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Chen R, Zhang H, Tang B, Luo Y, Yang Y, Zhong X, Chen S, Xu X, Huang S, Liu C. Macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:130. [PMID: 38816371 PMCID: PMC11139930 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune response holds a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease development. As multifunctional cells of the innate immune system, macrophages play an essential role in initial inflammatory response that occurs following cardiovascular injury, thereby inducing subsequent damage while also facilitating recovery. Meanwhile, the diverse phenotypes and phenotypic alterations of macrophages strongly associate with distinct types and severity of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, valvular disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, atherosclerosis and aneurysm, which underscores the importance of investigating macrophage regulatory mechanisms within the context of specific diseases. Besides, recent strides in single-cell sequencing technologies have revealed macrophage heterogeneity, cell-cell interactions, and downstream mechanisms of therapeutic targets at a higher resolution, which brings new perspectives into macrophage-mediated mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Remarkably, myocardial fibrosis, a prevalent characteristic in most cardiac diseases, remains a formidable clinical challenge, necessitating a profound investigation into the impact of macrophages on myocardial fibrosis within the context of cardiac diseases. In this review, we systematically summarize the diverse phenotypic and functional plasticity of macrophages in regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases and unprecedented insights introduced by single-cell sequencing technologies, with a focus on different causes and characteristics of diseases, especially the relationship between inflammation and fibrosis in cardiac diseases (myocardial infarction, pressure overload, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy and cardiac aging) and the relationship between inflammation and vascular injury in vascular diseases (atherosclerosis and aneurysm). Finally, we also highlight the preclinical/clinical macrophage targeting strategies and translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Botao Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yukun Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Sifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xinjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Shengkang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Canzhao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Herrera-Martínez AD, Jiménez CM, Romo AN, Aguilera JL, Crespin MC, Baena BT, Casado-Díaz A, Moreno MÁG, Puerta MJM, Roger AJ. Nutritional Support Reduces Circulating Cytokines in Patients with Heart Failure. Nutrients 2024; 16:1637. [PMID: 38892570 PMCID: PMC11174422 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). Increased circulating levels of cytokines have been previously reported and generally associated with worse clinical outcomes. In this context, the modulation of inflammation-related parameters seems to be a reasonable therapeutic option for improving the clinical course of the disease. Based on this, we aimed to compare changes in circulating cytokines when Mediterranean diet alone or in combination with hypercaloric, hyperproteic oral nutritional supplements (ONS), enriched with omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids were administered to patients with HF. Briefly, patients were randomly assigned to receive Mediterranean Diet (control group) vs. Mediterranean Diet plus ONS (intervention group). We observed increased circulating levels of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and IP-10. MCP-1 and IL-6 were associated with overweight and obesity (p = 0.01-0.01-0.04, respectively); IL-6 and IL-8 were positively correlated with fat mass and CRP serum levels (p = 0.02-0.04, respectively). Circulating levels of IL-8 significantly decreased in all patients treated with the Mediterranean diet, while IL-6 and IP-10 only significantly decreased in patients that received plus ONS. In the univariate analysis, MCP-1 and its combination with IL-6 were associated with increased mortality (p = 0.02), while the multivariate analysis confirmed that MCP-1 was an independent factor for mortality (OR 1.01, 95%ci 1.01-1.02). In conclusion, nutritional support using hypercaloric, hyperproteic, n-3 enriched ONS in combination with Mediterranean Diet was associated with decreased circulating levels of some cytokines and could represent an interesting step for improving heart functionality of patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura D. Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain (B.T.B.); (M.Á.G.M.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Concepción Muñoz Jiménez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain (B.T.B.); (M.Á.G.M.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Navas Romo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain (B.T.B.); (M.Á.G.M.)
- Immunology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José López Aguilera
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain (B.T.B.); (M.Á.G.M.)
- Cardiology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Bárbara Torrecillas Baena
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain (B.T.B.); (M.Á.G.M.)
| | - Antonio Casado-Díaz
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain (B.T.B.); (M.Á.G.M.)
| | - María Ángeles Gálvez Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain (B.T.B.); (M.Á.G.M.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María José Molina Puerta
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain (B.T.B.); (M.Á.G.M.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aurora Jurado Roger
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain (B.T.B.); (M.Á.G.M.)
