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Karas Kuželički N, Doljak B. Congenital Heart Disease and Genetic Changes in Folate/Methionine Cycles. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:872. [PMID: 39062651 PMCID: PMC11276067 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is one of the most common congenital malformations and thus represents a considerable public health burden. Hence, the identification of individuals and families with an increased genetic predisposition to congenital heart disease (CHD) and its possible prevention is important. Even though CHD is associated with the lack of folate during early pregnancy, the genetic background of folate and methionine metabolism perturbations and their influence on CHD risk is not clear. While some genes, such as those coding for cytosolic enzymes of folate/methionine cycles, have been extensively studied, genetic studies of folate transporters (de)glutamation enzymes and mitochondrial enzymes of the folate cycle are lacking. Among genes coding for cytoplasmic enzymes of the folate cycle, MTHFR, MTHFD1, MTR, and MTRR have the strongest association with CHD, while among genes for enzymes of the methionine cycle BHMT and BHMT2 are the most prominent. Among mitochondrial folate cycle enzymes, MTHFD2 plays the most important role in CHD formation, while FPGS was identified as important in the group of (de)glutamation enzymes. Among transporters, the strongest association with CHD was demonstrated for SLC19A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Karas Kuželički
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Doljak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Ruan X, Li Z, Zhong T, Lei R, Luo M, Sun M, Qin J. Association of Maternal Dietary Habits and Infant MTHFR Gene Polymorphisms with Ventricular Septal Defect in Offspring: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:2005. [PMID: 38999753 PMCID: PMC11243286 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the association of maternal diet, infant MTHFR gene polymorphisms, and their interactions with the risk of ventricular septal defects (VSDs). This case-control study recruited 448 mothers of VSD children and 620 mothers of healthy counterparts. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were constructed to examine the association between maternal dietary habits during the first trimester of gestation, MTHFR gene polymorphisms, and VSD. Gene-environment interaction effects were analyzed through logistic regression models, with false discovery rate p-value (FDR_p) < 0.05. Maternal excessive intake of fermented bean curd (OR = 2.00, 95%CI: 1.59-2.52), corned foods (OR = 2.23, 1.76-2.84), fumatory foods (OR = 1.75, 1.37-2.23), grilled foods (OR = 1.34, 1.04-1.72), and fried foods (OR = 1.80, 1.42-2.27) was associated with an increased risk of VSD. Regular intake of fish and shrimp (OR = 0.42, 0.33-0.53), fresh eggs (OR = 0.58, 0.44-0.75), soy products (OR = 0.69, 0.56-0.85), and dairy products (OR = 0.71, 0.59-0.85) was found to reduce the occurrence of VSD. Moreover, MTHFR gene polymorphisms at rs2066470 (homozygous: OR = 4.28, 1.68-10.90), rs1801133 (homozygous: OR = 2.28, 1.39-3.74), and rs1801131 (heterozygous: OR = 1.75, 1.24-2.47; homozygous: OR = 3.45, 1.50-7.95) elevated offspring susceptibility to VSDs. Furthermore, significant interactions of MTHFR polymorphisms with maternal dietary habits were observed, encompassing corned foods, fermented bean curd, fried foods, and grilled foods. Maternal dietary habits; MTHFR polymorphisms at rs2066470, rs1801131, and rs1801133; and their interactions were significantly associated with the occurrence of VSDs in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiabi Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (X.R.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.); (M.L.)
