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Grijalva-Otero I, Doncel-Pérez E. Traumatic Human Spinal Cord Injury: Are Single Treatments Enough to Solve the Problem? Arch Med Res 2024; 55:102935. [PMID: 38157747 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in partial or complete motor deficits, such as paraplegia, tetraplegia, and sphincter control, as well as sensory disturbances and autonomic dysregulation such as arterial hypotension, lack of sweating, and alterations in skin lability. All this has a strong psychological impact on the affected person and his/her family, as well as costs to healthcare institutions with an economic burden in the short, medium, and long terms. Despite at least forty years of experimental animal studies and several clinical trials with different therapeutic strategies, effective therapy is not universally accepted. Most of the published works on acute and chronic injury use a single treatment, such as medication, trophic factor, transplant of a cell type, and so on, to block some secondary injury mechanisms or promote some mechanisms of structural/functional restoration. However, despite significant results in experimental models, the outcome is a moderate improvement in muscle strength, sensation, or eventually in sphincter control, which has been considered non-significant in human clinical trials. Here we present a brief compilation of successful individual treatments that have been applied to secondary mechanisms of action. These studies show limited neuroprotective or neurorestorative approaches in animal models and clinical trials. Thus, the few benefits achieved so far represent a rationale to further explore other strategies that seek better structural and functional restoration of the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Grijalva-Otero
- Medical Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Ernesto Doncel-Pérez
- Neural Regeneration Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos de Toledo, Servicios de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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2
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Garcia E, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Silva-Garcia R, Esparza-Salazar F, Arriero-Cabañero A, Escandon A, Doncel-Pérez E, Ibarra A. Use of Cells, Supplements, and Peptides as Therapeutic Strategies for Modulating Inflammation after Spinal Cord Injury: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13946. [PMID: 37762251 PMCID: PMC10531377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a traumatic lesion that causes a catastrophic condition in patients, resulting in neuronal deficit and loss of motor and sensory function. That loss is caused by secondary injury events following mechanical damage, which results in cell death. One of the most important events is inflammation, which activates molecules like proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) that provoke a toxic environment, inhibiting axonal growth and exacerbating CNS damage. As there is no effective treatment, one of the developed therapies is neuroprotection of the tissue to preserve healthy tissue. Among the strategies that have been developed are the use of cell therapy, the use of peptides, and molecules or supplements that have been shown to favor an anti-inflammatory environment that helps to preserve tissue and cells at the site of injury, thus favoring axonal growth and improved locomotor function. In this review, we will explain some of these strategies used in different animal models of spinal cord injury, their activity as modulators of the immune system, and the benefits they have shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Garcia
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (E.G.); (F.E.-S.); (A.E.)
| | - Vinnitsa Buzoianu-Anguiano
- Grupo Regeneración Neural, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (V.B.-A.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Raúl Silva-Garcia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología Hospital de Pediatría, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Felipe Esparza-Salazar
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (E.G.); (F.E.-S.); (A.E.)
| | - Alejandro Arriero-Cabañero
- Grupo Regeneración Neural, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (V.B.-A.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Adela Escandon
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (E.G.); (F.E.-S.); (A.E.)
| | - Ernesto Doncel-Pérez
- Grupo Regeneración Neural, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (V.B.-A.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (E.G.); (F.E.-S.); (A.E.)
