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Fan Z, Fang L, Liu Q, Lin H, Lin M, Lin Y, Wang H, Hung YC, Chen Y. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome reveal the role of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water in improving postharvest disease resistance of longan fruit. Food Chem 2024; 449:139235. [PMID: 38583405 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water (AEOW) was applied to suppress disease development and maintain good quality of fresh fruit. However, the involvement of AEOW in improving disease resistance of fresh longan remains unknown. Here, transcriptomic and metabolic analyses were performed to compare non-treated and AEOW-treated longan during storage. The transcriptome analysis showed AEOW-induced genes associated with phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. The metabolome analysis found the contents of coumarin, phenolic acid, and tannin maintained higher levels in AEOW-treated longan than non-treated longan. Moreover, the weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify hub genes, and a gene-metabolite correlation network associated with AEOW-improved disease resistance in longan was constructed by the co-analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. These findings identified a series of important genes and metabolites involving in AEOW-induced disease resistance of longan fruit, expanding our knowledges on fruit disease resistance and quality maintenance at the transcript and metabolic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Fan
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hetong Lin
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Mengshi Lin
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition & Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Yifen Lin
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yen-Con Hung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
| | - Yihui Chen
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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2
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Decsi K, Ahmed M, Rizk R, Abdul-Hamid D, Kovács GP, Tóth Z. Emerging Trends in Non-Protein Amino Acids as Potential Priming Agents: Implications for Stress Management Strategies and Unveiling Their Regulatory Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6203. [PMID: 38892391 PMCID: PMC11172521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants endure the repercussions of environmental stress. As the advancement of global climate change continues, it is increasingly crucial to protect against abiotic and biotic stress effects. Some naturally occurring plant compounds can be used effectively to protect the plants. By externally applying priming compounds, plants can be prompted to trigger their defensive mechanisms, resulting in improved immune system effectiveness. This review article examines the possibilities of utilizing exogenous alpha-, beta-, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (AABA, BABA, and GABA), which are non-protein amino acids (NPAAs) that are produced naturally in plants during instances of stress. The article additionally presents a concise overview of the studies' discoveries on this topic, assesses the particular fields in which they might be implemented, and proposes new avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kincső Decsi
- Institute of Agronomy, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (R.R.); (Z.T.)
| | - Mostafa Ahmed
- Festetics Doctoral School, Institute of Agronomy, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary;
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Roquia Rizk
- Institute of Agronomy, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (R.R.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Donia Abdul-Hamid
- Heavy Metals Department, Central Laboratory for The Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food (QCAP), Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt;
| | - Gergő Péter Kovács
- Institute of Agronomy, Szent István Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Institute of Agronomy, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (R.R.); (Z.T.)
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3
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Mascellani Bergo A, Leiss K, Havlik J. Twenty Years of 1H NMR Plant Metabolomics: A Way Forward toward Assessment of Plant Metabolites for Constitutive and Inducible Defenses to Biotic Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8332-8346. [PMID: 38501393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Metabolomics has become an important tool in elucidating the complex relationship between a plant genotype and phenotype. For over 20 years, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been known for its robustness, quantitative capabilities, simplicity, and cost-efficiency. 1H NMR is the method of choice for analyzing a broad range of relatively abundant metabolites, which can be used for both capturing the plant chemical profile at one point in time and understanding the pathways that underpin plant defense. This systematic Review explores how 1H NMR-based plant metabolomics has contributed to understanding the role of various compounds in plant responses to biotic stress, focusing on both primary and secondary metabolites. It clarifies the challenges and advantages of using 1H NMR in plant metabolomics, interprets common trends observed, and suggests guidelines for method development and establishing standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mascellani Bergo
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czechia
| | - Kirsten Leiss
- Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, 2665MV Bleiswijk, Netherlands
| | - Jaroslav Havlik
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czechia
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4
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Ma G, Hu B, Yang S, Cen Z, Zheng Y, Dong Y. Benzoxazinoids secreted by wheat root weaken the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fabae by inhibiting linoleic acid and nucleotide metabolisms. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:109. [PMID: 38564014 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The regulatory action of BXs secreted by wheat on the pathogenicity of FOF causing Fusarium wilt in faba bean were analyzed. DIMBOA and MBOA weakened the pathogenicity of FOF. A large number of pathogenic bacteria in continuous cropping soil infect faba bean plants, leading to the occurrence of wilt disease, which restricts their production. Faba bean-wheat intercropping is often used to alleviate this disease. This study investigates the effect of benzoxazinoids (BXs) secreted by wheat root on the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fabae (FOF) and underlying molecular mechanisms. The effects of DIMBOA(2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazine-4-one) and MBOA(6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one) on the activity of cell-wall-degrading enzymes in FOF(cellulase, pectinase, amylase, and protease), FOF Toxin (fusaric acid, FA) content were investigated through indoor culture experiments. The effect of BXs on the metabolic level of FOF was analyzed by metabonomics to explore the ecological function of benzoxazines intercropping control of Fusarium wilt in faba bean. The results show that the Exogenous addition of DIMBOA and MBOA decreased the activity of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes and fusaric acid content and significantly weakened the pathogenicity of FOF. DIMBOA and MBOA significantly inhibited the pathogenicity of FOF, and metabolome analysis showed that DIMBOA and MBOA reduced the pathogenicity of FOF by down-regulating related pathways such as nucleotide metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism, thus effectively controlling the occurrence of Fusarium wilt in faba bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bijie Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Siyin Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zixuan Cen
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yiran Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Dong
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.
