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Li B, Chen H, Yang S, Chen F, Xu L, Li Y, Li M, Zhu C, Shao F, Zhang X, Deng C, Zeng L, He Y, Zhang C. Advances in immunology and immunotherapy for mesenchymal gastrointestinal cancers. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:71. [PMID: 37072770 PMCID: PMC10111719 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal gastrointestinal cancers are represented by the gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) which occur throughout the whole gastrointestinal tract, and affect human health and economy globally. Curative surgical resections and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the main managements for localized GISTs and recurrent/metastatic GISTs, respectively. Despite multi-lines of TKIs treatments prolonged the survival time of recurrent/metastatic GISTs by delaying the relapse and metastasis of the tumor, drug resistance developed quickly and inevitably, and became the huge obstacle for stopping disease progression. Immunotherapy, which is typically represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has achieved great success in several solid tumors by reactivating the host immune system, and been proposed as an alternative choice for GIST treatment. Substantial efforts have been devoted to the research of immunology and immunotherapy for GIST, and great achievements have been made. Generally, the intratumoral immune cell level and the immune-related gene expressions are influenced by metastasis status, anatomical locations, driver gene mutations of the tumor, and modulated by imatinib therapy. Systemic inflammatory biomarkers are regarded as prognostic indicators of GIST and closely associated with its clinicopathological features. The efficacy of immunotherapy strategies for GIST has been widely explored in pre-clinical cell and mouse models and clinical experiments in human, and some patients did benefit from ICIs. This review comprehensively summarizes the up-to-date advancements of immunology, immunotherapy and research models for GIST, and provides new insights and perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau University Joint Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengming Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangyuan Shao
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Center, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chuxia Deng
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Center, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
| | - Leli Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yulong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China.
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China.
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Chen M, Zheng W, Fang L. Identifying liver metastasis-related hub genes in breast cancer and characterizing SPARCL1 as a potential prognostic biomarker. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15311. [PMID: 37180578 PMCID: PMC10174054 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The liver is the third most common metastatic site for advanced breast cancer (BC), and liver metastases predict poor prognoses. However, the characteristic biomarkers of BC liver metastases and the biological role of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1 (SPARCL1) in BC remain unclear. The present study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for liver metastasis of BC and to investigate the effect of SPARCL1 on BC. Methods The publicly available GSE124648 dataset was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between BC and liver metastases. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted to annotate these DEGs and understand the biological functions in which they are involved. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify metastasis-related hub genes and further validated in a second independent dataset (GSE58708). Clinicopathological correlation of hub gene expression in patients with BC was determined. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to explore DEG-related signaling pathways. SPARCL1 expression in BC tissues and cell lines was verified by RT-qPCR. Further in vitro experiments were performed to investigate the biological functions of SPARCL1 in BC cells. Results We identified 332 liver metastasis-related DEGs from GSE124648 and 30 hub genes, including SPARCL1, from the PPI network. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of liver-metastasis-related DEGs revealed several enriched terms associated with the extracellular matrix and pathways in cancer. Clinicopathological correlation analysis of SPARCL1 revealed that its expression in BC was associated with age, TNM stage, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, histological type, molecular type, and living status of patients. GSEA results suggested that low SPARCL1 expression in BC was related to the cell cycle, DNA replication, oxidative phosphorylation, and homologous recombination. Lower expression levels of SPARCL1 were detected in BC tissues compared to adjacent tissues. The in vitro experiments showed that SPARCL1 knockdown significantly increased the proliferation and migration of BC cells, whereas the proliferation and migration were suppressed after elevating the expression of SPARCL1. Conclusion We identified SPARCL1 as a tumor suppressor in BC, which shows potential as a target for BC and liver metastasis therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkuan Chen
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Department of Thyroid and Breast Division of General Surgery Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, Jing’an District, China
| | - Wenfang Zheng
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Department of Thyroid and Breast Division of General Surgery Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, Jing’an District, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Department of Thyroid and Breast Division of General Surgery Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, Jing’an District, China