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3
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Mohapatra L, Mishra D, Shiomurti Tripathi A, Kumar Parida S. Immunosenescence as a convergence pathway in neurodegeneration. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110521. [PMID: 37385122 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunity refers to the body's defense mechanism to protect itself against illness or to produce antibodies against pathogens. Senescence is a cellular phenomenon that integrates a sustainable growth restriction, other phenotypic abnormalities and including a pro-inflammatory secretome. It is highly involved in regulating developmental stages, tissue homeostasis, and tumor proliferation monitoring. Contemporary experimental reports imply that abolition of senescent cells employing evolved genetic and therapeutic approaches augment the chances of survival and boosts the health span of an individual. Immunosenescence is considered as a process in which dysfunction of the immune system occurs with aging and greatly includes remodeling of lymphoid organs. This in turn causes fluctuations in the immune function of the elderly that has strict relation with the expansion of autoimmune diseases, infections, malignant tumors and neurodegenerative disorders. The interaction of the nervous and immune systems during aging is marked by bi-directional influence and mutual correlation of variations. The enhanced systemic inflammatory condition in the elderly, and the neuronal immune cell activity can be modulated by inflamm-aging and peripheral immunosenescence resulting in chronic low-grade inflammatory processes in the central Nervous system known as neuro-inflammaging. For example, glia excitation by cytokines and glia pro-inflammatory productions contribute significantly to memory injury as well as in acute systemic inflammation, which is associated with high levels of Tumor necrosis factor -α and a rise in cognitive decline. In recent years its role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease has caught research interest to a large extent. This article reviews the connection concerning the immune and nervous systems and highlights how immunosenescence and inflamm-aging can affect neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Mohapatra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Deepak Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India
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4
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Saeed Y. Title: Immunotherapy; a ground-breaking remedy for spinal cord injury with stumbling blocks: An overview. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1110008. [PMID: 36778022 PMCID: PMC9909832 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1110008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disorder with no known standard and effective treatment. Despite its ability to exacerbate SCI sequel by accelerating auto-reactive immune cells, an immune response is also considered essential to the healing process. Therefore, immunotherapeutic strategies targeting spinal cord injuries may benefit from the dual nature of immune responses. An increasing body of research suggests that immunization against myelin inhibitors can promote axon remyelination after SCI. However, despite advancements in our understanding of neuroimmune responses, immunoregulation-based therapeutic strategies have yet to receive widespread acceptance. Therefore, it is a prerequisite to enhance the understanding of immune regulation to ensure the safety and efficacy of immunotherapeutic treatments. The objective of the present study was to provide an overview of previous studies regarding the advantages and limitations of immunotherapeutic strategies for functional recovery after spinal cord injury, especially in light of limiting factors related to DNA and cell-based vaccination strategies by providing a novel prospect to lay the foundation for future studies that will help devise a safe and effective treatment for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Saeed
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Guangdong, 288 University Ave. Zhenjiang District, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, China
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5
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Palumbo ML, Moroni AD, Quiroga S, Castro MM, Burgueño AL, Genaro AM. Immunomodulation induced by central nervous system-related peptides as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00795. [PMID: 34609083 PMCID: PMC8491457 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) are disorders characterized by the progressive loss of neurons affecting motor, sensory, and/or cognitive functions. The incidence of these diseases is increasing and has a great impact due to their high morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, current therapeutic strategies only temporarily improve the patients' quality of life but are insufficient for completely alleviating the symptoms. An interaction between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) is widely associated with neuronal damage in NDD. Usually, immune cell infiltration has been identified with inflammation and is considered harmful to the injured CNS. However, the immune system has a crucial role in the protection and regeneration of the injured CNS. Nowadays, there is a consensus that deregulation of immune homeostasis may represent one of the key initial steps in NDD. Dr. Michal Schwartz originally conceived the concept of "protective autoimmunity" (PA) as a well-controlled peripheral inflammatory reaction after injury, essential for neuroprotection and regeneration. Several studies suggested that immunizing with a weaker version of the neural self-antigen would generate PA without degenerative autoimmunity. The development of CNS-related peptides with immunomodulatory neuroprotective effect led to important research to evaluate their use in chronic and acute NDD. In this review, we refer to the role of PA and the potential applications of active immunization as a therapeutic option for NDD treatment. In particular, we focus on the experimental and clinical promissory findings for CNS-related peptides with beneficial immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Palumbo