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Jia B, Wang J, He Y, Zhang H. Applications of artificial intelligence-powered prenatal diagnosis for congenital heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1345761. [PMID: 38720920 PMCID: PMC11076681 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1345761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in the medical field in the last decade. The AI-powered analysis methods of medical images and clinical records can now match the abilities of clinical physicians. Due to the challenges posed by the unique group of fetuses and the dynamic organ of the heart, research into the application of AI in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is particularly active. In this review, we discuss the clinical questions and research methods involved in using AI to address prenatal diagnosis of CHD, including imaging, genetic diagnosis, and risk prediction. Representative examples are provided for each method discussed. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of AI in prenatal diagnosis of CHD, namely Volatility, Insufficiency and Independence (VII), and propose possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Science and Intelligent Computing, International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Science and Intelligent Computing, International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haogang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Data Science and Intelligent Computing, International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Bosen Jia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Echocardiography Medical Center Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua He
- Echocardiography Medical Center Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Data Science and Intelligent Computing, International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China
- Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
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Jin Y, Zhao M, Guo Q, Zhao W, Lei M, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Lin K, Yang Z, Chu J, Sun H, Luo Z. Association study of FLT4 and HYDIN single nucleotide polymorphisms with atrial septal defect susceptibility in the Han Chinese population of Southwest China. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:62. [PMID: 38581027 PMCID: PMC10998412 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common form of congenital heart disease. Although several genes related to ASD have been found, the genetic factors of ASD remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between 10 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and sporadic atrial septal defects. METHODS Based on the results of 34 individual whole exome sequences, 10 candidate SNPs were selected. In total, 489 ASD samples and 420 normal samples were collected. The 10 SNPs in the case group and the control group were identified through Snapshot genotyping technology. The χ2-test and unconditional regression model were used to evaluate the relationship between ASD and each candidate SNP. Haploview software was used to perform linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis. RESULTS The χ2 results showed that the FLT4 rs383985 (P = 0.003, OR = 1.115-1.773), HYDIN rs7198975 (P = 0.04621, OR = 1.003-1.461), and HYDIN rs1774266 (P = 0.04621, OR = 1.003-1.461) alleles were significantly different between the control group and the case group (P < 0.05). Only the association with the FLT4 polymorphism was statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that a possible molecular pathogenesis associated with sporadic ASD is worth exploring in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, 528 Shahe Road, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, 528 Shahe Road, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuzhe Guo
- Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, 528 Shahe Road, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wanyu Zhao
- Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, 528 Shahe Road, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Lei
- Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, 528 Shahe Road, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, 528 Shahe Road, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunhan Zhang
- Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, 528 Shahe Road, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, 528 Shahe Road, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Keqin Lin
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao ling Road, 650118, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao ling Road, 650118, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiayou Chu
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao ling Road, 650118, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Sun
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiao ling Road, 650118, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zhiling Luo
- Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, 528 Shahe Road, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Huang X, Gao Y, Chen W, Sheng W, Huang G. Noncardiac anomalies in children with congenital heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1293210. [PMID: 38054085 PMCID: PMC10694264 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1293210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Noncardiac anomalies (NCAs) in patients with congenital heart defects (CHDs) are crucial for perioperative management and etiology studies. This study aimed to investigate NCAs in Chinese children with CHDs. Methods Medical records for CHD-diagnosed children hospitalized from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2019 were collected and subjected to retrospective analyses to excavate potential association rules between CHDs and noncardiac malformations. Results A total of 3,788 CHD patients were included in this study. The main phenotypes of CHD were Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD, 33.69%), Atrial Septal Defect (ASD, 12.72%), and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF, 5.54%). A total of 887 (23.42%) cases showed noncardiac anomalies, which were mainly associated with the central nervous system (34.61%), nose/ear/mandibular/face (19.39%), genitourinary system (15.78%), and musculoskeletal system (15.56%). Compared to other CHD subtypes, septal defects had a lower percentage of associated NCAs (P = 3.7 × 10-9) while AVSD had a higher percentage (P = 0.0018). Disscussion NCAs are prevalent among CHD-diagnosed children in China, and the spectrums of NCAs in different CHD subcategories were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Huang
- Cardiovascular Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Xiamen Children’s Hospital, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Cardiovascular Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Weicheng Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Cardiovascular Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
- Unit of Early Intervention of Genetically Related Childhood Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoying Huang
- Cardiovascular Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
- Unit of Early Intervention of Genetically Related Childhood Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Liu Y, Zhong T, Song X, Zhang S, Sun M, Wei J, Shu J, Yang T, Wang T, Qin J. Association of MTR gene polymorphisms with the occurrence of non-syndromic congenital heart disease: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9424. [PMID: 37296303 PMCID: PMC10256807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To exhaustively explore the association of infant genetic polymorphisms of methionine synthase (MTR) gene with the risk of non-syndromic congenital heart disease (CHD). A hospital-based case-control study involving 620 CHD cases and 620 health controls was conducted from November 2017 to March 2020. Eighteen SNPs were detected and analyzed. Our date suggested that the genetic polymorphisms of MTR gene at rs1805087 (GG vs. AA: aOR = 6.85, 95% CI 2.94-15.96; the dominant model: aOR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.35-2.32; the recessive model: aOR = 6.26, 95% CI 2.69-14.54; the addictive model: aOR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.44-2.29) and rs2275565 (GT vs. GG: aOR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.15-1.20; TT vs. GG: aOR = 4.93, 95% CI 1.93-12.58; the dominant model: aOR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.27-2.17; the recessive model: aOR = 4.41, 95% CI 1.73-11.22; the addictive model: aOR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.32-2.13) were significantly associated with the higher risk of CHD. And three haplotypes of G-A-T (involving rs4659724, rs95516 and rs4077829; OR = 5.48, 95% CI 2.58-11.66), G-C-A-T-T-G (involving rs2275565, rs1266164, rs2229276, rs4659743, rs3820571 and rs1050993; OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.63-0.97) and T-C-A-T-T-G (involving rs2275565, rs1266164, rs2229276, rs4659743, rs3820571 and rs1050993; OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.26-2.04) were observed to be significantly associated with risk of CHD. Our study found that genetic polymorphisms of MTR gene at rs1805087 and rs2275565 were significantly associated with higher risk of CHD. Additionally, our study revealed a significant association of three haplotypes with risk of CHD. However, the limitations in this study should be carefully taken into account. In the future, more specific studies in different ethnic populations are required to refine and confirm our findings.Trial registration: Registration number: ChiCTR1800016635; Date of first registration: 14/06/2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Taowei Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xinli Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Senmao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Mengting Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhui Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Shu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Tubao Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 53 Xiangchun Road, Changsha, 410028, Hunan, China
| | - Jiabi Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 53 Xiangchun Road, Changsha, 410028, Hunan, China.