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Santonja Á, Moya-García AA, Ribelles N, Jiménez-Rodríguez B, Pajares B, Fernández-De Sousa CE, Pérez-Ruiz E, Del Monte-Millán M, Ruiz-Borrego M, de la Haba J, Sánchez-Rovira P, Romero A, González-Neira A, Lluch A, Alba E. Role of germline variants in the metastasis of breast carcinomas. Oncotarget 2022; 13:843-862. [PMID: 35782051 PMCID: PMC9245581 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer-related deaths in breast cancer patients are associated with metastasis, a multistep, intricate process that requires the cooperation of tumour cells, tumour microenvironment and metastasis target tissues. It is accepted that metastasis does not depend on the tumour characteristics but the host’s genetic makeup. However, there has been limited success in determining the germline genetic variants that influence metastasis development, mainly because of the limitations of traditional genome-wide association studies to detect the relevant genetic polymorphisms underlying complex phenotypes. In this work, we leveraged the extreme discordant phenotypes approach and the epistasis networks to analyse the genotypes of 97 breast cancer patients. We found that the host’s genetic makeup facilitates metastases by the dysregulation of gene expression that can promote the dispersion of metastatic seeds and help establish the metastatic niche—providing a congenial soil for the metastatic seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Santonja
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Spain.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Aurelio A Moya-García
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Nuria Ribelles
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentro de Oncología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentro de Oncología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Bella Pajares
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentro de Oncología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina E Fernández-De Sousa
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Spain.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - María Del Monte-Millán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan de la Haba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute, Complejo Hospitalario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Atocha Romero
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Alba
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentro de Oncología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Shen C, Han L, Liu B, Zhang G, Cai Z, Yin X, Yin Y, Chen Z, Zhang B. The KDM6A-SPARCL1 axis blocks metastasis and regulates the tumour microenvironment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p65. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1457-1469. [PMID: 35136209 PMCID: PMC9090789 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is urgent to explore the pathogenic mechanism of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). KDM6A, a histone demethylase, can activate gene transcription and has not been reported in GISTs. SPARCL1 may serve as a metastasis marker in GIST, but the molecular mechanism remains to be further explored. This study aimed to explore the biological function and molecular mechanism of KDM6A and SPARCL1 in GIST. METHODS CCK-8, live cell count, colony formation, wound-healing and Transwell migration and invasion assays were employed to detect the cell proliferation, migration and invasion. A xenograft model and hepatic metastasis model were used to assess the role of KDM6A and SPARCL1 in vivo. RESULTS KDM6A inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of GIST cells. Mechanistically, KDM6A promotes the transcription of SPARCL1 by demethylating histone H3 lysine trimethylation and consequently leads to the inactivation of p65. SPARCL1 affected the metastasis of GIST cells in a mesenchymal-epithelial transition- and matrix-metalloproteinase-dependent manner. SPARCL1 knockdown promoted angiogenesis, M2 polarisation and macrophage recruitment by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p65. Moreover, KDM6A and SPARCL1 inhibited hepatic metastasis and macrophage infiltration in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish the critical role of the KDM6A-SPARCL1-p65 axis in restraining the malignancy of GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyong Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Luyin Han
- Intensive care unit, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Baike Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaolun Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaonan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Wu Z, Liu P, Zhang G. Identification of circRNA-miRNA-Immune-Related mRNA Regulatory Network in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:816884. [PMID: 35280778 PMCID: PMC8907717 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.816884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC) is still not fully understood. We aimed to find the potential regulatory network for ceRNA (circRNA–miRNA–immune-related mRNA) to uncover the pathological molecular mechanisms of GC. The expression profiles of circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA in gastric tissue from GC patients were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. Differentially expressed circRNAs, miRNAs, and immune-related mRNAs were filtered, followed by the construction of the ceRNA (circRNA–miRNA–immune-related mRNA) network. Functional annotation and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis of immune-related mRNAs in the network were performed. Expression validation of circRNAs and immune-related mRNAs was performed in the new GEO and TCGA datasets and in-vitro experiment. A total of 144 differentially expressed circRNAs, 216 differentially expressed miRNAs, and 2,392 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified in GC. Some regulatory pairs of circRNA–miRNA–immune-related mRNA were obtained, including hsa_circ_0050102–hsa-miR-4537–NRAS–Tgd cells, hsa_circ_0001013–hsa-miR-485-3p–MAP2K1–Tgd cells, hsa_circ_0003763–hsa-miR-145-5p–FGF10–StromaScore, hsa_circ_0001789–hsa-miR-1269b–MET–adipocytes, hsa_circ_0040573–hsa-miR-3686–RAC1–Tgd cells, and hsa_circ_0006089–hsa-miR-5584-3p–LYN–neurons. Interestingly, FGF10, MET, NRAS, RAC1, MAP2K1, and LYN had potential diagnostic value for GC patients. In the KEGG analysis, some signaling pathways were identified, such as Rap1 and Ras signaling pathways (involved NRAS and FGF10), Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis and cAMP signaling pathway (involved RAC1), proteoglycans in cancer (involved MET), T-cell receptor signaling pathway (involved MAP2K1), and chemokine signaling pathway (involved LYN). The expression validation of hsa_circ_0003763, hsa_circ_0004928, hsa_circ_0040573, FGF10, MET, NRAS, RAC1, MAP2K1, and LYN was consistent with the integrated analysis. In conclusion, the identified ceRNA (circRNA–miRNA–immune-related mRNA) regulatory network may be associated with the development of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Wu
