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Alwazzeh MJ, Alnimr A, Al Nassri SA, Alwarthan SM, Alhajri M, AlShehail BM, Almubarak M, Alghamdi NS, Wali HA. Microbiological trends and mortality risk factors of central line-associated bloodstream infections in an academic medical center 2015-2020. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:128. [PMID: 37981696 PMCID: PMC10659071 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite tremendous efforts to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections, they still remain life-threatening complications among hospitalized patients with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria and other risk factors, including patient comorbidities, complicate patient management. METHODS A single-center retrospective observational study was conducted at King Fahad Hospital of the University, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Hospitalized patients with confirmed central line-associated bloodstream infections between January 2015 and December 2020 were included. The primary objectives were to investigate the trends in antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the causative agents, coexisting comorbid conditions, and other risk factors associated with mortality. RESULTS A total of 214 patients with confirmed central line-associated bloodstream infections were included (CLABSI). The overall 30-day mortality rate was 33.6%. The infection rates per 1000 central line days for medical, surgical, and pediatric intensive care units were 4.97, 2.99, and 4.56 per 1000 CL days, respectively. The overall microbiological trends showed a predominance of Gram-negative agents, a steady increase of fungal CLABSI up to 24.0% in 2020, and a high prevalence of multidrug resistance up to 47% of bacterial CLABSI. In addition, the study indicates a significant negative surviving correlation with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, chronic kidney disease, and the presence of ≥ 3 comorbidities (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The microbiological trends of the study population demonstrated a steady increase of CLABSI caused by Candida spp. with a predominance of Gram-negative pathogens. Stratifying the patients according to relevant mortality risk factors, including patient comorbidities, will help reduce CLABSI rates and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Jabr Alwazzeh
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Dammam, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amani Alnimr
- Department of Microbiology, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samia A Al Nassri
- Infection Control Unit, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara M Alwarthan
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Dammam, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alhajri
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Dammam, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahdi Almubarak
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada S Alghamdi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haytham A Wali
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al- Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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CALABRÒ GIOVANNAELISA, CASELLI ELISABETTA, ROGNONI CARLA, LAURENTI PATRIZIA, MOSCATO UMBERTO, DI PIETRO MARIALUISA, GUALANO MARIAROSARIA, CASCINI FIDELIA, D’AMBROSIO FLORIANA, PATTAVINA FABIO, VINCENTI SARA, MAIDA ADA, MANCINI ROSSELLA, MARTINELLI SILVIA, AMANTEA CARLOTTA, CORONA VALERIOFLAVIO, DANIELE ALESSANDRA, PALADINI ANDREA, ROSSI MARIAFRANCESCA, LA GATTA EMANUELE, PETRELLA LUIGI, PULEO VALERIA, TARRICONE ROSANNA, RICCIARDI WALTER. [Health Technology Assessment of the Probiotic Cleaning Hygiene System (PCHS)]. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E1-E123. [PMID: 36819908 PMCID: PMC9910312 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.3s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- GIOVANNA ELISA CALABRÒ
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
- VIHTALI - Value In Health Technology and Academy for Leadership & Innovation Spin-Off dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - ELISABETTA CASELLI
- Sezione di Microbiologia, Dipartimento di Scienze chimiche, farmaceutiche e agrarie, CIAS e LTTA, Università degli Studi di Ferrara
| | | | - PATRIZIA LAURENTI
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - UMBERTO MOSCATO
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
- Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro, Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - MARIA LUISA DI PIETRO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - MARIA ROSARIA GUALANO
- Centro di Ricerca e Studi sulla Leadership in Medicina, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - FIDELIA CASCINI
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - FLORIANA D’AMBROSIO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - FABIO PATTAVINA
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - SARA VINCENTI
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - ADA MAIDA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - ROSSELLA MANCINI
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - SILVIA MARTINELLI
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - CARLOTTA AMANTEA
- Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro, Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - VALERIO FLAVIO CORONA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - ALESSANDRA DANIELE
- Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro, Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - ANDREA PALADINI
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - MARIA FRANCESCA ROSSI
- Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro, Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - EMANUELE LA GATTA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - LUIGI PETRELLA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - VALERIA PULEO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - ROSANNA TARRICONE
- CERGAS-SDA Bocconi School of Management, Milano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sociali e Politiche, Università Bocconi, Milano
| | - WALTER RICCIARDI
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
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Rani U, Lewis LE, Chawla K, Naha A. Preventable contributors to the neonatal healthcare-associated infections: a uni-center analytical study from South India. F1000Res 2022; 11:454. [PMID: 35903417 PMCID: PMC9280113 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.111101.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, neonatal healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are known to cause high mortality. HAIs is a preventable condition related to the healthcare environment. The current study explored the contributors to neonatal HAIs in one of the largest tertiary care referral hospitals in South India. METHODS Neonates from December 2016 to June 2018 were observed for the occurrence of healthcare-associated infections and compared with the matched control group. Various observations on neonatal demography, maternal contributors, and medical procedures were made and recorded to explore and analyse the contributors to neonatal HAIs. Univariate and multivariate analysis was carried out to find the contributors. The Odds ratio with 95% CI was also computed and reported. RESULTS Bloodstream infection (83%) was prevalent among neonates; the maternal contributor was only preterm labor (Odds ratio of 11.93; 95% CI; 6.47-21.98; p<.05) to acquire HAIs. On univariate analysis, mechanical ventilation for > 3days duration, NIV for > five days, and PICC line insertion procedure were significant (p<0.05) contributors to neonatal HAIs. IV cannulation for more than three times in four consecutive days was found in 100(85%) neonates considered being associated with neonatal HAIs. On multivariate analysis, NIV, PICC line, preterm labor, and low birth weight were significant (p<0.05) contributors to neonatal HAIs. CONCLUSION The increased duration of invasive and non-invasive therapeutic devices and catheters contributes to neonatal HAIs. Neonates are acquiring bloodstream infections; low birth weight (LBW) neonates are more susceptible to acquiring HAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Rani
- Department of Social and Health Innovation, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Leslie E. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kiran Chawla