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIT NOBA)‐UNNOBA‐UNsADA‐CONICETJunínArgentina
| | - Alejandro David Moroni
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIT NOBA)‐UNNOBA‐UNsADA‐CONICETJunínArgentina
| | - Sofía Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICETPontificia Universidad Católica ArgentinaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - María Micaela Castro
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIT NOBA)‐UNNOBA‐UNsADA‐CONICETJunínArgentina
| | - Adriana Laura Burgueño
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICETPontificia Universidad Católica ArgentinaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Ana María Genaro
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICETPontificia Universidad Católica ArgentinaBuenos AiresArgentina
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Yousefifard M, Madani Neishaboori A, Rafiei Alavi SN, Toloui A, Gubari MIM, Zareie Shab Khaneh A, Karimi Ghahfarokhi M, Hosseini M. Active and Passive Immunization with Myelin Basic Protein as a Method for Early Treatment of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury; a Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2021; 9:e57. [PMID: 34580655 PMCID: PMC8464018 DOI: 10.22037/aaem.v9i1.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), as a dangerous central nervous system damage, continues to threaten communities by imposing various disabilities and costs. Early adjustment of the immune system response using Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) immunization may prevent the SCI-related secondary damages. As a result, the current study is designed to review and analyse the evidence on active and passive immunization with MBP for treatment of traumatic SCI. Methods: Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched until the end of 2020. Criteria for inclusion in the current study included pre-clinical studies, which performed passive (injection of MBP-activated T cells) or active (administration of MBP or MBP-modified peptides) immunization with MBP after traumatic SCI. Exclusion criteria was defined as lack of a non-treated SCI group, lack of evaluation of locomotion, review studies, and combination therapy. Finally, analyses were conducted using STATA software, and a standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported. Results: Data from 17 papers were included in the present study. Finally, analysis of these data showed that passive immunization (SMD=0.87; 95%CI: 0.19-1.55; p=0.012) and active immunization (SMD=2.08, 95%CI: 1.42-2.73; p<0.001) for/with MBP both have good efficacy in improving locomotion following traumatic SCI. However, significant heterogeneity was observed in both of them. The most important sources of heterogeneity in active immunization were differences in SCI models, route of administration, time interval between SCI and transplantation, and type of vaccine used. In passive immunization, however, these sources were the model of SCI and the time interval between SCI and transplantation. Although, there was substantial heterogeneity among studies, subgroup analysis showed that active immunization improved locomotion after traumatic SCI in all tested conditions (with differences in injury model, severity of injury, method of administration, different time interval between SCI to vaccination, etc.). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that immunization with MBP, especially in its active form, could significantly improve motor function following SCI in rats and mice. Therefore, it could be considered as a potential treatment in acute settings such as emergency departments. However, the safety of this method is still under debate. Therefore, it is recommended for future research to focus on the investigation of safety of MBP immunization in animal studies, before conducting human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,First and second authors have equally contributed to this work
| | - Arian Madani Neishaboori
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,First and second authors have equally contributed to this work
| | | | - Amirmohammad Toloui
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammed I M Gubari
- Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Amirali Zareie Shab Khaneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Karimi Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Rodríguez-Barrera R, Flores-Romero A, García E, Fernández-Presas AM, Incontri-Abraham D, Navarro-Torres L, García-Sánchez J, Juárez-Vignon Whaley JJ, Madrazo I, Ibarra A. Immunization with neural-derived peptides increases neurogenesis in rats with chronic spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:650-658. [PMID: 32352656 PMCID: PMC7248545 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Immunization with neural‐derived peptides (INDP) has demonstrated to be a promising therapy to achieve a regenerative effect in the chronic phase of the spinal cord injury (SCI). Nevertheless, INDP‐induced neurogenic effects in the chronic stage of SCI have not been explored. Methods and Results In this study, we analyzed the effect of INDP on both motor and sensitive function recovery; afterward, we assessed neurogenesis and determined the production of cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐10, and TNF alpha) and neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GAP‐43). During the chronic stage of SCI, rats subjected to INDP showed a significant increase in both motor and sensitive recovery when compared to the control group. Moreover, we found a significant increase in neurogenesis, mainly at the central canal and at both the dorsal and ventral horns of INDP‐treated animals. Finally, INDP induced significant production of antiinflammatory and regeneration‐associated proteins in the chronic stages of SCI. Conclusions These findings suggest that INDP has a neurogenic effect that could improve motor and sensitive recovery in the chronic stage of SCI. Moreover, our results also envision the use of INDP as a possible therapeutic strategy for other trauma‐related disorders like traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Adrián Flores-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Elisa García