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ganlu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Hu H, Wu D, Liu X, Yu H, Xu J, Cai W, Huang Y, Bai R, Zhang J, Gu Y, Zheng S, Ge W. SPARCL1 exhibits different expressions in left- and right-sided colon cancer and is downregulated via DNA methylation. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1269-1282. [PMID: 34435512 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The authors previously found that SPARCL1 functions to suppress colorectal cancer metastasis. Here, the epigenetic mechanism of SPARCL1 regulation and its relationship with clinicopathological features in colon cancer were investigated. Materials & methods: SPARCL1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry staining in a tissue array containing 271 left-sided colon cancer samples and 257 right-sided colon cancer samples. In vivo and in vitro DNA methylation states were measured by biochemical sulfide potential assay. The transcription and DNA methylation states in cells were altered by siRNA or decitabine treatment, respectively. Cellular motility properties were compared through transwell assay. Results & conclusion: SPARCL1, mediated by its DNA methylation, may arrest colorectal carcinoma motility. Furthermore, SPARCL1 expression is higher and may have a specific prognostic value in left-sided colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanguang Hu
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, China National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences; the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dehao Wu
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, China National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences; the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xibo Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, No. 568, Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Lymphatic Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Cancer & Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junxi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, China National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences; the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanqin Huang
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, China National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences; the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rui Bai
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, China National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences; the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, China National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences; the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Institute of genetics, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus of Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road No.388, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, China National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences; the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weiting Ge
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, China National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences; the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Deng H, Hang Q, Shen D, Zhang Y, Chen M. Low expression of CHRDL1 and SPARCL1 predicts poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma based on comprehensive analysis and immunohistochemical validation. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:259. [PMID: 33980221 PMCID: PMC8117659 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exploring the molecular mechanisms of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is beneficial for developing new therapeutic strategies and predicting prognosis. This study was performed to select core genes related to LUAD and to analyze their prognostic value. Methods Microarray datasets from the GEO (GSE75037) and TCGA-LUAD datasets were analyzed to identify differentially coexpressed genes in LUAD using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential gene expression analysis. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted, and a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was established. Subsequently, hub genes were identified using the CytoHubba plug-in. Overall survival (OS) analyses of hub genes were performed. The Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) and the Human Protein Atlas (THPA) databases were used to validate our findings. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of survival-related hub genes were conducted. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out to validate our findings. Results We identified 486 differentially coexpressed genes. Functional enrichment analysis suggested these genes were primarily enriched in the regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, transforming growth factor beta binding, and signaling pathways regulating the pluripotency of stem cells. Ten hub genes were detected using the maximal clique centrality (MCC) algorithm, and four genes were closely associated with OS. The CPTAC and THPA databases revealed that CHRDL1 and SPARCL1 were downregulated at the mRNA and protein expression levels in LUAD, whereas SPP1 was upregulated. GSEA demonstrated that DNA-dependent DNA replication and catalytic activity acting on RNA were correlated with CHRDL1 and SPARCL1 expression, respectively. The IHC results suggested that CHRDL1 and SPARCL1 were significantly downregulated in LUAD. Conclusions Our study revealed that survival-related hub genes closely correlated with the initiation and progression of LUAD. Furthermore, CHRDL1 and SPARCL1 are potential therapeutic and prognostic indicators of LUAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-01933-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Deng
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Qingqing Hang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Zhejiang Chinese Medicinal University, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Dijian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Yibi Zhang
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 331800, China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China. .,Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