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Das J, Ghosh S, Tyagi K, Sahoo D, Jha G. Methionine biosynthetic genes and methionine sulfoxide reductase A are required for Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA to cause sheath blight disease in rice. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14441. [PMID: 38568774 PMCID: PMC10990046 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a polyphagous necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes sheath blight disease in rice. It deploys effector molecules as well as carbohydrate-active enzymes and enhances the production of reactive oxygen species for killing host tissues. Understanding R. solani ability to sustain growth under an oxidative-stress-enriched environment is important for developing disease control strategies. Here, we demonstrate that R. solani upregulates methionine biosynthetic genes, including Rs_MET13 during infection in rice, and double-stranded RNA-mediated silencing of these genes impairs the pathogen's ability to cause disease. Exogenous treatment with methionine restores the disease-causing ability of Rs_MET13-silenced R. solani and facilitates its growth on 10 mM H2O2-containing minimal-media. Notably, the Rs_MsrA gene that encodes methionine sulfoxide reductase A, an antioxidant enzyme involved in the repair of oxidative damage of methionine, is upregulated upon H2O2 treatment and also during infection in rice. Rs_MsrA-silenced R. solani is unable to cause disease, suggesting that it is important for the repair of oxidative damage in methionine during host colonization. We propose that spray-induced gene silencing of Rs_MsrA and designing of antagonistic molecules that block MsrA activity can be exploited as a drug target for effective control of sheath blight disease in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyati Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiIndia
| | - Srayan Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiIndia
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurhamUK
| | - Kriti Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiIndia
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiIndia
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiIndia
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6
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Jiang Y, Du Y, Chen C, Wang D, Zhong Y, Deng Y. Integrative Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Landscape during Akebia trifoliata Fruit Ripening and Cracking. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16732. [PMID: 38069056 PMCID: PMC10706055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Akebia trifoliata fruit is prone to crack after ripening, but little is known about the mechanism underlying the cracking process. This study integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic data, revealing significant changes in 398 metabolites and 8414 genes during ripening and cracking, mainly impacting cell-wall metabolism. Multi-omics joint analysis indicated that genes related to polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, α-amylase, and glycogen phosphorylase were up-regulated after cracking, degrading cell wall and starch. Concurrently, diminished photosynthetic metabolism and heightened phenylpropanoid metabolism suggested alterations in cuticle structure, potentially impacting cell-wall robustness. Numerous auxin and abscisic acid signaling-related genes were expressed, and we assume that they contributed to the promoting peel growth. These alterations collectively might compromise peel strength and elevate expanding pressure, potentially leading to A. trifoliata cracking. Transcription factors, predominantly ethylene response factors and helix-loop-helix family members, appeared to regulate these metabolic shifts. These findings provide valuable insights into A. trifoliata cracking mechanisms; however, direct experimental validation of these assumptions is necessary to strengthen these conclusions and expedite their commercial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Jiang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.J.); (Y.D.); (C.C.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanlin Du
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.J.); (Y.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Chongyang Chen
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.J.); (Y.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Danfeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China (Y.Z.)
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7
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Supplementation Boosts the Phytohormonal Profile in ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-Infected Citrus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3647. [PMID: 37896110 PMCID: PMC10609878 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The devastating citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB), is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter sp.' and transmitted by citrus psyllids. Unfortunately, HLB has no known sustainable cure yet. Herein, we proposed γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a potential eco-friendly therapeutic solution to HLB. Herein, we used GC/MS-based targeted metabolomics combined with gene expression to investigate the role of GABA in citrus response against HLB and to better understand its relationship(s) with different phytohormones. GABA supplementation via root drench boosts the accumulation of endogenous GABA in the leaves of both healthy and 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected trees. GABA accumulation benefits the activation of a multi-layered defensive system via modulating the phytohormone levels and regulating the expression of their biosynthesis genes and some pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) in both healthy and 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected plants. Moreover, our findings showed that GABA application stimulates auxin biosynthesis in 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected plants via the activation of the indole-3-pyruvate (I3PA) pathway, not via the tryptamine (TAM)-dependent pathway, to enhance the growth of HLB-affected trees. Likewise, GABA accumulation was associated with the upregulation of SA biosynthesis genes, particularly the PAL-dependent route, resulting in higher SA levels that activated CsPR1, CsPR2, CsPR5, and CsWRKY70, which are prominent to activation of the SA-mediated pathway. Additionally, higher GABA levels were correlated with an enhanced JA profile and linked with both CsPR3 and CsPR4, which activates the JA-mediated pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest that exogenous GABA application might be a promising alternative and eco-friendly strategy that helps citrus trees battle HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
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8
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Xiao P, Zhang H, Liao Q, Zhu N, Chen J, Ma L, Zhang M, Shen S. Insight into the Molecular Mechanism of Flower Color Regulation in Rhododendron latoucheae Franch: A Multi-Omics Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2897. [PMID: 37631109 PMCID: PMC10458524 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendron latoucheae Franch. (R. latoucheae) is a valuable woody plant known for its high ornamental value. While purple flowers are a distinct and attractive variant phenotype of R. latoucheae, the underlying mechanism regulating its flower color is still poorly understood. To investigate the molecular regulatory mechanism responsible for the variation in flower color, we selected plants with white-pink and purple petals as the object and conducted analyses of metabolites, key genes, and transcription factors associated with flower color. A combined metabolome-transcriptome analysis was performed, and the expression of key genes was subsequently verified through qRT-PCR experiments. The results of our study demonstrated a significant enrichment of differential metabolites in the flavonoid metabolic pathway. Changes in anthocyanin content followed the same trend as the observed flower color variations, specifically showing significant correlations with the contents of malvidin-3-O-glucoside, dihydromyricetin, gallocatechin, and peonidin-3-O-glucoside. Furthermore, we identified three key structural genes (F3GT1, LAR, ANR) and four transcription factors (bHLH130, bHLH41, bHLH123, MYB4) that are potentially associated with the biosynthesis of flavonoid compounds, thereby influencing the appearance of purple flower color in R. latoucheae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qiulin Liao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ninghua Zhu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jiaao Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lehan Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Minhuan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shouyun Shen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Reserve and Landscape Resource, Changsha 410004, China
- Institute of Human Settlements and Green Infrastructure, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, China
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9