- Immunology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Velásquez IM, Malarstig A, Baldassarre D, Borne Y, de Faire U, Engström G, Eriksson P, Giral P, Humphries SE, Kurl S, Leander K, Lind L, Lindén A, Orsini N, Pirro M, Silveira A, Smit AJ, Tremoli E, Veglia F, Strawbridge RJ, Gigante B. Causal analysis of plasma IL-8 on carotid intima media thickness, a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis. Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103374. [PMID: 36493747 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2022.103374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the causality of IL-8 on carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT), a measure of sub-clinical atherosclerosis. METHODS The IMPROVE is a multicenter European study (n = 3,711). The association of plasma IL-8 with c-IMT (mm) was estimated by quantile regression. Genotyping was performed using the Illumina CardioMetabo and Immuno chips. Replication was attempted in three independent studies and a meta-analysis was performed using a random model. RESULTS In IMPROVE, each unit increase in plasma IL-8 was associated with an increase in median c-IMT measures (all p<0·03) in multivariable analyses. Linear regression identified rs117518778 and rs8057084 as associated with IL-8 levels and with measures of c-IMT. The two SNPs were combined in an IL-8-increasing genetic risk that showed causality of IL-8 on c-IMT in IMPROVE and in the UK Biobank (n = 22,179). The effect of IL-8 on c-IMT measures was confirmed in PIVUS (n = 1,016) and MDCCC (n = 6,103). The association of rs8057084 with c-IMT was confirmed in PIVUS and UK Biobank with a pooled estimate effect (β) of -0·006 with 95%CI (-0·008- -0·003). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that genetic variants associated with plasma IL-8 also associate with c-IMT. However, we cannot infer causality of this association, as these variants lie outside of the IL8 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilais Moreno Velásquez
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz-Association, Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Emerging Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Yan Borne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philippe Giral
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1166, Cardiovascular prevention unit, AP-HP, Groupe Hôpitalier Pitié-Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sudhir Kurl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Karin Leander
- Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Severe COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Silveira
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andries J Smit
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen & Isala Clinics Zwolle, Department of Medicine, the Netherlands
| | | | - Fabrizio Veglia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, RA, Italy
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Health Data Research, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Emerging Glycation-Based Therapeutics-Glyoxalase 1 Inducers and Glyoxalase 1 Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052453. [PMID: 35269594 PMCID: PMC8910005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of methylglyoxal (MG) leading to increased glycation of protein and DNA has emerged as an important metabolic stress, dicarbonyl stress, linked to aging, and disease. Increased MG glycation produces inactivation and misfolding of proteins, cell dysfunction, activation of the unfolded protein response, and related low-grade inflammation. Glycation of DNA and the spliceosome contribute to an antiproliferative and apoptotic response of high, cytotoxic levels of MG. Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) of the glyoxalase system has a major role in the metabolism of MG. Small molecule inducers of Glo1, Glo1 inducers, have been developed to alleviate dicarbonyl stress as a prospective treatment for the prevention and early-stage reversal of type 2 diabetes and prevention of vascular complications of diabetes. The first clinical trial with the Glo1 inducer, trans-resveratrol and hesperetin combination (tRES-HESP)-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover phase 2A study for correction of insulin resistance in overweight and obese subjects, was completed successfully. tRES-HESP corrected insulin resistance, improved dysglycemia, and low-grade inflammation. Cell permeable Glo1 inhibitor prodrugs have been developed to induce severe dicarbonyl stress as a prospective treatment for cancer-particularly for high Glo1 expressing-related multidrug-resistant tumors. The prototype Glo1 inhibitor is prodrug S-p-bromobenzylglutathione cyclopentyl diester (BBGD). It has antitumor activity in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. In the National Cancer Institute human tumor cell line screen, BBGD was most active against the glioblastoma SNB-19 cell line. Recently, potent antitumor activity was found in glioblastoma multiforme tumor-bearing mice. High Glo1 expression is a negative survival factor in chemotherapy of breast cancer where adjunct therapy with a Glo1 inhibitor may improve treatment outcomes. BBGD has not yet been evaluated clinically. Glycation by MG now appears to be a pathogenic process that may be pharmacologically manipulated for therapeutic outcomes of potentially important clinical impact.