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Chen M, Xu K, Li B, Wang N, Zhang Q, Chen L, Zhang D, Yang L, Xu Z, Xu H. HMGA1 Regulates the Stem Cell-Like Properties of Circulating Tumor Cells from GIST Patients via Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:4943-4956. [PMID: 32606726 PMCID: PMC7296980 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s249063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common sarcoma of the digestive system. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been proven to be critical in the recurrence and metastasis of diseases; however, the characteristics of CTCs of GIST are still unclear. Methods We sorted out and verified the validity of CTCs from peripheral blood of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients with or without heterochronous liver metastasis using flow cytometry (FCM). Differential genes were analyzed between the GIST patients with and without liver metastasis using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results The preliminary study on the characteristics of CTCs revealed that CTCs of GIST patients with heterochronous liver metastasis had stronger stem cell-like properties (SC-like properties) than CTCs of those without liver metastasis. Furthermore, NGS followed with a series of assays revealed that HMGA1 played a critical role in regulating the SC-like properties of CTCs. Mechanistically, HMGA1 could activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vitro and vivo. Moreover, we found that the expression level of HMGA1 in CTCs was an independent risk factor probably influencing the prognosis of GIST patients. Conclusion Our findings indicate the significant role of HMGA1 in SC-like properties, IM resistance and eventually hepatic metastasis formation of CTCs. Targeting HMGA1 in CTCs may be a therapeutic strategy for GIST patients with hepatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangjing Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuofan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Diancai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
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9
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Klingler A, Regensburger D, Tenkerian C, Britzen-Laurent N, Hartmann A, Stürzl M, Naschberger E. Species-, organ- and cell-type-dependent expression of SPARCL1 in human and mouse tissues. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233422. [PMID: 32437418 PMCID: PMC7241726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SPARCL1 is a matricellular protein with anti-adhesive, anti-proliferative and anti-tumorigenic functions and is frequently downregulated in tumors such as colorectal carcinoma or non-small cell lung cancer. Studies have identified SPARCL1 as an angiocrine tumor suppressor secreted by tumor vessel endothelial cells, thereby exerting inhibitory activity on angiogenesis and tumor growth, in colorectal carcinoma. It is unknown whether SPARCL1 may exert these homeostatic functions in all organs and in other species. Therefore, SPARCL1 expression was comparatively analysed between humans and mice in a systematic manner. Murine Sparcl1 (mSparcl1) is most strongly expressed in the lung; expressed at an intermediate level in most organs, including the large intestine; and absent in the liver. In human tissues, SPARCL1 (hSPARCL1) was detected in all organs, with the strongest expression in the stomach, large intestine and lung, mostly consistent with the murine expression pattern. A striking difference between human and murine tissues was the absence of mSparcl1 expression in murine livers, while human livers showed moderate expression. Furthermore, mSparcl1 was predominantly associated with mural cells, whereas hSPARCL1 was detected in both mural and endothelial cells. Human SPARCL1 expression was downregulated in different carcinomas, including lung and colon cancers. In conclusion, this study revealed species-, organ- and cell-type-dependent expression of SPARCL1, suggesting that its function may not be similar between humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Klingler
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Regensburger
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clara Tenkerian
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Britzen-Laurent
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Naschberger
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Immunopathogenesis of Progressive Scarring Trachoma: Results of a 4-Year Longitudinal Study in Tanzanian Children. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00629-19. [PMID: 31964744 PMCID: PMC7093124 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00629-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is initiated during childhood following repeated conjunctival infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes a chronic inflammatory response in some individuals that leads to scarring and in-turning of the eyelids in later life. There is currently no treatment to halt the progression of scarring trachoma due to an incomplete understanding of disease pathogenesis. A cohort study was performed in northern Tanzania in 616 children aged 6 to 10 years at enrollment. Every 3 months for 4 years, children were examined for clinical signs of trachoma, and conjunctival swabs were collected for C. trachomatis detection and to analyze the expression of 46 immunofibrogenic genes. Trachoma is initiated during childhood following repeated conjunctival infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes a chronic inflammatory response in some individuals that leads to scarring and in-turning of the eyelids in later life. There is currently no treatment to halt the progression of scarring trachoma due to an incomplete understanding of disease pathogenesis. A cohort study was performed in northern Tanzania in 616 children aged 6 to 10 years at enrollment. Every 3 months for 4 years, children were examined for clinical signs of trachoma, and conjunctival swabs were collected for C. trachomatis detection and to analyze the expression of 46 immunofibrogenic genes. Data were analyzed in relation to progressive scarring status between baseline and the final time point. Genes that were significantly associated with scarring progression included those encoding proinflammatory chemokines (CXCL5, CCL20, CXCL13, and CCL18), cytokines (IL23A, IL19, and IL1B), matrix modifiers (MMP12 and SPARCL1), immune regulators (IDO1, SOCS3, and IL10), and a proinflammatory antimicrobial peptide (S100A7). In response to C. trachomatis infection, IL23A and PDGF were significantly upregulated in scarring progressors relative to in nonprogressors. Our findings highlight the importance of innate proinflammatory signals from the epithelium and implicate interleukin 23A (IL-23A)-responsive cells in driving trachomatous scarring, with potential key mechanistic roles for PDGFB, MMP12, and SPARCL1 in orchestrating fibrosis.