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Dalle Carbonare L, Basile A, Rindi L, Bulleri F, Hamedeh H, Iacopino S, Shukla V, Weits DA, Lombardi L, Sbrana A, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Giuntoli B, Licausi F, Maggi E. Dim artificial light at night alters gene expression rhythms and growth in a key seagrass species (Posidonia oceanica). Sci Rep 2023; 13:10620. [PMID: 37391536 PMCID: PMC10313690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a globally spreading anthropogenic stressor, affecting more than 20% of coastal habitats. The alteration of the natural light/darkness cycle is expected to impact the physiology of organisms by acting on the complex circuits termed as circadian rhythms. Our understanding of the impact of ALAN on marine organisms is lagging behind that of terrestrial ones, and effects on marine primary producers are almost unexplored. Here, we investigated the molecular and physiological response of the Mediterranean seagrass, Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, as model to evaluate the effect of ALAN on seagrass populations established in shallow waters, by taking advantage of a decreasing gradient of dim nocturnal light intensity (from < 0.01 to 4 lx) along the NW Mediterranean coastline. We first monitored the fluctuations of putative circadian-clock genes over a period of 24 h along the ALAN gradient. We then investigated whether key physiological processes, known to be synchronized with day length by the circadian rhythm, were also affected by ALAN. ALAN influenced the light signalling at dusk/night in P. oceanica, including that of shorter blue wavelengths, through the ELF3-LUX1-ZTL regulatory network, and suggested that the daily perturbation of internal clock orthologs in seagrass might have caused the recruitment of PoSEND33 and PoPSBS genes to mitigate the repercussions of a nocturnal stress on photosynthesis during the day. A long-lasting impairment of gene fluctuations in sites characterised by ALAN could explain the reduced growth of the seagrass leaves when these were transferred into controlled conditions and without lighting during the night. Our results highlight the potential contribution of ALAN to the global loss of seagrass meadows, posing questions about key interactions with a variety of other human-related stressors in urban areas, in order to develop more efficient strategies to globally preserve these coastal foundation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dalle Carbonare
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri Della Libertà, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - A Basile
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri Della Libertà, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Rindi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bulleri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - H Hamedeh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri Della Libertà, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Iacopino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri Della Libertà, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Shukla
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri Della Libertà, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - D A Weits
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri Della Libertà, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Sbrana
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Benedetti-Cecchi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - B Giuntoli
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri Della Libertà, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Licausi
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - E Maggi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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10
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Jiang F, Lv S, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Mai J, Wan X, Liu P. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis during seed germination of waxy corn under low temperature stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:190. [PMID: 37038118 PMCID: PMC10084618 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waxy corn has a short growth cycle and high multiple cropping index. However, after being planted in early spring, late autumn and winter, it is susceptible to low temperature (LT), which reduces the emergence rate and yield. Therefore, it is important to analyze the response mechanism of waxy corn under LT stress. RESULTS All phenotype indexes of waxy corn inbred lines N28 were significantly higher than waxy corn inbred lines N67 under LT. With the increase of LT stress time, all physiological indexes showed an upward trend in N28 and N67. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 16,017 and 14,435 were identified in N28 and N67 compared with nongerminated control under LT germination, respectively, and differential metabolites 127 and 93 were detected in N28 and N67, respectively. In addition, the expression level of some genes involved in plant hormones and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways was significantly up-regulated in N28. Compared with N67, flavonoid metabolites were also significantly enriched in N28 under LT germination. CONCLUSION Under LT stress, the inbred lines N28 was significantly higher than the inbred lines N67 in the phenotypic and physiological indices of cold resistance. Compared with N67, the expression levels of some genes involved in the plant hormones and MAPK pathways were significantly up-regulated in N28, and flavonoid metabolites were also significantly enriched in N28 under LT stress. These genes and metabolites may help N28 to improve cold resistance and may be as potential target genes for cold resistance breeding in waxy corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shishi Lv
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingchun Chen
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Mai
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Wan
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Lin J, Monsalvo I, Ly M, Jahan MA, Wi D, Martirosyan I, Kovinich N. RNA-Seq Dissects Incomplete Activation of Phytoalexin Biosynthesis by the Soybean Transcription Factors GmMYB29A2 and GmNAC42-1. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:545. [PMID: 36771629 PMCID: PMC9921300 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glyceollins, isoflavonoid-derived antimicrobial metabolites, are the major phytoalexins in soybean (Glycine max). They play essential roles in providing resistance to the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora sojae and have unconventional anticancer and neuroprotective activities that render them desirable for pharmaceutical development. Our previous studies revealed that the transcription factors GmMYB29A2 and GmNAC42-1 have essential roles in activating glyceollin biosynthesis, yet each cannot activate the transcription of all biosynthesis genes in the absence of a pathogen elicitor treatment. Here, we report that co-overexpressing both transcription factors is also insufficient to activate glyceollin biosynthesis. To understand this insufficiency, we compared the transcriptome profiles of hairy roots overexpressing each transcription factor with glyceollin-synthesizing roots treated with wall glucan elicitor (WGE) from P. sojae. GmMYB29A2 upregulated most of the WGE-regulated genes that encode enzymatic steps spanning from primary metabolism to the last step of glyceollin biosynthesis. By contrast, GmNAC42-1 upregulated glyceollin biosynthesis genes only when overexpressed in the presence of WGE treatment. This is consistent with our recent discovery that, in the absence of WGE, GmNAC42-1 is bound by GmJAZ1 proteins that inhibit its transactivation activity. WGE, and not GmMYB29A2 or GmNAC42-1, upregulated the heat shock family gene GmHSF6-1, the homolog of Arabidopsis HSFB2a that directly activated the transcription of several glyceollin biosynthesis genes. Our results provide important insights into what biosynthesis genes will need to be upregulated to activate the entire glyceollin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ivan Monsalvo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Melissa Ly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Md Asraful Jahan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Dasol Wi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Izabella Martirosyan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Nik Kovinich
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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12
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Metabolomics as a Prospective Tool for Soybean (Glycine max) Crop Improvement. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4181-4196. [PMID: 36135199 PMCID: PMC9497771 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Global demand for soybean and its products has stimulated research into the production of novel genotypes with higher yields, greater drought and disease tolerance, and shorter growth times. Genetic research may be the most effective way to continue developing high-performing cultivars with desirable agronomic features and improved nutritional content and seed performance. Metabolomics, which predicts the metabolic marker for plant performance under stressful conditions, is rapidly gaining interest in plant breeding and has emerged as a powerful tool for driving crop improvement. The development of increasingly sensitive, automated, and high-throughput analytical technologies, paired with improved bioinformatics and other omics techniques, has paved the way for wide characterization of genetic characteristics for crop improvement. The combination of chromatography (liquid and gas-based) with mass spectrometry has also proven to be an indisputable efficient platform for metabolomic studies, notably plant metabolic fingerprinting investigations. Nevertheless, there has been significant progress in the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), capillary electrophoresis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), each with its own set of benefits and drawbacks. Furthermore, utilizing multivariate analysis, principal components analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis, and projection to latent structures (PLS), it is possible to identify and differentiate various groups. The researched soybean varieties may be correctly classified by using the PCA and PLS multivariate analyses. As metabolomics is an effective method for evaluating and selecting wild specimens with desirable features for the breeding of improved new cultivars, plant breeders can benefit from the identification of metabolite biomarkers and key metabolic pathways to develop new genotypes with value-added features.