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Farahi L, Sinha SK, Lusis AJ. Roles of Macrophages in Atherogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:785220. [PMID: 34899348 PMCID: PMC8660976 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.785220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that may ultimately lead to local proteolysis, plaque rupture, and thrombotic vascular disease, resulting in myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden cardiac death. Circulating monocytes are recruited to the arterial wall in response to inflammatory insults and differentiate into macrophages which make a critical contribution to tissue damage, wound healing, and also regression of atherosclerotic lesions. Within plaques, macrophages take up aggregated lipoproteins which have entered the vessel wall to give rise to cholesterol-engorged foam cells. Also, the macrophage phenotype is influenced by various stimuli which affect their polarization, efferocytosis, proliferation, and apoptosis. The heterogeneity of macrophages in lesions has recently been addressed by single-cell sequencing techniques. This article reviews recent advances regarding the roles of macrophages in different stages of disease pathogenesis from initiation to advanced atherosclerosis. Macrophage-based therapies for atherosclerosis management are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Farahi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Satyesh K. Sinha
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Rabbani N, Xue M, Weickert MO, Thornalley PJ. Reversal of Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese Subjects by trans-Resveratrol and Hesperetin Combination-Link to Dysglycemia, Blood Pressure, Dyslipidemia, and Low-Grade Inflammation. Nutrients 2021; 13:2374. [PMID: 34371884 PMCID: PMC8308792 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary supplement, trans-resveratrol and hesperetin combination (tRES-HESP), induces expression of glyoxalase 1, countering the accumulation of reactive dicarbonyl glycating agent, methylglyoxal (MG), in overweight and obese subjects. tRES-HESP produced reversal of insulin resistance, improving dysglycemia and low-grade inflammation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Herein, we report further analysis of study variables. MG metabolism-related variables correlated with BMI, dysglycemia, vascular inflammation, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. With tRES-HESP treatment, plasma MG correlated negatively with endothelial independent arterial dilatation (r = -0.48, p < 0.05) and negatively with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) quinone reductase activity (r = -0.68, p < 0.05)-a marker of the activation status of transcription factor Nrf2. For change from baseline of PBMC gene expression with tRES-HESP treatment, Glo1 expression correlated negatively with change in the oral glucose tolerance test area-under-the-curve plasma glucose (ΔAUGg) (r = -0.56, p < 0.05) and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) correlated positively with ΔAUGg (r = 0.59, p < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) correlated positively with change in fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) and negatively with change in insulin sensitivity (r = -0.68, p < 0.01). These correlations were not present with placebo. tRES-HESP decreased low-grade inflammation, characterized by decreased expression of CCL2, COX-2, IL-8, and RAGE. Changes in CCL2, IL-8, and RAGE were intercorrelated and all correlated positively with changes in MLXIP, MAFF, MAFG, NCF1, and FTH1, and negatively with changes in HMOX1 and TKT; changes in IL-8 also correlated positively with change in COX-2. Total urinary excretion of tRES and HESP metabolites were strongly correlated. These findings suggest tRES-HESP counters MG accumulation and protein glycation, decreasing activation of the unfolded protein response and expression of TXNIP and TNFα, producing reversal of insulin resistance. tRES-HESP is suitable for further evaluation for treatment of insulin resistance and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Mingzhan Xue
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
| | - Martin O. Weickert
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, University Hospitals of Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK;
| | - Paul J. Thornalley
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
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Ismail MA, Norhayati MN, Mohamad N. Olive leaf extract effect on cardiometabolic profile among adults with prehypertension and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11173. [PMID: 33868820 PMCID: PMC8035902 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of olive leaf extract on cardiometabolic profiles among prehypertensive and hypertensive groups. METHODOLOGY The Cochrane central register of controlled trials, Medline (1966 to April week 1, 2020), Embase (1966 to April week 1, 2020) and trial registries for relevant randomized clinical trials were used. Published and unpublished randomized clinical trials were reviewed and evaluated. Random effects models were used to estimate the continuous outcomes and mean differences (MDs); both with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The primary outcomes were changes in systolic and diastolic BP. The secondary outcomes were changes in lipid profile, glucose metabolism, inflammatory markers for CVD, kidney and liver functions safety parameters. We assessed the data for risk of bias, heterogeneity, sensitivity, reporting bias and quality of evidence. RESULTS Five trials were included involving 325 patients aged 18-80 years. Two trials involved high-income countries and three trials involved moderate-income countries. The analysis performed was based on three comparisons. No significant changes were found between systolic or diastolic blood pressure (BP) for the first comparison, 1,000 mg per day for a combined formulation of olive leaf extract versus a placebo. The second comparison, 500 mg per day of olive leaf extract versus placebo or no treatment, showed a significant reduction in systolic BP over a period of at least 8 weeks of follow up (MD -5.78 mmHg, 95% CI [-10.27 to -1.30]) and no significant changes on diastolic BP. The third comparison, 1,000 mg per day of olive leaf extract versus placebo shows no significant difference but an almost similar reduction in systolic BP (-11.5 mmHg in olive leaf extract and -13.7 mmHg in placebo, MD 2.2 mmHg, 95% CI [-0.43-4.83]) and diastolic BP (-4.8 mmHg in olive leaf extract and -6.4 mmHg in placebo, MD 1.60 mmHg, 95% CI [-0.13-3.33]). For secondary outcomes, 1,000 mg per day of olive leaf extract versus captopril showed a reduction in LDL (MD -6.00 mg/dl, 95% CI [-11.5 to -0.50]). The 500 mg per day olive leaf extract versus placebo showed a reduction in inflammatory markers for CVD IL-6 (MD -6.83 ng/L, 95% CI [-13.15 to -0.51]), IL-8 (MD -8.24 ng/L, 95% CI [-16.00 to -0.48) and TNF-alpha (MD -7.40 ng/L, 95% CI [-13.23 to -1.57]). CONCLUSIONS The results from this review suggest the reduction of systolic BP, LDL and inflammatory biomarkers, but it may not provide a robust conclusion regarding the effects of olive leaf extract on cardiometabolic profile due to the limited number of participants in the included trials. REVIEW REGISTRATIONS PROSPERO CDR 42020181212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asyraf Ismail