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Anup Naha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Brinkwirth S, Ayobami O, Eckmanns T, Markwart R. Hospital-acquired infections caused by enterococci: a systematic review and meta-analysis, WHO European Region, 1 January 2010 to 4 February 2020. Euro Surveill 2021; 26:2001628. [PMID: 34763754 PMCID: PMC8646982 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.45.2001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHospital-acquired infections (HAI) caused by Enterococcus spp., especially vancomycin-resistant Enterococcusspp. (VRE), are of rising concern.AimWe summarised data on incidence, mortality and proportion of HAI caused by enterococci in the World Health Organization European Region.MethodsWe searched Medline and Embase for articles published between 1 January 2010 and 4 February 2020. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to obtain pooled estimates.ResultsWe included 75 studies. Enterococcus spp. and VRE accounted for 10.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.7-13.4; range: 6.1-17.5) and 1.1% (95% CI: 0.21-2.7; range: 0.39-2.0) of all pathogens isolated from patients with HAI. Hospital wide, the pooled incidence of HAI caused by Enterococcus spp. ranged between 0.7 and 24.8 cases per 1,000 patients (pooled estimate: 6.9; 95% CI: 0.76-19.0). In intensive care units (ICU), pooled incidence of HAI caused by Enterococcus spp. and VRE was 9.6 (95% CI: 6.3-13.5; range: 0.39-36.0) and 2.6 (95% CI: 0.53-5.8; range: 0-9.7). Hospital wide, the pooled vancomycin resistance proportion among Enterococcus spp. HAI isolates was 7.3% (95% CI: 1.5-16.3; range: 2.6-11.5). In ICU, this proportion was 11.5% (95% CI: 4.7-20.1; range: 0-40.0). Among patients with hospital-acquired bloodstream infections with Enterococcus spp., pooled all-cause mortality was 21.9% (95% CI: 15.7-28.9; range: 14.3-32.3); whereas all-cause mortality attributable to VRE was 33.5% (95% CI: 13.0-57.3; range: 14.3-41.3).ConclusionsInfections caused by Enterococcus spp. are frequently identified among hospital patients and associated with high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brinkwirth
- Unit 37: Nosocomial Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaniyi Ayobami
- Unit 37: Nosocomial Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Eckmanns
- Unit 37: Nosocomial Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robby Markwart
- Unit 37: Nosocomial Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Jena, Germany
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Menezes RP, Melo SGO, Oliveira MB, Silva FF, Alves PGV, Bessa MAS, Silva NBS, Araújo LB, Penatti MPA, Pedroso RS, Abdallah VOS, Röder DVDB. Healthcare-associated infections in high-risk neonates: Temporal trends in a national surveillance system. Early Hum Dev 2021; 158:105394. [PMID: 34051584 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased survival of preterm neonates who require hospitalization at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit has led to an increase in infections. This study aims to describe the temporal trend, risk factors, and outcome of healthcare-associated infections in a NICU of a high complexity hospital, with emphasis on the differences of incidence between bacterial and fungal infections. METHODS The study was carried out from January 2013 to December 2016, with daily follow-up of the newborns by the National Healthcare Safety Network. RESULTS The study included 881 newborns, of whom 214 had a bacterial infection, 19 had fungi infection, and 12 bacterial and fungal infections associated. The hospital infection rate was 12/1000 patient-days. SNAPPE>24, days of hospitalization and PICC days were independent risk factors for the development of fungal and bacterial infection, respectively, with statistical significance for bacterial and fungal infections. The mortality rate was 2.6 times higher in those who had fungal infection than in those who had a bacterial infection. The occurrence of invasive infections was higher in the years 2015 and 2016 and Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts were more frequent, impacting morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS The use of invasive devices is a risk factor for the occurrence of HAI caused by bacteria and fungi. The frequency of deaths was higher in the group of neonates with fungal infection. These results point to the importance of constant epidemiological surveillance and measures of effective control of infections in NICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralciane P Menezes
- Healthcare Technical School- ESTES, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sávia G O Melo
- Undergraduate Nursing, Faculty of Medicine - FAMED, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Murilo B Oliveira
- Undergraduate Public Health - Geography Institute, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe F Silva
- Health Sciences Post-graduate Program, FAMED, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Priscila G V Alves
- Health Sciences Post-graduate Program, FAMED, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Meliza A S Bessa
- Immunology and Parasitology Post-graduate Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute- ICBIM, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Nágela B S Silva
- Immunology and Parasitology Post-graduate Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute- ICBIM, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Lúcio B Araújo
- Mathematics Faculty - FAMAT, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário P A Penatti
- Healthcare Technical School- ESTES, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo S Pedroso
- Healthcare Technical School- ESTES, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, MG, Brazil; Health Sciences Post-graduate Program, FAMED, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Vânia O S Abdallah
- Health Sciences Post-graduate Program, FAMED, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise V D B Röder
- Health Sciences Post-graduate Program, FAMED, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil; Biomedical Sciences Institute- ICBIM, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
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Oliva A, Carmona Y, de La C. López E, Álvarez R, Aung MS, Kobayashi N, Quiñones D. Characterization of Neonatal Infections by Gram-Negative Bacilli and Associated Risk Factors, Havana, Cuba. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:219-229. [PMID: 33803222 PMCID: PMC8005978 DOI: 10.3390/idr13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections represent an important problem in neonates because of the high mortality. An increase in neonatal infections has been found in Cuban hospitals in recent years. The aim of this study was to provide evidence on the clinical and microbiological behavior of Gram-negative bacilli that cause neonatal infections in hospitals of Havana, Cuba. It was carried out as a descriptive cross-sectional investigation from September 2017 to July 2018 in The Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kouri" (IPK). Sixty-one Gram-negative bacilli isolated from neonates with infections in six Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospitals of Havana were analyzed for their species and antimicrobial susceptibility. Late-onset infections were more common than early-onset ones and included urinary tract infection in the community (87%) and sepsis in hospitals (63.3%). Catheter use (47%) and prolonged stay (38%) were the most frequent risk factors. Species of major pathogens were Escherichia coli (47%) and Klebsiella spp. (26%). The isolated Gram-negative bacilli showed high resistance rates to third-generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, while being more susceptible to carbapenems, fosfomycin, colistin and amikacin. The present study revealed the clinical impact of Gram-negative bacilli in neonatology units in hospitals of Havana. Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibilities to the isolates from neonates is necessary for selection of appropriate empirical therapy and promotion of the rational antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yenisel Carmona
- Tropical Medicine Institute “Pedro Kouri”, Havana 11400, Cuba;
| | | | - Roberto Álvarez
- Public Health Ministry, Havana 10400, Cuba; (E.d.L.C.L.); (R.Á.)