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13
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Jabran M, Chen D, Muhae-Ud-Din G, Liu T, Chen W, Liu C, Gao L. Metabolomic Analysis of Wheat Grains after Tilletia laevis Kühn Infection by Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Q-Exactive Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090805. [PMID: 36144210 PMCID: PMC9502932 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilletia laevis causes common bunt disease in wheat, with severe losses of production yield and seed quality. Metabolomics studies provide detailed information about the biochemical changes at the cell and tissue level of the plants. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–Q-exactive mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-MS) was used to examine the changes in wheat grains after T. laevis infection. PCA analysis suggested that T. laevis-infected and non-infected samples were scattered separately during the interaction. In total, 224 organic acids and their derivatives, 170 organoheterocyclic compounds, 128 lipids and lipid-like molecules, 85 organic nitrogen compounds, 64 benzenoids, 31 phenylpropanoids and polyketides, 21 nucleosides, nucleotides, their analogues, and 10 alkaloids and derivatives were altered in hyphal-infected grains. According to The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and genomes analysis, the protein digestion and absorption, biosynthesis of amino acids, arginine and proline metabolism, vitamin digestion and absorption, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathways were activated in wheat crops after T. laevis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jabran
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Delai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ghulam Muhae-Ud-Din
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changzhong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Makhumbila P, Rauwane M, Muedi H, Figlan S. Metabolome Profiling: A Breeding Prediction Tool for Legume Performance under Biotic Stress Conditions. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131756. [PMID: 35807708 PMCID: PMC9268993 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Legume crops such as common bean, pea, alfalfa, cowpea, peanut, soybean and others contribute significantly to the diet of both humans and animals. They are also important in the improvement of cropping systems that employ rotation and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Biotic stresses hinder the production of leguminous crops, significantly limiting their yield potential. There is a need to understand the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in the response of these crops to biotic stressors. Simultaneous expressions of a number of genes responsible for specific traits of interest in legumes under biotic stress conditions have been reported, often with the functions of the identified genes unknown. Metabolomics can, therefore, be a complementary tool to understand the pathways involved in biotic stress response in legumes. Reports on legume metabolomic studies in response to biotic stress have paved the way in understanding stress-signalling pathways. This review provides a progress update on metabolomic studies of legumes in response to different biotic stresses. Metabolome annotation and data analysis platforms are discussed together with future prospects. The integration of metabolomics with other “omics” tools in breeding programmes can aid greatly in ensuring food security through the production of stress tolerant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Makhumbila
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodeport 1709, South Africa; (M.R.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Molemi Rauwane
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodeport 1709, South Africa; (M.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Hangwani Muedi
- Research Support Services, North West Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, 114 Chris Hani Street, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa;
| | - Sandiswa Figlan
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodeport 1709, South Africa; (M.R.); (S.F.)
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15
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Hall RD, D'Auria JC, Silva Ferreira AC, Gibon Y, Kruszka D, Mishra P, van de Zedde R. High-throughput plant phenotyping: a role for metabolomics? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:549-563. [PMID: 35248492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput (HTP) plant phenotyping approaches are developing rapidly and are already helping to bridge the genotype-phenotype gap. However, technologies should be developed beyond current physico-spectral evaluations to extend our analytical capacities to the subcellular level. Metabolites define and determine many key physiological and agronomic features in plants and an ability to integrate a metabolomics approach within current HTP phenotyping platforms has huge potential for added value. While key challenges remain on several fronts, novel technological innovations are upcoming yet under-exploited in a phenotyping context. In this review, we present an overview of the state of the art and how current limitations might be overcome to enable full integration of metabolomics approaches into a generic phenotyping pipeline in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Hall
- BU Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - John C D'Auria
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben), Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Antonio C Silva Ferreira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of AgriSciences, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Cork Supply Portugal, S.A., Rua Nova do Fial, 4535, Portugal
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE Nouvelle Aquitaine - Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France; Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle, Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Dariusz Kruszka
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Puneet Mishra
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick van de Zedde
- Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Sugar Transporters in Plasmodiophora brassicae: Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Verification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095264. [PMID: 35563657 PMCID: PMC9099952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate intracellular pathogen, can hijack the host’s carbohydrates for survival. When the host plant is infected by P. brassicae, a large amount of soluble sugar accumulates in the roots, especially glucose, which probably facilitates the development of this pathogen. Although a complete glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle existed in P. brassicae, very little information about the hexose transport system has been reported. In this study, we screened 17 putative sugar transporters based on information about their typical domains. The structure of these transporters showed a lot of variation compared with that of other organisms, especially the number of transmembrane helices (TMHs). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these sugar transporters were far from the evolutionary relationship of other organisms and were unique in P. brassicae. The hexose transport activity assay indicated that eight transporters transported glucose or fructose and could restore the growth of yeast strain EBY.VW4000, which was deficient in hexose transport. The expression level of these glucose transporters was significantly upregulated at the late inoculation time when resting spores and galls were developing and a large amount of energy was needed. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism of P. brassicae survival in host cells by hijacking and utilizing the carbohydrates of the host.
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17
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Zhu L, Yang Q, Yu X, Fu X, Jin H, Yuan F. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal a Potential Mechanism to Improve Soybean Resistance to Anthracnose. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850829. [PMID: 35574068 PMCID: PMC9094087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum, leads to large-scale reduction in quality and yield in soybean production. Limited information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms of resistance to anthracnose in soybean. We conducted a transcriptomic and targeted metabolomic analysis of pods from two soybean lines, "Zhechun No. 3" (ZC3) and ZC-2, in response to C. truncatum infection. Factors contributing to the enhanced resistance of ZC-2 to anthracnose compared with that of ZC3, included signal transduction (jasmonic acid, auxin, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Ca2+ signaling), transcription factors (WRKY and bHLH), resistance genes (PTI1, RPP13, RGA2, RPS6, and ULP2B), pathogenesis-related genes (chitinase and lipid transfer protein), and terpenoid metabolism. Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed that terpenoid metabolism responded more promptly and more intensely to C. truncatum infection in ZC-2 than in ZC3. In vitro antifungal activity and resistance induction test confirmed that jasmonic acid, auxin signaling and terpenoids played important roles in soybean resistance to anthracnose. This research is the first study to explore the molecular mechanisms of soybean resistance to anthracnose. The findings are important for in-depth analysis of molecular resistance mechanisms, discovery of resistance genes, and to expedite the breeding of anthracnose-resistant soybean cultivars.