- Department of Family Medicine, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Norhayati
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Noraini Mohamad
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Tunçay SC, Doğan E, Hakverdi G, Tutar ZÜ, Mir S. Interleukin-8 is increased in chronic kidney disease in children, but not related to cardiovascular disease. J Bras Nefrol 2021; 43:359-364. [PMID: 33711092 PMCID: PMC8428641 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2020-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In this study, we aimed to detect the cytokine that is involved in the early
stage of chronic kidney disease and associated with cardiovascular
disease. Methods: We included 50 patients who were diagnosed with predialytic chronic kidney
disease and 30 healthy pediatric patients in Ege University Medical Faculty
Pediatric Clinic, İzmir/Turkey. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10
(IL-10), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and transforming grow factor-β1 (TGF-β1)
levels (pg/mL) were measured by ELISA. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity
(PWV), augmentation index (Aix), carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), and
left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were evaluated as markers of
cardiovascular disease. The presence of a cardiovascular disease marker was
defined as an abnormality in any of the parameters (cIMT, PWV, Aix, and left
ventricular mass index (SVKI)). The patient group was divided into two
groups as with and without cardiovascular disease. Results: Mean Aix and PWV values were higher in CKD patients than controls (Aix: CKD
32.8±11.11%, healthy subjects: 6.74±6.58%, PWV CKD: 7.31±4.34m/s, healthy
subjects: 3.42±3.01m/s, respectively; p=0.02, p=0.03). The serum IL-8 levels
of CKD were significantly higher than of healthy subjects
568.48±487.35pg/mL, 33.67±47.47pg/mL, respectively (p<0.001). There was
no statistically significant difference between IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-1,
in CKD patients with and without cardiovascular disease (p> 0.05). Discussion: IL-8 is the sole cytokine that increases in pediatric patients with chronic
kidney disease among other cytokines (IL-10, IL-13 and TGF-β1). However, we
did not show that IL-8 is related to the presence of cardiovascular
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seçil Conkar Tunçay
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Eser Doğan
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gülden Hakverdi
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics İzmir, Turkey
| | - Zulal Ülger Tutar
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Mir
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, İzmir, Turkey
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Dicarbonyl stress, protein glycation and the unfolded protein response. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:331-340. [PMID: 33644826 PMCID: PMC8116241 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactive dicarbonyl metabolite, methylglyoxal (MG), is increased in obesity and diabetes and is implicated in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular complications of diabetes. Dicarbonyl stress is the metabolic state of abnormal high MG concentration. MG is an arginine-directed glycating agent and precursor of the major advanced glycation endproduct, arginine-derived hydroimidazolone MG-H1. MG-H1 is often formed on protein surfaces and an uncharged hydrophobic residue, inducing protein structural distortion and misfolding. Recent studies indicate that dicarbonyl stress in human endothelial cells and fibroblasts in vitro induced a proteomic response consistent with activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The response included: increased abundance of heat shock proteins and ubiquitin ligases catalysing the removal of proteins with unshielded surface hydrophobic patches and formation of polyubiquitinated chains to encapsulate misfolded proteins; and increased low grade inflammation. Activation of the UPR is implicated in insulin resistance. An effective strategy to counter increased MG is inducing increased expression of glyoxalase-1 (Glo1). An optimized inducer of Glo1 expression, trans-resveratrol and hesperetin combination, normalized increased MG concentration, corrected insulin resistance and decreased low grade inflammation in overweight and obese subjects. We propose that dicarbonyl stress, through increased formation of MG-glycated proteins, may be an important physiological stimulus of the UPR and Glo1 inducers may provide a route to effective suppression and therapy. With further investigation and validation, this may provide key new insight into physiological activators of the UPR and association with dicarbonyl stress.
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Ragino YI, Stakhneva EM, Polonskaya YV, Kashtanova EV. The Role of Secretory Activity Molecules of Visceral Adipocytes in Abdominal Obesity in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030374. [PMID: 32121175 PMCID: PMC7175189 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is considered one of the endocrine organs in the body because of its ability to synthesize and release a large number of hormones, cytokines, and growth and vasoactive factors that influence a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as vascular tone, inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cell migration, endothelial function, and vascular redox state. Moreover, genetic factors substantially contribute to the risk of obesity. Research into the biochemical effects of molecules secreted by visceral adipocytes as well as their molecular genetic characteristics is actively conducted around the world mostly in relation to pathologies of the cardiovascular system, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Adipokines could be developed into biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets in different diseases. This review describes the relevance of secretory activity molecules of visceral adipocytes in cardiovascular disease associated abdominal obesity.
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