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.S.A.); (N.K.)
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.S.A.); (N.K.)
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[Neonatal healthcare associated-infections in the Maghreb. A systematic review and meta-analysis]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2021; 69:88-95. [PMID: 33642130 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare-associated infections are a major source of morbidity and mortality in neonatology. Our aim was to describe the epidemiology of Healthcare-associated infections in neonatology (frequency, associated factors and prognosis). METHODS Articles were searched in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. We included observational studies describing prevalence, incidence or mortality among new-born babies having developed infections more than 48hours after hospitalization. The pooled prevalence, incidence and mortality estimates were analysed using the random effects model. Publication bias was analysed using the funnel plot and Egger's test statistics. Data analysis was carried out using R Studio software v1.2. RESULTS Among the initially identified 137 studies, ten articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the metanalysis. They mainly concerned Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. Pooled incidence was 10% (95% CI [4%-18%]) and overall mortality was 49% (95% CI [33%-66%]). Heterogeneity between studies was significantly high, with rates of 98% and 90% respectively. CONCLUSION This review underlined a need to undertake more large-scale multicentric surveys and studies on monitoring systems and the attitudes and practices of relevant caregivers, the objective being to better understand the realities of healthcare-associated infections in Greater Maghreb neonatology units.
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Mir MA, Ashraf MW, Tripathi V, Mir BA. Isolation, characterization and prevention of various microbial strains in NIC unit and PIC unit. Sci Rep 2021; 11:647. [PMID: 33436783 PMCID: PMC7803956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of the hospital associated persons, particularly those dealing directly with insertion of devices, are serious cause of concern for hospitals. In this study, the most prevalent organism on the surface of medical devices in PICU were CoNS (16.66%) and Staphylococcus aureus (16.66%), while in NICU the most prevalent organism was Klebsiella spp. (11.25%) among Entero-bacteriaceae group followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (10%), Escherichia coli (2.5%), CoNS (6.25%), S. aureus (6.25%) and Enterococcus faecalis (6.25%). The most common species identified from blood specimen of clinical samples shows the maximum presence of Candida sp. (60/135) followed by A. baumannii (21/135), Klebsiella Pneumoniae (20/135), Enterococci (12/135), Burkholderia cepacia complex (8/135), S. aureus (6/135), E. coli (5/135), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3/135). Different antibiotics have been used against these micro-organisms; but Cotrimoxazole, Vancomycin have been found more effective against CoNS bacteria, Clindamycin, Tetracycline for S. aureus, Nitofurantoin for Acinetobacter, and for E. faecalis, A. baumanii, and Klebsiella, erythromycin, Colistin, and Ceftriaxone have been found more effective respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amin Mir
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Waqar Ashraf
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vibha Tripathi
- Uttaranchal (PG) College of Biomedical Sciences and Hospital Dehradun, Sewla Khurd, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Uttaranchal (PG) College of Biomedical Sciences and Hospital Dehradun, Sewla Khurd, Uttarakhand, India
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Effatpanah M, Effatpanah H, Geravandi S, Tahery N, Afra A, Yousefi F, Salmanzadeh S, Mohammadi MJ. The prevalence of nosocomial infection rates and needle sticks injuries at a teaching hospital, during 2013–2014. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Mohammadi MJ, Valipour A, Sarizadeh G, Shahriyari HA, Geravandi S, Momtazan M, Bahmaei J, Tahery N, Afra A, Rastegarimehr B. Epidemiology of nosocomial infection in Abadan, Southwest Iran. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Epidemiology and burden of sepsis acquired in hospitals and intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46:1536-1551. [PMID: 32591853 PMCID: PMC7381455 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sepsis is recognized as a global public health problem, but the proportion due to hospital-acquired infections remains unclear. We aimed to summarize the epidemiological evidence related to the burden of hospital-acquired (HA) and ICU-acquired (ICU-A) sepsis. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase and the Global Index Medicus from 01/2000 to 03/2018. We included studies conducted hospital-wide or in intensive care units (ICUs), including neonatal units (NICUs), with data on the incidence/prevalence of HA and ICU-A sepsis and the proportion of community and hospital/ICU origin. We did random-effects meta-analyses to obtain pooled estimates; inter-study heterogeneity and risk of bias were assessed. RESULTS Of the 13,239 studies identified, 51 met the inclusion criteria; 22 were from low- and middle-income countries. Twenty-eight studies were conducted in ICUs, 13 in NICUs, and ten hospital-wide. The proportion of HA sepsis among all hospital-treated sepsis cases was 23.6% (95% CI 17-31.8%, range 16-36.4%). In the ICU, 24.4% (95% CI 16.7-34.2%, range 10.3-42.5%) of cases of sepsis with organ dysfunction were acquired during ICU stay and 48.7% (95% CI 38.3-59.3%, range 18.7-69.4%) had a hospital origin. The pooled hospital incidence of HA sepsis with organ dysfunction per 1000 patients was 9.3 (95% CI 7.3-11.9, range 2-20.6)). In the ICU, the pooled incidence of HA sepsis with organ dysfunction per 1000 patients was 56.5 (95% CI 35-90.2, range 9.2-254.4) and it was particularly high in NICUs. Mortality of ICU patients with HA sepsis with organ dysfunction was 52.3% (95% CI 43.4-61.1%, range 30.1-64.6%). There was a significant inter-study heterogeneity. Risk of bias was low to moderate in ICU-based studies and moderate to high in hospital-wide and NICU studies. CONCLUSION HA sepsis is of major public health importance, and the burden is particularly high in ICUs. There is an urgent need to improve the implementation of global and local infection prevention and management strategies to reduce its high burden among hospitalized patients.