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18
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Comprehensive Identification and Profiling of miRNAs Involved in Terpenoid Synthesis of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gleditsia sinensis Lam. is a tree with worldwide distribution and important economic and medicinal values; its pods contain terpenoids including gleditsioside, thiamine, and brassinosteroids. However, thus far, there are few studies on the terpenoid regulation of G. sinensis at the molecular level. microRNA (miRNA) is a class of small RNAs with conserved and crucial roles in the regulation of diverse biological processes during plant growth and development. To identify the miRNAs of G. sinensis and evaluate their involvement in terpenoid synthesis, this investigation quantified the content changes in saponins in pods at three developmental stages: May (pod-setting stage), July (elongation stage), and September (browning stage), and then we performed genome-wide miRNA profiles during the three development stages of the G. sinensis pods. A total of 351 conserved miRNAs belonging to 216 families were identified, among which 36 conserved miRNAs exist specifically in legumes. Through target analysis, 708 unigenes were predicted to be candidate targets of 37 differentially expressed miRNAs. The targets of miR838-3p and miR2093-5p were involved in the derived branches of monoterpenes and gleditsioside, in brassinosteroid biosynthesis (BRB), and in indole alkaloid biosynthesis (IAB). Intriguingly, the targets of miR829-3p.1 were predicted to take part in thiamine biosynthesis, and the targets of miR4414b and miR5037a were involved in the main process of cytokinin synthesis. The corresponding targets participated in BRB, IAB, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, which were enriched significantly, suggesting that miR2093-5p, miR4414b, miR5037a, miR829-3p.1, and miR838-3p play indispensable roles in the regulation of triterpenoid saponin and monoterpenoid biosynthesis. To date, this is the first report of miRNA identification in G. sinensis and miRNA expression profiles at different developmental stages of G. sinensis pods, which provides a basis for further uncovering the molecular regulation of terpenoid synthesis in G. sinensis and new insights into the role of miRNAs in legumes.
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Metabolomics analysis of grains of wheat infected and noninfected with Tilletia controversa Kühn. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18876. [PMID: 34556726 PMCID: PMC8460654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dwarf bunt caused by the pathogen Tilletia controversa Kühn is one of the most serious quarantine diseases of winter wheat. Metabolomics studies provide detailed information about the biochemical changes at the cell and tissue levels of plants. In the present study, a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) metabolomics approach was used to investigate the changes in the grain metabolomics of infected and noninfected with T. controversa samples. PCA suggested that T. controversa-infected and noninfected samples were separated during the interaction. LC/MS analysis showed that 62 different metabolites were recorded in the grains, among which a total of 34 metabolites were upregulated and 28 metabolites were downregulated. Prostaglandins (PGs) and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (9-HODEs) are fungal toxin-related substances, and their expression significantly increased in T. controversa-infected grains. Additionally, the concentrations of cucurbic acid and octadecatrienoic acid changed significantly after pathogen infection, which play a large role in plant defense. The eight different metabolic pathways activated during T. controversa and wheat plant interactions included phenylalanine metabolism, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. In conclusion, we found differences in the metabolic profiles of wheat grains after T. controversa infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the metabolites in wheat grains after T. controversa infection.
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Silva E, Belinato JR, Porto C, Nunes E, Guimarães F, Meyer MC, Pilau EJ. Soybean Metabolomics Based in Mass Spectrometry: Decoding the Plant's Signaling and Defense Responses under Biotic Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7257-7267. [PMID: 34180225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an omics technology that is extremely valuable to analyze all small-molecule metabolites in organisms. Recent advances in analytical instrumentation, such as mass spectrometry combined with data processing tools, chemometrics, and spectral data libraries, allow plant metabolomics studies to play a fundamental role in the agriculture field and food security. Few studies are found in the literature using the metabolomics approach in soybean plants on biotic stress. In this review, we provide a new perspective highlighting the potential of metabolomics-based mass spectrometry for soybean in response to biotic stress. Furthermore, we highlight the response and adaptation mechanisms of soybean on biotic stress about primary and secondary metabolism. Consequently, we provide subsidies for further studies of the resistance and improvement of the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Silva
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, 5790 Colombo Avenida, Maringá, Paraná 87020-080, Brazil
| | - Joao Raul Belinato
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas and National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis (INCTBio), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carla Porto
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, 5790 Colombo Avenida, Maringá, Paraná 87020-080, Brazil
- MsBioscience, 298 Quintino Bocaiúva Street, Maringá, Paraná 87020-160, Brazil
| | - Estela Nunes
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Swine & Poultry, BR-153 km 110 Road, Concórdia, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Francismar Guimarães
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Soybean, Carlos João Strass Road, Londrina, Paraná 86001-970, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Conrado Meyer
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Soybean, Carlos João Strass Road, Londrina, Paraná 86001-970, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Jorge Pilau
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, 5790 Colombo Avenida, Maringá, Paraná 87020-080, Brazil
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21
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Takahashi H, Ochiai K, Sasaki K, Izumi A, Shinyama Y, Mohri S, Nomura W, Jheng HF, Kawada T, Inoue K, Goto T. Metabolome analysis revealed that soybean-Aspergillus oryzae interaction induced dynamic metabolic and daidzein prenylation changes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254190. [PMID: 34214105 PMCID: PMC8253397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several isoflavonoids are well known for their ability to act as soybean phytoalexins. However, the overall effects of the soybean-Aspergillus oryzae interaction on metabolism remain largely unknown. The aim of this study is to reveal an overview of nutritive and metabolic changes in germinated and A. oryzae-elicited soybeans. The levels of individual nutrients were measured using the ustulation, ashing, Kjeldahl, and Folch methods. The levels of individual amino acids were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Low-molecular-weight compounds were measured through metabolome analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although the levels of individual nutrients and amino acids were strongly influenced by the germination process, the elicitation process had little effect on the change in the contents of individual nutrients and amino acids. However, after analyzing approximately 700 metabolites using metabolome analysis, we found that the levels of many of the metabolites were strongly influenced by soybean-A. oryzae interactions. In particular, the data indicate that steroid, terpenoid, phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and fatty acid metabolism were influenced by the elicitation process. Furthermore, we demonstrated that not the germination process but the elicitation process induced daidzein prenylation, suggesting that the soybean-A. oryzae interactions produce various phytoalexins that are valuable for health promotion and/or disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Shinsuke Mohri
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- National Applied Research Laboratories, National Laboratory Animal Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Pazhamala LT, Kudapa H, Weckwerth W, Millar AH, Varshney RK. Systems biology for crop improvement. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20098. [PMID: 33949787 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, generation of large-scale data from genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, epigenome, and others, has become routine in several plant species. Most of these datasets in different crop species, however, were studied independently and as a result, full insight could not be gained on the molecular basis of complex traits and biological networks. A systems biology approach involving integration of multiple omics data, modeling, and prediction of the cellular functions is required to understand the flow of biological information that underlies complex traits. In this context, systems biology with multiomics data integration is crucial and allows a holistic understanding of the dynamic system with the different levels of biological organization interacting with external environment for a phenotypic expression. Here, we present recent progress made in the area of various omics studies-integrative and systems biology approaches with a special focus on application to crop improvement. We have also discussed the challenges and opportunities in multiomics data integration, modeling, and understanding of the biology of complex traits underpinning yield and stress tolerance in major cereals and legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha T Pazhamala
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
| | - Himabindu Kudapa
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Crop Research Innovation Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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23
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Bragagnolo FS, Funari CS, Ibáñez E, Cifuentes A. Metabolomics as a Tool to Study Underused Soy Parts: In Search of Bioactive Compounds. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061308. [PMID: 34200265 PMCID: PMC8230045 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The valorization of agri-food by-products is essential from both economic and sustainability perspectives. The large quantity of such materials causes problems for the environment; however, they can also generate new valuable ingredients and products which promote beneficial effects on human health. It is estimated that soybean production, the major oilseed crop worldwide, will leave about 597 million metric tons of branches, leaves, pods, and roots on the ground post-harvesting in 2020/21. An alternative for the use of soy-related by-products arises from the several bioactive compounds found in this plant. Metabolomics studies have already identified isoflavonoids, saponins, and organic and fatty acids, among other metabolites, in all soy organs. The present review aims to show the application of metabolomics for identifying high-added-value compounds in underused parts of the soy plant, listing the main bioactive metabolites identified up to now, as well as the factors affecting their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Sanchez Bragagnolo
- School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil; (F.S.B.); (C.S.F.)