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Ana Maria Fernández-Presas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Diego Incontri-Abraham
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Lisset Navarro-Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Julián García-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Juan José Juárez-Vignon Whaley
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Madrazo
- Proyecto CAMINA A.C, Tlalpan, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico.,Proyecto CAMINA A.C, Tlalpan, Mexico
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8
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Rodríguez-Barrera R, Flores-Romero A, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Garcia E, Soria-Zavala K, Incontri-Abraham D, Garibay-López M, Juárez-Vignon Whaley JJ, Ibarra A. Use of a Combination Strategy to Improve Morphological and Functional Recovery in Rats With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:189. [PMID: 32300328 PMCID: PMC7142263 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with neural derived peptides (INDP), as well as scar removal (SR) and the use of matrices with bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have been studied separately and proven to induce a functional and morphological improvement after spinal cord injury (SCI). Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of INDP combined with SR and a fibrin glue matrix (FGM) with MSCs (FGM-MSCs), on motor recovery, axonal regeneration-associated molecules and cytokine expression, axonal regeneration (catecholaminergic and serotonergic fibers), and the induction of neurogenesis after a chronic SCI. For this purpose, female adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to SCI, 60 days after lesion, rats were randomly distributed in four groups: (1) Rats immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant + PBS (vehicle; PBS-I); (2) Rats with SR+ FGM-MSCs; (3) Rats with SR+ INDP + FGM-MSCs; (4) Rats only with INDP. Afterwards, we evaluated motor recovery using the BBB locomotor test. Sixty days after the therapy, protein expression of TNFα, IL-4, IL-10, BDNF, and GAP-43 were evaluated using ELISA assay. The number of catecholaminergic and serotonergic fibers were also determined. Neurogenesis was evaluated through immunofluorescence. The results show that treatment with INDP alone significantly increased motor recovery, anti-inflammatory cytokines, regeneration-associated molecules, axonal regeneration, and neurogenesis when compared to the rest of the groups. Our findings suggest that the combination therapy (SR + INDP + FGM-MSCs) modifies the non-permissive microenvironment post SCI, but it is not capable of inducing an appropriate axonal regeneration or neurogenesis when compared to the treatment with INDP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico.,Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrián Flores-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico.,Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Elisa Garcia
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico.,Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Soria-Zavala
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico.,Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Incontri-Abraham
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Marcela Garibay-López
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Juan José Juárez-Vignon Whaley
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico.,Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Ibarra A, Mendieta-Arbesú E, Suarez-Meade P, García-Vences E, Martiñón S, Rodriguez-Barrera R, Lomelí J, Flores-Romero A, Silva-García R, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Borlongan CV, Frydman TD. Motor Recovery after Chronic Spinal Cord Transection in Rats: A Proof-of-Concept Study Evaluating a Combined Strategy. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:52-62. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666181105101756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The chronic phase of Spinal Cord (SC) injury is characterized by the presence
of a hostile microenvironment that causes low activity and a progressive decline in neurological function;
this phase is non-compatible with regeneration. Several treatment strategies have been investigated
in chronic SC injury with no satisfactory results. OBJECTIVE- In this proof-of-concept study,
we designed a combination therapy (Comb Tx) consisting of surgical glial scar removal plus scar inhibition,
accompanied with implantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and immunization with
neural-derived peptides (INDP).
Methods:
This study was divided into three subsets, all in which Sprague Dawley rats were subjected
to a complete SC transection. Sixty days after injury, animals were randomly allocated into two groups
for therapeutic intervention: control group and animals receiving the Comb-Tx. Sixty-three days after
treatment we carried out experiments analyzing motor recovery, presence of somatosensory evoked
potentials, neural regeneration-related genes, and histological evaluation of serotoninergic fibers.
Results:
Comb-Tx induced a significant locomotor and electrophysiological recovery. An increase in the
expression of regeneration-associated genes and the percentage of 5-HT+ fibers was noted at the caudal
stump of the SC of animals receiving the Comb-Tx. There was a significant correlation of locomotor recovery
with positive electrophysiological activity, expression of GAP43, and percentage of 5-HT+ fibers.