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Scamardo MS, Dolce P, Esposito EP, Raimondi F, Triassi M, Zarrilli R. Trends, risk factors and outcomes of healthcare-associated infections in a neonatal intensive care unit in Italy during 2013-2017. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:34. [PMID: 32183842 PMCID: PMC7079437 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-0799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur frequently in intensive care units (NICUs). The aim of this study was to analyze the results of surveillance of HAIs in a III level NICU in Naples, Italy during 2013–2017 and to compare with those obtained during 2006–2010. Methods The surveillance included 1265 neonates of all birth weight (BW) classes with > 2 days NICU stay. Infections were defined using standard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions adapted to neonatal pathology. Results A total of 125 HAIs were registered during 2013–2017 with a frequency of 9.9% and an incidence density of 3.2 per 1000 patient days. HAIs occurred in all BW classes with a decreasing trend from the lowest to the highest BW classes (p = < 0.001). Central line-associated blood stream infection (CLABSI) was the most frequent infection (69.6%), followed by ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) (20%), urinary tract infection (UTI) (8.8%) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (1.6%). Also, CLABSI and VAP incidence density decreased from lower to highest BW classes showing a significant trend (p = 0.007). Most frequent pathogens responsible for CLABSI were: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) (25.3%), Candida parapsilosis (21.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.7), Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.8%). No microbiological diagnosis was achieved for 20.7% of CLABSI. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (20%), and CONS (20%) were the most frequent pathogens responsible for VAP. CLABSI incidence density showed no differences between 2006 and 2010 and 2013–2017, while VAP incidence density for the 751–100 g BW class was higher during 2006–2010 than during 2013–2017 (p = 0.006). A higher incidence of the CLABSI caused by Gram positive bacteria (p = 0.002) or by undetermined etiology (p = 0.01) was observed during 2013–2017 than during 2006–2010, while a significant lower incidence of VAP caused by Gram-negative bacteria was found during 2013–2017 than during 2006–2010 (p = 0.007). Conclusion HAIs in the NICU developed in all BW classes with a decreasing trend from the lowest to the highest BW classes in both study periods. Differences in the aetiology of CLABSI and VAP were found between the two study periods. This reinforces the importance of HAIs surveillance protocol in the NICU, which monitors microbiological isolates and use of medical devices for all BW classes of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Silvia Scamardo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Dolce
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Eliana Pia Esposito
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Zarrilli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Wójkowska-Mach J, Chmielarczyk A, Strus M, Lauterbach R, Heczko P. Neonate Bloodstream Infections in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Countries: An Update on Epidemiology and Prevention. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1750. [PMID: 31640253 PMCID: PMC6832148 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term neonatal sepsis is used to describe a generalized bloodstream infection of bacterial, viral, or fungal origin which is associated with hemodynamic changes and other clinical symptoms and signs, however, there is no unified definition. There are no basic criteria regarding differentiation of early-onset sepsis (EOS) versus late-onset sepsis (LOS). Stratification used in studies on neonatal sepsis also rarely includes the general condition of the newborn according to unambiguous assessment at birth, which hampers the establishment of a clear, uniform epidemiological description of neonatal sepsis. We aim to review the published data about the epidemiology and microbiology of sepsis in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Data was also collected on sepsis prevention programs that can be implemented in neonatal units. The outcomes of interest were incidence or incidence density of EOS and LOS, microbiology of EOS and LOS, and data on the methodology of the research, in particular the criteria for inclusion and exclusion of newborns from the study. Pubmed, EMBASE, LILACS Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used. For the preselection step, inclusion criteria included: "bloodstream infection" or "neonatal sepsis" (MesH), "very low birth weight", and "country" full-text studies, human, and English language. Exclusion criteria included: studies published in languages other than English and studies available only as an abstracts. For proper selection, inclusion criteria included: information about epidemiology or microbiology bloodstream infection (BSI), study population and case definitions, exclusion criteria, narrative reviews, commentaries, case studies, pilot studies, study protocols, pediatric studies, and only clinical data (without microbiology or epidemiology) or studies with only one etiological factor analysis. The data review indicated the lack of an unequivocal, unified definition and no unambiguous basic criteria with regard to differentiation of EOS versus LOS. Among infants <1500 g, studies reported an EOS rate from 7% to 2%. For studies using other definitions (mostly all inborn babies), the rate of EOS ranged from 1% to 3%. The LOS incidences were much more varied among countries; the highest rates were in the multicenter studies focused on very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. The main pathogens in EOS are GBS and Gram-negative bacteria in LOS. Our review data shows that LOS microbiology is very diverse and that Gram-positive cocci, especially staphylococci, predominate versus Gram-negative rods. Unfortunately, the lack of uniform, international prevention programs results in high newborn morbidity and insufficient postnatal prevention of late-onset infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Chmielarczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Strus
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Lauterbach
- Neonatology Clinic, University Hospital, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Heczko
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