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Esmaiel NN, Ashaat EA, Al-Ettribi GM, Fayez A, Alsaiedi SA, El Ruby MO. Association between MTHFR C677T variant and risk for congenital heart defects in Egyptian children: a case–control study including meta-analysis based on 147 cases and 143 controls. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-023-00408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Stratification analysis studies showed that ethnicity has a significant association regarding MTHFR C677T variant and congenital heart diseases (CHDs) risk, and many published studies have controversial conclusions toward this association.
Methods
In this study, the association between the MTHFR C677T variant and the risk for CHDs was evaluated in 91 children with CHD and 95 healthy controls, as new cases, by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. Besides that, 2 case–control studies in the Egyptian population published before 2021 were included in this meta-analysis. The association was assessed by the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) based on 294 alleles in CHD cases and 286 alleles in controls.
Results
The overall meta-analysis showed a significant association between MTHFR C677T variant and CHDs risk in Egyptian children with heterogeneity (Heterogeneity = 0.001) in all the genetic models with the highly significant association in T versus C allele (pooled OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.31–2.74; p value < 0.0004). The consistency of the genotypes was detected by Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE).
Conclusions
Our results support the MTHFR -677T allele as a susceptibility factor for CHDs in the Egyptian pediatric patients.
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Song X, Liu Y, Wang T, Zhang S, Sun M, Shu J, Wei J, Diao J, Li J, Li Y, Chen L, Zhu P, Qin J. Association of Maternal Dietary Habits and MTHFD1 Gene Polymorphisms With Ventricular Septal Defects in Offspring: A Case-Control Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:785440. [PMID: 35186819 PMCID: PMC8847777 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.785440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed at assessing the association between maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) gene polymorphisms, maternal dietary habits, and their interactions with the risk of ventricular septal defects (VSD) in offspring. METHODS From November 2017 to March 2019, a case-control study comprising 360 mothers of VSD cases and 504 mothers of healthy infants was conducted in Han Chinese populations. The main exposures of interest were maternal dietary habits in early pregnancy and MTHFD1 gene polymorphisms. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the main effects and interaction effects. RESULTS It was observed that maternal excessive intake of pickled vegetables (aOR = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.45-2.37), smoked foods (aOR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.48-2.51), barbecued foods (aOR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.28-2.36), and fried foods (aOR = 1.68, 95%CI: 1.30-2.17) were associated with a higher risk of VSD in offspring, whereas maternal excessive intake of fresh meat (aOR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.47-0.79), fish and shrimp (aOR = 0.29, 95%CI: 0.23-0.38), fresh eggs (aOR = 0.54, 95%CI: 0.42-0.70), fresh fruits or vegetables (aOR = 0.44, 95%CI: 0.33-0.60), soy foods (aOR = 0.65, 95%CI: 0.53-0.80), and milk products (aOR = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.40-0.59) could contribute significantly to a lower risk of VSD in offspring. Furthermore, the genetic polymorphisms of maternal MTHFD1 gene at rs1950902 (GA vs. GG: aOR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.50-0.90) and rs2236222 (GG vs. AA: aOR = 2.75, 95%CI: 1.57-4.83) were significantly associated with the risk of VSD in offspring. In addition, there was a significant interaction effect between maternal dietary habits and MTHFD1 gene polymorphisms on the risk of VSD. CONCLUSIONS Maternal dietary factors, MTHFD1 genetic polymorphisms, and their interactions were all associated with the risk of VSD in offspring. However, further research in diverse ethnic populations and with a larger sample size is warranted to corroborate our findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Center; registration number, ChiCTR1800016635; registration date, 06/14/2018 (Retrospectively registered); URL of trial registry record, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=28300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Senmao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengting Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Shu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhui Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyi Diao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yihuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Letao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabi Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China.,Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, China
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