Conclusion:
Comb-Tx promotes motor and electrophysiological recovery in the chronic phase of SC
injury subsequent to a complete transection. Likewise, it is capable of inducing the permissive microenvironment
to promote axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anahuac Mexico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Erika Mendieta-Arbesú
- Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anahuac Mexico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Paola Suarez-Meade
- Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anahuac Mexico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Elisa García-Vences
- Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anahuac Mexico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Roxana Rodriguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anahuac Mexico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Joel Lomelí
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Adrian Flores-Romero
- Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anahuac Mexico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Tamara D. Frydman
- Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anahuac Mexico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan Estado de Mexico, Mexico
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10
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García E, Rodríguez-Barrera R, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Flores-Romero A, Malagón-Axotla E, Guerrero-Godinez M, De la Cruz-Castillo E, Castillo-Carvajal L, Rivas-Gonzalez M, Santiago-Tovar P, Morales I, Borlongan C, Ibarra A. Use of a combination strategy to improve neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in a rat model of acute spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1060-1068. [PMID: 30762019 PMCID: PMC6404491 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.250627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a very common pathological event that has devastating functional consequences in patients. In recent years, several research groups are trying to find an effective therapy that could be applied in clinical practice. In this study, we analyzed the combination of different strategies as a potential therapy for spinal cord injury. Immunization with neural derived peptides (INDP), inhibition of glial scar formation (dipyridyl: DPY), as well as the use of biocompatible matrix (fibrin glue: FG) impregnated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were combined and then its beneficial effects were evaluated in the induction of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration after acute SCI. Sprague-Dawley female rats were subjected to a moderate spinal cord injury and then randomly allocated into five groups: 1) phosphate buffered saline; 2) DPY; 3) INDP + DPY; 4) DPY+ FG; 5) INDP + DPY + FG + MSCs. In all rats, intervention was performed 72 hours after spinal cord injury. Locomotor and sensibility recovery was assessed in all rats. At 60 days after treatment, histological examinations of the spinal cord (hematoxylin-eosin and Bielschowsky staining) were performed. Our results showed that the combination therapy (DPY+ INDP + FG + MSCs) was the best strategy to promote motor and sensibility recovery. In addition, significant increases in tissue preservation and axonal density were observed in the combination therapy group. Findings from this study suggest that the combination theapy (DPY+ INDP + FG + MSCs) exhibits potential effects on the protection and regeneration of neural tissue after acute spinal cord injury. All procedures were approved by the Animal Bioethics and Welfare Committee (approval No. 178544; CSNBTBIBAJ 090812960) on August 15, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa García
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, México; Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C.; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, México; Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C.; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Vinnitsa Buzoianu-Anguiano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Hospital Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adrian Flores-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, México; Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C.; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Emanuel Malagón-Axotla
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, México
| | - Marco Guerrero-Godinez
- Unidad de Rehabilitación Osteoarticular. Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación. Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Estefanía De la Cruz-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, México
| | - Laura Castillo-Carvajal
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, México
| | - Monserrat Rivas-Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, México
| | - Paola Santiago-Tovar
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, México
| | - Ivis Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, México
| | - Cesar Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, México; Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C.; Ciudad de México, México
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11
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Putatunda R, Bethea JR, Hu WH. Potential immunotherapies for traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:125-136. [PMID: 29759918 PMCID: PMC6033730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS) including brain and spinal cord remains a leading cause of morbidity and disability in the world. Delineating the mechanisms underlying the secondary and persistent injury versus the primary and transient injury has been drawing extensive attention for study during the past few decades. The sterile neuroinflammation during the secondary phase of injury has been frequently identified substrate underlying CNS injury, but as of now, no conclusive studies have determined whether this is a beneficial or detrimental role in the context of repair. Recent pioneering studies have demonstrated the key roles for the innate and adaptive immune responses in regulating sterile neuroinflammation and CNS repair. Some promising immunotherapeutic strategies have been recently developed for the treatment of CNS injury. This review updates the recent progress on elucidating the roles of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the context of CNS injury, the development and characterization of potential immunotherapeutics, as well as outstanding questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Putatunda
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John R. Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Corresponding author.