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Zhang Y, Zhong ZF, Chen SX, Zhou DR, Li ZK, Meng Y, Zhou JF, Hou TY. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in China: Results from the 2018 point prevalence survey in 189 hospitals in Guangdong Province. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 89:179-184. [PMID: 31580939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are available from the developing world, thus a point prevalence survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of HAIs and antimicrobial use in Guangdong Province, China. METHODS A standardized methodology for point prevalence surveys on HAIs and antimicrobial use has been developed by the Chinese Nosocomial Infection Control and Quality Improvement Center. The prevalence of HAIs, antimicrobial use, and baseline hospital-level variables were collected in 189 hospitals from June 2017 to May 2018. RESULTS Of 5 868 147 patients, 72 976 had one or more HAIs (1.24%), with 82 700 distinct HAIs. The prevalence rates of device-associated infections, including ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-associated urinary tract infection, and central line-associated bloodstream infection were 7.92, 2.06, and 0.63 per 1000 catheter-days, respectively. A total of 10 591 (0.18%) HAIs caused by multidrug-resistant organisms were identified. Carbapenem non-susceptibility rates were highest in Acinetobacter species (53.86%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.60%). Forty-six percent (2 712 258/5 868 147) of inpatients were receiving at least one antimicrobial during this survey. CONCLUSIONS This survey indicated the relatively lower prevalence of HAIs but higher antimicrobial using in Guangdong Province compared with other mid to low-income and high-income countries. Further studies are warranted to elucidate which HAI-related indicators are the best measures of HAI performance and thus allow improvements leading to better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medicine Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Nosocomial Infection Control and Quality Improvement Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Zhong
- Guangdong Nosocomial Infection Control and Quality Improvement Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Guangdong Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Shu-Xian Chen
- Guangdong Nosocomial Infection Control and Quality Improvement Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dian-Rong Zhou
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medicine Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Nosocomial Infection Control and Quality Improvement Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng-Kang Li
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medicine Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Meng
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medicine Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Fang Zhou
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medicine Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tie-Ying Hou
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medicine Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Nosocomial Infection Control and Quality Improvement Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Zipursky AR, Yoon EW, Emberley J, Bertelle V, Kanungo J, Lee SK, Shah PS. Central Line-Associated Blood Stream Infections and Non-Central Line-Associated Blood Stream Infections Surveillance in Canadian Tertiary Care Neonatal Intensive Care Units. J Pediatr 2019; 208:176-182.e6. [PMID: 30853200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the reported reduction in hospital-acquired infections is due to reduced central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSI) or non-CLABSIs. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study design was used to describe the change in organism pattern and incidence of hospital-acquired infections (CLABSIs and non-CLABSIs) in neonates <33 weeks of gestation admitted to tertiary neonatal intensive care units in the Canadian Neonatal Network between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2016. Hospital-acquired infection was diagnosed when a pathogenic organism was isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate with suspected sepsis. CLABSI was diagnosed when a central venous catheter was present at the time or removed in the 2 days before a hospital-acquired infection diagnosis. Cochran-Armitage and Mann-Kendall trend tests and linear regression models were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Of 28 144 eligible neonates from 30 Canadian Neonatal Network neonatal intensive care units, 3306 (11.7%) developed hospital-acquired infections. There was a significant decrease in the rate of hospital-acquired infections (14.2% in 2010 and 9.2% in 2016; P < .01), and the rate of both CLABSIs and non-CLABSIs (P < .01) over the study period concomitant with a significant decrease in the duration of central line use (P = .01). The rates of meningitis also decreased during the study period (1.2% in 2010 and 0.9% in 2016; P < .01). Infections owing to gram-positive cocci significantly decreased, but infections owing to gram-negative organisms remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Although there was a significant decrease in CLABSIs and non-CLABSIs, hospital-acquired infections in preterm neonates remained high. Infections owing to gram-negative organisms remained unchanged and are a target for future preventative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Zipursky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eugene W Yoon
- Maternal-Infant Care Research Center, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Emberley
- Department of Pediatrics, Janeway Children's Health & Rehabilitation Center and Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Valerie Bertelle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jaideep Kanungo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shoo K Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Maternal-Infant Care Research Center, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prakesh S Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Maternal-Infant Care Research Center, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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ESβL E. coli isolated in pig's chain: Genetic analysis associated to the phenotype and biofilm synthesis evaluation. