inhibit major fish pathogens in vivo and in vitro. It also shows promise as a potent substitute for antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwath Nayak
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Mave Harshitha
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Somanath Disha
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Saurabh Dubey
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Section of Experimental Biomedicine, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Evensen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), DST Technology Enabling Centre, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Molecular Genetics & Cancer, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Biswajit Maiti
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
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Bispo dos Santos S, Fernandez Alarcon M, Ballaben AS, Harakava R, Galetti R, Guimarães MC, Natori MM, Takahashi LS, Ildefonso R, Rozas-Serri M. First Report of Aeromonas veronii as an Emerging Bacterial Pathogen of Farmed Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) in Brazil. Pathogens 2023; 12:1020. [PMID: 37623980 PMCID: PMC10459805 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil is one of the world's leading producers of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. However, the industry faces a major challenge in terms of infectious diseases, as at least five new pathogens have been formally described in the last five years. Aeromonas species are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that are often described as fish pathogens causing Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS). In late December 2022, an epidemic outbreak was reported in farmed Nile tilapia in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, characterized by clinical signs and gross pathology suggestive of MAS. The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and characterize in vitro and in vivo the causative agent of this epidemic outbreak. The bacterial isolates were identified as Aeromonas veronii based on the homology of 16S rRNA (99.9%), gyrB (98.9%), and the rpoB gene (99.1%). A. veronii showed susceptibility only to florfenicol, while it was resistant to the other three antimicrobials tested, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, and amoxicillin. The lowest florfenicol concentration capable of inhibiting bacterial growth was ≤0.5 µg/mL. The phenotypic resistance of the A. veronii isolate observed for quinolones and tetracycline was genetically confirmed by the presence of the qnrS2 (colE plasmid) and tetA antibiotic-resistant genes, respectively. A. veronii isolate was highly pathogenic in juvenile Nile tilapia tested in vivo, showing a mortality rate ranging from 3 to 100% in the lowest (1.2 × 104) and highest (1.2 × 108) bacterial dose groups, respectively. To our knowledge, this study would constitute the first report of highly pathogenic and multidrug-resistant A. veronii associated with outbreaks and high mortality rates in tilapia farmed in commercial net cages in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandie Bispo dos Santos
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
| | - Miguel Fernandez Alarcon
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
| | - Anelise Stella Ballaben
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-020, Brazil;
| | | | - Renata Galetti
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
| | - Mateus Cardoso Guimarães
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
| | - Mariene Miyoko Natori
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- Departamento de Produção Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Dracena, São Paulo 17900-000, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Ildefonso
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
- Pathovet Labs, Puerto Montt 5550000, Chile
| | - Marco Rozas-Serri
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
- Pathovet Labs, Puerto Montt 5550000, Chile
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Sherif AH, Elkasef M, Mahfouz ME, Kasem EA. Impacts of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles on the growth and immunity of Nile tilapia could be ameliorated using Nigella sativa oil. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127265. [PMID: 37478799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc nanoparticles are documented to be harmful to fish because their accumulation in fish bring about many irreversible changes in their health. Nigella sativa and its oil have been endorsed in aquaculture to improve fish health. METHODS Two hundred seventy experimental fish (113 ± 5 g body weight) were divided into 6 groups G1-6; control fish fed a diet without any treatment (G1), 0.3% of NSO (G2), 0.5% of NSO (G3), ZnO NPs (40 mg/kg diet) (G4), 0.3% of NSO and ZnO NPs (40 mg/kg diet) (G5), 0.5% of NSO and ZnO NPs (40 mg/kg diet) (G6), the trial lasted for six weeks. RESULTS Growth performance was enhanced in fish received diets containing NSO, final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG), and relative growth rate (RGR) were significantly increased with lower food conversion ratios (FCR) compared to the control. The hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and metallothionein (MT) were increased in response to ZnO NPs stress and only 0.5% NSO supplementation could ameliorate such increment. The immune-related genes [interleukin1-beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β), transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) and C-type lysozyme] as well as growth-related gene [insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)] in liver showed an upregulation in fish fed with NSO diets. Administration of ZnO NPs lowered the resistance of Oreochromis niloticus against bacterial infection with Aeromonas hydrophila and NSO could enhance the immunity in the highest tested concentration (0.5%) (G6). CONCLUSIONS The obtained results implied that NSO could enhance the oxidative and immune status of O. niloticus which could compensate ZnO NPs stress as well as experimental infection of a virulent strain of A. hydrophila. Our results revealed that NSO might increase fish growth and immunity only at a high dose (0.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Sherif
- Fish Disease Department, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Centre ARC, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Mariam Elkasef
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Magdy E Mahfouz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Enas A Kasem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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