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11
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Yin X, Shen C, Yin Y, Cai Z, Wang J, Zhao Z, Chen X, Chen Z, Chen H, Zhang B. Overexpression of CD55 correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis in gastric stromal tumors. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4703-4712. [PMID: 31417272 PMCID: PMC6594005 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s195182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds: Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that CD55 can protect cells from complement-mediated attack, and is involved in tumor dedifferentiation, migration, invasiveness, and metastasis. However, the role of CD55 in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) has not been investigated. Aims: Our study aimed to analyze the expression of CD55 in gastric GISTs and its correlations with clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis. Materials and methods: A total of 118 gastric GIST patients were included in our study. CD55 expression in GIST tissue samples was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Cumulative survival was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with progression-free survival (PFS) for patients with gastric GISTs. Results: Of 118 gastric GISTs patients included in our study, 44 (37.3%) were positive for CD55 expression. Positive CD55 expression in gastric GISTs was closely associated with tumor size (13.52±7.35 vs 5.07±1.90 cm, respectively; P<0.001), Ki 67 labeling index (P=0.001), mitotic counts (P=0.005), NIH risk classification (P<0.001), PLR (P<0.001), and metastasis at initial diagnosis (P=0.002). Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that tumor size (P<0.001), mitotic counts (P<0.001), Ki 67 labeling index (P<0.001), PLR (P<0.001), metastasis at initial diagnosis (P=0.031), and CD55 expression (P<0.001) were statistically significant risk factors affecting PFS of patients with gastric GISTs. Cox multivariate survival analysis showed that mitotic counts, Ki 67 labeling index, and CD55 expression were independent predictors of PFS for gastric GISTs. Conclusion: CD55 may be a potential prognostic marker in gastric GISTs patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoyong Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaolun Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Huang HB, Yang SB, Shen LJ, Lv QW, Guo M, Zhou J, Li Z, Yang CS, Wang LY, Zhang H. A prospective study on serum secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1 as a prognostic marker for severe traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 491:19-23. [PMID: 30639238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1 (SPARCL1) regulates synaptic stability with upregulation throughout axonal regeneration. Our study aims to determine the correlation of serum SPARCL1 concentrations with the severity and in-hospital mortality of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). METHODS A total of 102 consecutively recruited patients admitted for sTBI and 102 randomly selected healthy controls were included in this observational prospective study. Serum SPARCL1 concentrations were measured and correlated with Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores and in-hospital mortality using multivariate analysis. RESULTS Compared with controls (median, 0.22 ng/ml; interquartile range, 0.19-0.41 ng/ml), patients had significantly higher SPARCL1 concentrations (median, 3.29 ng/ml; interquartile range, 1.88-4.37; P < 0.001). There was an independently correlation between SPARCL1 concentrations and GCS scores (t = -7.011, P < 0.001). We found a high area under receiver operating curve (AUC) of serum SPARCL1 concentrations to predict in-hospital mortality (AUC, 0.822; 95% confidence interval, 0.734-0.891). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, serum SPARCL1 concentrations >3.29 ng/ml was independently associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio = 10.052, 95% confidence interval = 1.918-52.686, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The novel findings of our study are that sTBI patients had an increase of serum SPARCL1 concentrations, and that there is an association between high serum SPARCL1 concentrations and sTBI mortality or trauma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 666 Dangui Road, Shenzhou 312400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Song-Bin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 666 Dangui Road, Shenzhou 312400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liang-Jun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 666 Dangui Road, Shenzhou 312400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qing-Wei Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 666 Dangui Road, Shenzhou 312400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 666 Dangui Road, Shenzhou 312400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 666 Dangui Road, Shenzhou 312400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 666 Dangui Road, Shenzhou 312400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Song Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 666 Dangui Road, Shenzhou 312400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Yun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 666 Dangui Road, Shenzhou 312400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital, Shengzhou Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 666 Dangui Road, Shenzhou 312400, Zhejiang Province, China
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