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 289:162-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Papan C, Meyer-Buehn M, Laniado G, Huebner J. Evaluation of the multiplex PCR based assay Unyvero implant and tissue infection application for pathogen and antibiotic resistance gene detection in children and neonates. Infection 2018; 47:195-200. [PMID: 30132251 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-018-1192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin and soft tissue infections have a high disease burden in children. The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria over the last decades has heavily influenced hospitalization rates, morbidity and mortality. In addition, with increased survival rates in neonatology and oncology, health-care associated infections are more frequently encountered. There is a growing need for fast and feasible diagnostic tools for the recognition of microorganisms and drug resistances. METHODS In this prospective study, we compared results of routine culture with the multiplex PCR based Unyvero Implant and Tissue Infection (ITI) application. Specimens were obtained from different sources from neonates and children. RESULTS We analyzed specimens from 29 patients (72.4% male) with a median age of 8.1 years (range 0.03-15.2). Concordance between Unyvero ITI and culture was reached in 16 of 29 samples (55.2%). Unyvero ITI yielded an overall sensitivity and specificity of 76.3% and 96.5%, respectively. Accuracies were best for non-fermenting bacteria, for which sensitivity was 100% and specificity 98.2%. Detection rates were lower for Gram-positive bacteria (68.8 and 95.2%, respectively). Unyvero correctly detected one blaOXA-24/40 producing Acinetobacter baumannii, while none of the six gyrA87 had a correlate in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. CONCLUSIONS Unyvero ITI quickly provides additional information relevant for clinical decision-makers. Sensitivity of the PCR must be improved especially for Gram-positive bacteria, and further studies are needed to assess the impact on clinical decision-making and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Papan
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. .,Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Melanie Meyer-Buehn
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gudrun Laniado
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Huebner
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Esposito EP, Gaiarsa S, Del Franco M, Crivaro V, Bernardo M, Cuccurullo S, Pennino F, Triassi M, Marone P, Sassera D, Zarrilli R. A Novel IncA/C1 Group Conjugative Plasmid, Encoding VIM-1 Metallo-Beta-Lactamase, Mediates the Acquisition of Carbapenem Resistance in ST104 Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Neonates in the Intensive Care Unit of V. Monaldi Hospital in Naples. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2135. [PMID: 29163422 PMCID: PMC5675864 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae has raised major public health concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology and the mechanism of carbapenem resistance acquisition of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from 20 neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the V. Monaldi Hospital in Naples, Italy, from April 2015 to March 2016. Genotype analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified PFGE type A and subtypes A1 and A2 in 17, 2, and 1 isolates, respectively, and assigned all isolates to sequence type (ST) 104. K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to all classes of β-lactams including carbapenems, fosfomycin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but susceptible to quinolones, amikacin, and colistin. Conjugation experiments demonstrated that resistance to third-generation cephems and imipenem could be transferred along with an IncA/C plasmid containing the extended spectrum β-lactamase blaSHV -12 and carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-β-lactamase blaV IM-1 genes. The plasmid that we called pIncAC_KP4898 was 156,252 bp in size and included a typical IncA/C backbone, which was assigned to ST12 and core genome (cg) ST12.1 using the IncA/C plasmid MLST (PMLST) scheme. pIncAC_KP4898 showed a mosaic structure with blaV IM-1 into a class I integron, blaSHV -12 flanked by IS6 elements, a mercury resistance and a macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase clusters, ant(3″), aph(3″), aacA4, qnrA1, sul1, and dfrA14 conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim, respectively, several genes predicted to encode transfer functions and proteins involved in DNA transposition. The acquisition of pIncAC_KP4898 carrying blaV IM-1 and blaSHV -12 contributed to the spread of ST104 K. pneumoniae in the NICU of V. Monaldi Hospital in Naples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana P Esposito
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Gaiarsa
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Crivaro
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale (AORN) dei Colli, V. Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariano Bernardo
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale (AORN) dei Colli, V. Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Susanna Cuccurullo
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale (AORN) dei Colli, V. Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pennino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Piero Marone
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Sassera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Zarrilli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.,Centro di Inngegneria Genetica (CEINGE) Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
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Evaluation of sampling locations in pregnant women and newborns for the detection of colonisation with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1819-1826. [PMID: 28474179 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, little has been known about the prevalence and clinical relevance of colonisation of asymptomatic pregnant women with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. In this two-centre cross-sectional study, we evaluated the performance and importance of screening at different times and different locations for colonisation in pregnant women and newborns. Between October 2013 and December 2015, four samples were collected from pregnant women, two from newborns at birth and three from 3-day-old newborns. Samples were screened on culturing media and were confirmed with molecular methods. MSSA was used as a surrogate for MRSA, as the two share most microbiologic characteristics and colonisation patterns. Of 763 pregnant women, 14.5% (111) were colonised with MSSA, 0.4% (3) with MRSA and 2.6% (20) with ESBL-producing E. coli. Of 658 newborns, 0.9% (10) were colonised with MSSA at birth and 13.1% (70) at 3 days old, 0.5% (3) were colonised with MRSA and 2.6% (17) with ESBL-producing E. coli. Nasal sampling identified 91.0% of MSSA-colonised pregnant women and 60.0% of newborns. In newborns, nasal and umbilical sampling at 3 days after birth discovered 84.0% of colonised cases. For ESBL-producing E. coli, the perianal region was positive in all colonised pregnant women and in 88.2% of colonised newborns. Combining nasal and perianal swabs is optimal when screening for antibiotic-resistant bacteria in pregnant women. Nasal, perianal and umbilical sample collection from 3-day-old newborns significantly increased the sensitivity compared to screening immediately after birth.