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12
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García E, Silva-García R, Flores-Romero A, Blancas-Espinoza L, Rodríguez-Barrera R, Ibarra A. The Severity of Spinal Cord Injury Determines the Inflammatory Gene Expression Pattern after Immunization with Neural-Derived Peptides. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:190-195. [PMID: 29796836 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that the intensity of spinal cord injury (SCI) plays a key role in the therapeutic effects induced by immunizing with neural-derived peptides (INDP), as severe injuries abolish the beneficial effects induced by INDP. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of some inflammation-related genes (IL6, IL12, IL-1β, IFNɣ, TNFα, IL-10, IL-4, and IGF-1) by quantitative PCR in rats subjected to SCI and INDP. We investigated the expression of these genes after a moderate or severe contusion. In addition, we evaluated the effect of INDP by utilizing two different peptides: A91 and Cop-1. After moderate injury, both A91 and Cop-1 elicited a pattern of genes characterized by a significant reduction of IL6, IL1β, and TNFα but an increase in IL10, IL4, and IGF-1 expression. There was no effect on IL-12 and INFɣ. In contrast, the opposite pattern was observed when rats were subjected to a severe spinal cord contusion. Immunization with either peptide caused a significant increase in the expression of IL-12, IL-1β, IFNɣ (pro-inflammatory genes), and IGF-1. There was no effect on IL-4 and IL-10 compared to controls. After a moderate SCI, INDP reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression and generated a microenvironment prone to neuroprotection. Nevertheless, severe injury elicits the expression of pro-inflammatory genes that could be aggravated by INDP. These findings correlate with our previous results demonstrating that severe injury inhibits the beneficial effects of protective autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa García
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, C.P. 52786, Huixquilucan Edo. de México, México.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Silva-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, CMN Siglo XXI, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Flores-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, C.P. 52786, Huixquilucan Edo. de México, México.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, C.P. 52786, Huixquilucan Edo. de México, México.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, C.P. 52786, Huixquilucan Edo. de México, México. .,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., 14050, Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Drug Targets in Neurotrophin Signaling in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6939-6955. [PMID: 29372544 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that play an important role in the regulation of the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Neurotrophins were earlier characterized by their role in early development, growth, maintenance, and the plasticity of the nervous system during development, but recent findings also indicate their complex role during normal physiology in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Therefore, it is important to recognize a deficiency in the expression of neurotrophins, a major factor driving the debilitating features of several neurologic and psychiatric diseases/disorders. On the other hand, overexpression of neurotrophins is well known to play a critical role in pathogenesis of chronic pain and afferent sensitization, underlying conditions such as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)/disorders and osteoarthritis. The existence of a redundant receptor system of high-and low-affinity receptors accounts for the diverse, often antagonistic, effects of neurotrophins in neurons and non-neuronal tissues in a spatial and temporal manner. In addition, studies looking at bladder dysfunction because of conditions such as spinal cord injury and diabetes mellitus have found alterations in the levels of these neurotrophins in the bladder, as well as in sensory afferent neurons, which further opens a new avenue for therapeutic targets. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics and roles of key neurotrophins and their involvement in the central and periphery nervous system in both normal and diseased conditions.