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristiano Soleo Funari
- School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil; (F.S.B.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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24
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Sun X, Tu K, Li L, Wu B, Wu L, Liu Z, Zhou L, Tian J, Yang A. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals molecular responses of the clams to acute hypoxia. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 168:105317. [PMID: 33819872 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mudflat shellfish have evolved well-adapted strategies for coping with dynamic environmental fluxes and stressful conditions, including oxygen availability. The Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum are worldwide cultured shellfish in marine intertidal zone, which usually encounter great risk of acute hypoxia exposure in coastal habitats. To reveal the effects of acute hypoxia on metabolic changes of the clams, we performed the integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to investigate the global changes of genes and metabolites during acute hypoxia stress at the whole-organism level. The comparative transcriptome analysis reveals that the clams show the remarkable depression in a variety of biological performance, such as metabolic rates, neuronal activity, biomineralization activity, and cell proliferation and differentiation at the hypoxic condition. The metabolomic analysis reveals that amino acid metabolism plays a critical role in the metabolic changes of the clams in response to acute hypoxia. A variety of free amino acids may not only be served as the potential osmolytes for osmotic regulation, but also may contribute to energy production during the acute hypoxia exposure. The metabolite analysis also reveals several important biomarkers for metabolic changes, and provides new insights into how clams deal with acute hypoxia. These findings suggest that clams may get through acute hypoxia stress by the adaptive metabolic strategy to survive short-period of acute hypoxia which is likely to occur in their typical habitat. The present findings will not only shed lights on the molecular and metabolic mechanisms of adaptive strategies under stressful conditions, but also provide the signaling metabolites to assess the physiological states of clams in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kang Tu
- Putian Institute of Aquaculture Science of Fujian Province, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Li Li
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266104, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Liqing Zhou
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiteng Tian
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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25
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Priming with γ-Aminobutyric Acid against Botrytis cinerea Reshuffles Metabolism and Reactive Oxygen Species: Dissecting Signalling and Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121174. [PMID: 33255543 PMCID: PMC7759855 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress-inducible non-proteinogenic amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to alleviate several (a)biotic stresses in plants. GABA forms an important link between carbon and nitrogen metabolism and has been proposed as a signalling molecule in plants. Here, we set out to establish GABA as a priming compound against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana and how metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are influenced after GABA treatment and infection. We show that GABA already primes disease resistance at low concentrations (100 µM), comparable to the well-characterized priming agent β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA). Treatment with GABA reduced ROS burst in response to flg22 (bacterial peptide derived from flagellum) and oligogalacturonides (OGs). Plants treated with GABA showed reduced H2O2 accumulation after infection due to increased activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase. Contrary to 100 µM GABA treatments, 1 mM exogenous GABA induced endogenous GABA before and after infection. Strikingly, 1 mM GABA promoted total and active nitrate reductase activity whereas 100 µM inhibited active nitrate reductase. Sucrose accumulated after GABA treatment, whereas glucose and fructose only accumulated in treated plants after infection. We propose that extracellular GABA signalling and endogenous metabolism can be separated at low exogenous concentrations.
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Cen W, Zhao W, Ma M, Lu S, Liu J, Cao Y, Zeng Z, Wei H, Wang S, Li R, Luo J. The Wild Rice Locus CTS-12 Mediates ABA-Dependent Stomatal Opening Modulation to Limit Water Loss Under Severe Chilling Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:575699. [PMID: 33193516 PMCID: PMC7661758 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.575699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A near-isogenic line (NIL) DC90 which was generated by introgressing a wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) locus CTS-12 into the 9311(Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) background confers chilling tolerance phenotype. Here, our pilot trials showed that chilling tolerance was positively correlated with abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. To understand how CTS-12 mediated the ABA-dependent multi-levels of regulation, the integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling using the two-way orthogonal projections to latent structures (O2PLS) and discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) modeling was performed to investigate the mechanisms underlying chilling tolerance. Our results revealed that metabolic shifts, including the activation of stachyose biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism pathways, phenylpropanoid/flavonoid biosynthesis, ABA biosynthesis, and perturbation of glycolysis, occurred under chilling treatment; in the recovery period, glutamate-related pathways, β-alanine biosynthesis and degradation, and serotonin biosynthesis pathways were differentiated between 9311 and DC90. Particularly, the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including galactinol, β-alanine, glutamate, naringenin, serotonin, ABA, and LOC_Os03g44380 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3, OsNCED3), might be involved in the chilling tolerance variation of 9311 and DC90. CRISPR/Cas9-edited OsNCED3 resulted in chilling sensitive of japonica rice ZH11, demonstrating the involvement of ABA pathway in chilling stress response. In addition, chilling tolerance of rice was associated with the balance of water uptake and loss that was modulated by stomatal movement under chilling stress. Therefore, we speculated that the CTS-12-mediated ABA signaling pathway leads to transcriptional regulation of chilling-responsive genes and, in turn, triggers metabolic shifts to coordinately regulate the stomatal movement of guard cells. The results of this study improve our understanding of the multilevel regulation of wild rice in response to chilling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Cen
- College of Life Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenlong Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Mingqing Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Siyuan Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yaqi Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenhua Zeng
- College of Life Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hanxing Wei
- College of Life Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shaokui Wang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongbai Li
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jijing Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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27
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Tarkowski ŁP, Signorelli S, Höfte M. γ-Aminobutyric acid and related amino acids in plant immune responses: Emerging mechanisms of action. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1103-1116. [PMID: 31997381 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The entanglement between primary metabolism regulation and stress responses is a puzzling and fascinating theme in plant sciences. Among the major metabolites found in plants, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) fulfils important roles in connecting C and N metabolic fluxes through the GABA shunt. Activation of GABA metabolism is known since long to occur in plant tissues following biotic stresses, where GABA appears to have substantially different modes of action towards different categories of pathogens and pests. While it can harm insects thanks to its inhibitory effect on the neuronal transmission, its capacity to modulate the hypersensitive response in attacked host cells was proven to be crucial for host defences in several pathosystems. In this review, we discuss how plants can employ GABA's versatility to effectively deal with all the major biotic stressors, and how GABA can shape plant immune responses against pathogens by modulating reactive oxygen species balance in invaded plant tissues. Finally, we discuss the connections between GABA and other stress-related amino acids such as BABA (β-aminobutyric acid), glutamate and proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz P Tarkowski