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Flokas ME, Karanika S, Alevizakos M, Mylonakis E. Prevalence of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Pediatric Bloodstream Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171216. [PMID: 28141845 PMCID: PMC5283749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric bloodstream infections (BSIs) with Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase- producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) are associated with worse clinical outcomes. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of and the mortality associated with ESBL-PE in this patient population. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis using PubMed and EMBASE and included studies reporting the prevalence of ESBL-PE among confirmed BSIs in patients <19 years old. Results Twenty three (out of 1,718 non-duplicate reports) studies that provided data on 3,381 pediatric BSIs from 1996 to 2013 were included. The prevalence of ESBL-PE was 9% [95%CI (6, 13)] with an annual increase of 3.2% (P = 0.04). The prevalence was 11% [95%CI (6, 17)] among neonates, compared to 5% [95%CI (0, 14)] among children older than 28 days. The pooled prevalence was 15% in Africa [95%CI (8, 23)], 12% in South America [95%CI (5, 23)], 11% in India [95%CI (7, 17)], 7% in the rest of Asia [95%CI (0, 22)], 4% in Europe [95%CI (1, 7)] and 0% in Oceania [95%CI (0, 3)]. Importantly, the mortality in neonates with BSI due to ESBL-PE was 36% [95%CI (22, 51)], compared to 18% [95%CI (15, 22)] among all other neonates with BSI and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.01). Conclusions In the pediatric population, the prevalence of BSI due to ESBL-PE is significant and is associated with increased mortality in neonates. Further studies are warranted to establish a high-risk group and the evaluation of preventive measures, such as antibiotic stewardship programs and infection control measures, in this population is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Eleni Flokas
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Styliani Karanika
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Michail Alevizakos
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Garzillo C, Bagattini M, Bogdanović L, Di Popolo A, Iula VD, Catania MR, Raimondi F, Triassi M, Zarrilli R. Risk factors for Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infection in a neonatal intensive care unit: a case-control study. Ital J Pediatr 2017; 43:10. [PMID: 28257640 PMCID: PMC5347820 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-017-0332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Candida parapsilosis is increasingly responsible for invasive candidiasis in neonates. This study investigates phenotypic and genotypic features of C. parapsilosis microbial isolates and underlying clinical conditions associated with acquisition of C. parapsilosis in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Italy. Methods Identification of C. parapsilosis was performed by VITEK® 2 and MALDI TOF and confirmed by analysis of internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequences. Genotyping was performed by PCR fingerprinting. Antifungal susceptibility of strains was evaluated by microdilution. A case-control study was designed to identify risk factors for C. parapsilosis bloodstream infection. Results During the study period (April 2009- April 2012), C. parapsilosis was responsible for 6 umbilical catheter and 11 central catheter-associated bloodstream infection in 17 neonates in the NICU. Molecular typing identified identical fingerprinting profile in all C. parapsilosis isolates from neonates. Fifteen of 17 C. parapsilosis isolates were susceptible to all antifungal drugs, two isolates were resistant to fluconazole and intermediate susceptible to itraconazole. Low birthweight, gestational age and time to exposure to assisted ventilation were risk factors for C. parapsilosis infection in neonates in the NICU at univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusion C. parapsilosis bloodstream infections in the NICU were caused by a single epidemic clone. Low birthweight, gestational age and time to exposure to invasive devices, with predominance of assisted ventilation, were the clinical conditions associated with C. parapsilosis bloodstream infection in the NICU. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13052-017-0332-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Garzillo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Bagattini
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lidija Bogdanović
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Popolo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vita Dora Iula
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Catania
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Zarrilli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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22
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O'Connor C, Philip RK, Kelleher J, Powell J, O'Gorman A, Slevin B, Woodford N, Turton JF, McGrath E, Finnegan C, Power L, O'Connell NH, Dunne CP. The first occurrence of a CTX-M ESBL-producing Escherichia coli outbreak mediated by mother to neonate transmission in an Irish neonatal intensive care unit. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:16. [PMID: 28056822 PMCID: PMC5217319 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli (E. coli) comprise part of the normal vaginal microflora. Transfer from mother to neonate can occur during delivery resulting, sometimes, in neonatal bacterial disease. Here, we aim to report the first outbreak of CTX-M ESBL-producing E. coli with evidence of mother-to-neonate transmission in an Irish neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) followed by patient-to-patient transmission. METHODS Investigation including molecular typing was conducted. Infection was defined by clinical and laboratory criteria and requirement for antimicrobial therapy with or without positive blood cultures. Colonisation was determined by isolation without relevant symptoms or indicators of infection. RESULTS Index case was an 8-day-old baby born at 34 weeks gestation who developed ESBL-producing E. coli infections at multiple body sites. Screening confirmed their mother as colonised with ESBL-producing E. coli. Five other neonates, in the NICU simultaneously with the index case, also tested positive. Of these, four were colonised while one neonate developed sepsis, requiring antimicrobial therapy. The second infected neonate's mother was also colonised by ESBL-producing E. coli. Isolates from all eight positive patients (6 neonates, 2 mothers) were compared using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Two distinct ESBL-producing strains were implicated, with evidence of transmission between mothers and neonates for both strains. All isolates were confirmed as CTX-M ESBL-producers. There were no deaths associated with the outbreak. CONCLUSIONS Resources were directed towards control interventions focused on hand hygiene and antimicrobial stewardship, which ultimately proved successful. Since this incident, all neonates admitted to the NICU have been screened for ESBL-producers and expectant mothers are screened at their first antenatal appointment. To date, there have been no further outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara O'Connor
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Roy K Philip
- Department of Paediatrics, University Maternity Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John Kelleher
- Department of Paediatrics, University Maternity Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - James Powell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alan O'Gorman
- Infection Prevention and Control Team, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Barbara Slevin
- Infection Prevention and Control Team, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Neil Woodford
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Jane F Turton
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Elaine McGrath