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14
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Pineda-Rodriguez B, Toscano-Tejeida D, García–Vences E, Rodriguez-Barrera R, Flores-Romero A, Castellanos-Canales D, Gutierrez–Ospina G, Castillo-Carvajal L, Meléndez-Herrera E, Ibarra A. Anterior chamber associated immune deviation used as a neuroprotective strategy in rats with spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188506. [PMID: 29190648 PMCID: PMC5708781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response is probably one of the main destructive events occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI). Its progression depends mostly on the autoimmune response developed against neural constituents. Therefore, modulation or inhibition of this self-reactive reaction could help to reduce tissue destruction. Anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID) is a phenomenon that induces immune-tolerance to antigens injected into the eye´s anterior chamber, provoking the reduction of such immune response. In the light of this notion, induction of ACAID to neural constituents could be used as a potential prophylactic therapy to promote neuroprotection. In order to evaluate this approach, three experiments were performed. In the first one, the capability to induce ACAID of the spinal cord extract (SCE) and the myelin basic protein (MBP) was evaluated. Using the delayed type hypersensibility assay (DTH) we demonstrated that both, SCE and MBP were capable of inducing ACAID. In the second experiment we evaluated the effect of SCE-induced ACAID on neurological and morphological recovery after SCI. In the results, there was a significant improvement of motor recovery, nociceptive hypersensitivity and motoneuron survival in rats with SCE-induced ACAID. Moreover, ACAID also up-regulated the expression of genes encoding for anti-inflammatory cytokines and FoxP3 but down-regulated those for pro-inflamatory cytokines. Finally, in the third experiment, the effect of a more simple and practical strategy was evaluated: MBP-induced ACAID, we also found significant neurological and morphological outcomes. In the present study we demonstrate that the induction of ACAID against neural antigens in rats, promotes neuroprotection after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pineda-Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Diana Toscano-Tejeida
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Elisa García–Vences
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Roxana Rodriguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Adrian Flores-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Daniela Castellanos-Canales
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Gabriel Gutierrez–Ospina
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Castillo-Carvajal
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Esperanza Meléndez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
- Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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15
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Rodríguez-Barrera R, Flores-Romero A, Fernández-Presas AM, García-Vences E, Silva-García R, Konigsberg M, Blancas-Espinoza L, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Soria-Zavala K, Suárez-Meade P, Ibarra A. Immunization with neural derived peptides plus scar removal induces a permissive microenvironment, and improves locomotor recovery after chronic spinal cord injury. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:7. [PMID: 28056790 PMCID: PMC5217189 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunization with neural derived peptides (INDP) as well as scar removal—separately—have shown to induce morphological and functional improvement after spinal cord injury (SCI). In the present study, we compared the effect of INDP alone versus INDP with scar removal on motor recovery, regeneration-associated and cytokine gene expression, and axonal regeneration after chronic SCI. Scar removal was conducted through a single incision with a double-bladed scalpel along the stump, and scar renewal was halted by adding α,α′-dipyridyl. Results During the chronic injury stage, two experiments were undertaken. The first experiment was aimed at testing the therapeutic effect of INDP combined with scar removal. Sixty days after therapeutic intervention, the expression of genes encoding for TNFα, IFNγ, IL4, TGFβ, BDNF, IGF1, and GAP43 was evaluated at the site of injury. Tyrosine hydroxylase and 5-hydroxytryptamine positive fibers were also studied. Locomotor evaluations showed a significant recovery in the group treated with scar removal + INDP. Moreover; this group presented a significant increase in IL4, TGFβ, BDNF, IGF1, and GAP43 expression, but a decrease of TNFα and IFNγ. Also, the spinal cord of animals receiving both treatments presented a significant increase of serotonergic and catecholaminergic fibers as compared to other the groups. The second experiment compared the results of the combined approach versus INDP alone. Rats receiving INDP likewise showed improved motor recovery, although on a lesser scale than those who received the combined treatment. An increase in inflammation and regeneration-associated gene expression, as well as in the percentage of serotonergic and catecholaminergic fibers was observed in INDP-treated rats to a lesser degree than those in the combined therapy group. Conclusions These findings suggest that INDP, both alone and in combination with scar removal, could modify the non-permissive microenvironment prevailing at the chronic phase of SCI, providing the opportunity of improving motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Posgrado en Biología Experimental, UAMI, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adrián Flores-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Elisa García-Vences
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Mina Konigsberg
- Lab. Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, UAMI, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Liliana Blancas-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Hospital de Pediatría CMN Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Karla Soria-Zavala
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Paola Suárez-Meade
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico. .,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico. .,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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16
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Ibarra A, García E, Mondragón-Caso J. Spinal cord injury: potential neuroprotective therapy based on neural-derived peptides. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1762-1763. [PMID: 28123415 PMCID: PMC5204227 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.194718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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