- Seed Metabolism and Stress Team, INRAE Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Bâtiment A, Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Sayago CP, Montevideo, Uruguay
- The School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley CP, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley CP, WA, Australia
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Sekiya A, Marques FG, Leite TF, Cataldi TR, de Moraes FE, Pinheiro ALM, Labate MTV, Labate CA. Network Analysis Combining Proteomics and Metabolomics Reveals New Insights Into Early Responses of Eucalyptus grandis During Rust Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:604849. [PMID: 33488655 PMCID: PMC7817549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.604849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus rust is caused by the biotrophic fungus, Austropuccinia psidii, which affects commercial plantations of Eucalyptus, a major raw material for the pulp and paper industry in Brazil. In this manuscript we aimed to uncover the molecular mechanisms involved in rust resistance and susceptibility in Eucalyptus grandis. Epifluorescence microscopy was used to follow the fungus development inside the leaves of two contrasting half-sibling genotypes (rust-resistance and rust-susceptible), and also determine the comparative time-course of changes in metabolites and proteins in plants inoculated with rust. Within 24 h of complete fungal invasion, the analysis of 709 metabolomic features showed the suppression of many metabolites 6 h after inoculation (hai) in the rust-resistant genotype, with responses being induced after 12 hai. In contrast, the rust-susceptible genotype displayed more induced metabolites from 0 to 18 hai time-points, but a strong suppression occurred at 24 hai. Multivariate analyses of genotypes and time points were used to select 16 differential metabolites mostly classified as phenylpropanoid-related compounds. Applying the Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), rust-resistant and rust-susceptible genotypes had, respectively, 871 and 852 proteins grouped into 5 and 6 modules, of which 5 and 4 of them were significantly correlated to the selected metabolites. Functional analyses revealed roles for photosynthesis and oxidative-dependent responses leading to temporal activity of metabolites and related enzymes after 12 hai in rust-resistance; while the initial over-accumulation of those molecules and suppression of supporting mechanisms at 12 hai caused a lack of progressive metabolite-enzyme responses after 12 hai in rust-susceptible genotype. This study provides some insights on how E. grandis plants are functionally modulated to integrate secondary metabolites and related enzymes from phenylpropanoid pathway and lead to temporal divergences of resistance and susceptibility responses to rust.
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29
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Kankanala P, Nandety RS, Mysore KS. Genomics of Plant Disease Resistance in Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1345. [PMID: 31749817 PMCID: PMC6842968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The constant interactions between plants and pathogens in the environment and the resulting outcomes are of significant importance for agriculture and agricultural scientists. Disease resistance genes in plant cultivars can break down in the field due to the evolution of pathogens under high selection pressure. Thus, the protection of crop plants against pathogens is a continuous arms race. Like any other type of crop plant, legumes are susceptible to many pathogens. The dawn of the genomic era, in which high-throughput and cost-effective genomic tools have become available, has revolutionized our understanding of the complex interactions between legumes and pathogens. Genomic tools have enabled a global view of transcriptome changes during these interactions, from which several key players in both the resistant and susceptible interactions have been identified. This review summarizes some of the large-scale genomic studies that have clarified the host transcriptional changes during interactions between legumes and their plant pathogens while highlighting some of the molecular breeding tools that are available to introgress the traits into breeding programs. These studies provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of different levels of host defenses in resistant and susceptible interactions.
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30
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Chen F, Ma R, Chen XL. Advances of Metabolomics in Fungal Pathogen-Plant Interactions. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9080169. [PMID: 31443304 PMCID: PMC6724083 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9080169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant disease caused by fungus is one of the major threats to global food security, and understanding fungus-plant interactions is important for plant disease control. Research devoted to revealing the mechanisms of fungal pathogen-plant interactions has been conducted using genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Metabolomics research based on mass spectrometric techniques is an important part of systems biology. In the past decade, the emerging field of metabolomics in plant pathogenic fungi has received wide attention. It not only provides a qualitative and quantitative approach for determining the pathogenesis of pathogenic fungi but also helps to elucidate the defense mechanisms of their host plants. This review focuses on the methods and progress of metabolomics research in fungal pathogen-plant interactions. In addition, the prospects and challenges of metabolomics research in plant pathogenic fungi and their hosts are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ruijing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Verwaaijen B, Wibberg D, Winkler A, Zrenner R, Bednarz H, Niehaus K, Grosch R, Pühler A, Schlüter A. A comprehensive analysis of the Lactuca sativa, L. transcriptome during different stages of the compatible interaction with Rhizoctonia solani. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7221. [PMID: 31076623 PMCID: PMC6510776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The leafy green vegetable Lactuca sativa, L. is susceptible to the soil-born fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IB. In a previous study, we reported on the transcriptional response of R. solani AG1-IB (isolate 7/3/14) during the interspecies interaction with L. sativa cv. Tizian by means of RNA sequencing. Here we present the L. sativa transcriptome and metabolome from the same experimental approach. Three distinct interaction zones were sampled and compared to a blank (non-inoculated) sample: symptomless zone 1, zone 2 showing light brown discoloration, and a dark brown zone 3 characterized by necrotic lesions. Throughout the interaction, we observed a massive reprogramming of the L. sativa transcriptome, with 9231 unique genes matching the threshold criteria for differential expression. The lettuce transcriptome of the light brown zone 2 presents the most dissimilar profile compared to the uninoculated zone 4, marking the main stage of interaction. Transcripts putatively encoding several essential proteins that are involved in maintaining jasmonic acid and auxin homeostasis were found to be negatively regulated. These and other indicator transcripts mark a potentially inadequate defence response, leading to a compatible interaction. KEGG pathway mapping and GC-MS metabolome data revealed large changes in amino acid, lignin and hemicellulose related pathways and related metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Verwaaijen
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rita Zrenner
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlüter
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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32