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Cathriona Finnegan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Power
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Nuala H O'Connell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Colum P Dunne
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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23
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Flokas ME, Detsis M, Alevizakos M, Mylonakis E. Prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in paediatric urinary tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect 2016; 73:547-557. [PMID: 27475789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of paediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE), identify predisposing factors and examine their effect on the length of hospital stay (LOS). METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies that provide data on the rate of ESBL-PE among paediatric UTIs. RESULTS Out of 1828 non-duplicate citations, 16 studies reporting a total of 7374 cases of UTI were included. The prevalence of ESBL-PE was 14% [(95%CI 8, 21)]. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) [OR = 2.79, (95%CI 1.39, 5.58)], history of UTI [OR = 2.89 (95%CI 1.78, 4.68)] and recent antibiotic use [OR = 3.92, (95%CI 1.76, 8.7)] were identified as risk factors. The LOS was significantly longer among children infected with ESBL-PE, compared to those infected with other uropathogens. [SMD = 0.88, (95%CI 0.40, 1.35)]. CONCLUSIONS In the paediatric population, 1 out of 7 UTIs are caused by ESBL-PE. Patients with VUR, previous UTI or recent antibiotic use constitute a high risk group and these pathogens are associated with increased LOS. The significant incidence of ESBL-PE in this population should be taken into consideration in the development of empiric treatment protocols and antibiotic stewardship programmes, especially in high-prevalence areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Eleni Flokas
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marios Detsis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michail Alevizakos
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
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24
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Rhodes NLR, de la Presa M, Barneck MD, Poursaid A, Firpo MA, Langell JT. Violet 405 nm light: A novel therapeutic agent against β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 48:311-7. [PMID: 26711625 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Approximately 1.7 million patients are affected by hospital-acquired infections every year in the United States. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria associated with these infections prompts the investigation of alternative sterilization and antibacterial therapies. One method currently under investigation is the antibacterial properties of visible light. This study examines the effect of a visible light therapy (VLT) on β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli, a common non-skin flora pathogen responsible for a large percentage of indwelling medical device-associated clinical infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS 405 nm light-emitting diodes were used to treat varying concentrations of a common laboratory E. coli K-12 strain transformed with the pCIG mammalian expression vector. This conferred ampicillin resistance via expression of the β-lactamase gene. Bacteria were grown on sterile polystyrene Petri dishes plated with Luria-Bertani broth. Images of bacterial growth colonies on plates were processed and analyzed using ImageJ. Irradiance levels between 2.89 ± 0.19 and 9.45 ± 0.63 mW cm(-2) and radiant exposure levels between 5.60 ± 0.39 and 136.91 ± 4.06 J cm(-2) were tested. RESULTS VLT with variable irradiance and constant treatment time (120 minutes) demonstrated significant reduction (P < 0.001) in E. coli between an irradiance of 2.89 mW cm(-2) (81.70%) and 9.37 mW cm(-2) (100.00%). Similar results were found with variable treatment time with constant irradiance. Log10 reduction analysis produced between 1.98 ± 0.53 (60 minute treatment) and 6.27 ± 0.54 (250 minute treatment) log10 reduction in bacterial concentration (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We have successfully demonstrated a significant bacterial reduction using high intensity 405 nm light. Illustrating the efficacy of this technology against a β-lactam-resistant E. coli is especially relevant to the need for novel methods of sterilization in healthcare settings. These results suggest that VLT using 405 nm light could be a suitable clinical option for eradication of β-lactam-resistant E. coli. Visible light kills statistically significant concentrations of E. coli. Antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria exhibits sensitivity to 405 nm light. Greater than 6 log10 reduction in β-lactam-resistant E. coli when treated with visible light therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin de la Presa
- Department of General Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132
| | - Mitchell D Barneck
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, 97239
| | - Ahrash Poursaid
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Matthew A Firpo
- Department of General Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132
| | - John T Langell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112.,Department of General Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132
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25
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Verstraete EH, De Coen K, Vogelaers D, Blot S. Risk Factors for Health Care-Associated Sepsis in Critically Ill Neonates Stratified by Birth Weight. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:1180-6. [PMID: 26244835 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care-associated bloodstream infection (HABSI) is a frequent complication in neonatal intensive care. Research on risk factors stratified by birth weight and adjusted for severity of illness and comorbidities is limited. Our objective is to describe independent risk factors for HABSI in critically ill neonates with emphasis on risk variation between birth weight groups. METHODS We performed a single-center historical cohort study in a tertiary referral center. A neonatal intensive care-audit system was used to identify eligible neonates admitted for ≥72 hours (2002-2011). HABSI is defined according to National Institute of Child Health and Human Development criteria. Risk factors for HABSI were assessed by univariate and logistic regression analysis for the total cohort and for birth weight subgroups, that is, neonates ≤1500 g and >1500 g. RESULTS A total of 342 neonates developed HABSI in 5134 admissions of ≥72 hours (6.7%). Very low birth weight, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), mechanical ventilation, gastrointestinal disease, surgery (cardiac and other type), and renal insufficiency are independent risk factors for the total cohort. Gastrointestinal disease and cardiac surgery are independent risk factors in both birth weight groups; mechanical ventilation (odds ratio [OR]: 2.6; confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-4.0) and other type of surgery (OR: 4.3; CI: 2.1-8.8) are solely independent risk factors in the ≤1500-g cohort; TPN is exclusively an independent risk factor (OR: 7.9; CI: 3.9-16.2) in the >1500-g cohort. CONCLUSIONS In our neonatal intensive care unit, risk stratification by birth weight revealed some difference. Special attention concerning infection control practices is for neonates receiving TPN, mechanical ventilation, cardiac surgery, and with a gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Hilde Verstraete
- From the *Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium; †Department of Neonatal Medicine, ‡Department of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Psychosomatic Disorders, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and §Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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