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Hu Z, Chang X, Dai T, Li L, Liu P, Wang G, Liu P, Huang Z, Liu X. Metabolic Profiling to Identify the Latent Infection of Strawberry by Botrytis cinerea. Evol Bioinform Online 2019; 15:1176934319838518. [PMID: 31024215 PMCID: PMC6472161 DOI: 10.1177/1176934319838518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant-pathogen interaction systems, plant metabolism is usually agitated in
the early stages of infection and much before visible symptoms appear. To
identify the latent infection of strawberry by Botrytis cinerea
by metabolome profiling, a metabolomics method based on gas chromatography and
mass spectrometry was applied to identify the affected metabolites and
discriminate diseased plants from healthy ones. An orthogonal partial least
squares (OPLS) score plot showed that the metabolic profiling well separated
B. cinerea-infected strawberry plants at 2, 5, and 7 days
after infection from non-infected healthy plants. Combined analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and OPLS analysis revealed candidate biomarkers of plant resistance and
of infection and expansion of the pathogen in the plants. Among them,
hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, sucrose, β-lyxopyranose, melibiose, and
1,1,4a-Trimethyl-5,6-dimethylenedecahydronaphthalene were closely related to the
early stage of disease development when symptoms were not visible. A
discrimination method that could distinguish Botrytis gray mold
diseased strawberry plants from healthy ones was established based on the
partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model with a correct
recognition accuracy of 100%. This research offers a good application of
metabolome profiling for early diagnosis of plant disease and interaction
mechanism exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunian Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tan Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Panqing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongqiao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Kanwar P, Jha G. Alterations in plant sugar metabolism: signatory of pathogen attack. PLANTA 2019; 249:305-318. [PMID: 30267150 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolic alterations that influence the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Intricate cellular and molecular events occur during plant-pathogen interactions. They cause major metabolic perturbations in the host and alterations in sugar metabolism play a pivotal role in governing the outcome of various kinds of plant-pathogen interactions. Sugar metabolizing enzymes and transporters of both host and pathogen origin get differentially regulated during the interactions. Both plant and pathogen compete for utilizing the host sugar metabolic machinery and in turn promote resistant or susceptible responses. However, the kind of sugar metabolism alteration that is beneficial for the host or pathogen is yet to be properly understood. Recently developed tools and methodologies are facilitating research to understand the intricate dynamics of sugar metabolism during the interactions. The present review elaborates current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolism, mobilization and regulation during various plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kanwar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Samsatly J, Copley TR, Jabaji SH. Antioxidant genes of plants and fungal pathogens are distinctly regulated during disease development in different Rhizoctonia solani pathosystems. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192682. [PMID: 29466404 PMCID: PMC5821333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic stress, as a result of plant-pathogen interactions, induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the cells, causing severe oxidative damage to plants and pathogens. To overcome this damage, both the host and pathogen have developed antioxidant systems to quench excess ROS and keep ROS production and scavenging systems under control. Data on ROS-scavenging systems in the necrotrophic plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani are just emerging. We formerly identified vitamin B6 biosynthetic machinery of R. solani AG3 as a powerful antioxidant exhibiting a high ability to quench ROS, similar to CATALASE (CAT) and GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE (GST). Here, we provide evidence on the involvement of R. solani vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathway genes; RsolPDX1 (KF620111.1), RsolPDX2 (KF620112.1), and RsolPLR (KJ395592.1) in vitamin B6 de novo biosynthesis by yeast complementation assays. Since gene expression studies focusing on oxidative stress responses of both the plant and the pathogen following R. solani infection are very limited, this study is the first coexpression analysis of genes encoding vitamin B6, CAT and GST in plant and fungal tissues of three pathosystems during interaction of different AG groups of R. solani with their respective hosts. The findings indicate that distinct expression patterns of fungal and host antioxidant genes were correlated in necrotic tissues and their surrounding areas in each of the three R. solani pathosystems: potato sprout-R. solani AG3; soybean hypocotyl-R. solani AG4 and soybean leaves-R. solani AG1-IA interactions. Levels of ROS increased in all types of potato and soybean tissues, and in fungal hyphae following infection of R. solani AGs as determined by non-fluorescence and fluorescence methods using H2DCF-DA and DAB, respectively. Overall, we demonstrate that the co-expression and accumulation of certain plant and pathogen ROS-antioxidant related genes in each pathosystem are highlighted and might be critical during disease development from the plant's point of view, and in pathogenicity and developing of infection structures from the fungal point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Samsatly
- Plant Science Department, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Tanya R. Copley
- Plant Science Department, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Suha H. Jabaji
- Plant Science Department, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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Copley TR, Duggavathi R, Jabaji S. The transcriptional landscape of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA during infection of soybean as defined by RNA-seq. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184095. [PMID: 28877263 PMCID: PMC5587340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani Kühn infects most plant families and can cause significant agricultural yield losses worldwide; however, plant resistance to this disease is rare and short-lived, and therefore poorly understood, resulting in the use of chemical pesticides for its control. Understanding the functional responses of this pathogen during host infection can help elucidate the molecular mechanisms that are necessary for successful host invasion. Using the pathosystem model soybean-R. solani anastomosis group AG1-IA, we examined the global transcriptional responses of R. solani during early and late infection stages of soybean by applying an RNA-seq approach. Approximately, 148 million clean paired-end reads, representing 93% of R. solani AG1-IA genes, were obtained from the sequenced libraries. Analysis of R. solani AG1-IA transcripts during soybean invasion revealed that most genes were similarly expressed during early and late infection stages, and only 11% and 15% of the expressed genes were differentially expressed during early and late infection stages, respectively. Analyses of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed shifts in molecular pathways involved in antibiotics biosynthesis, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as pathways involved in antioxidant production. Furthermore, several KEGG pathways were unique to each time point, particularly the up-regulation of genes related to toxin degradation (e.g., nicotinate and nicotinamid metabolism) at onset of necrosis, and those linked to synthesis of anti-microbial compounds and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) biosynthesis 24 h.p.o. of necrosis. These results suggest that particular genes or pathways are required for either invasion or disease development. Overall, this study provides the first insights into R. solani AG1-IA transcriptome responses to soybean invasion providing beneficial information for future targeted control methods of this successful pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R. Copley
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raj Duggavathi
- Animal Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suha Jabaji
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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