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Goya S, Ruis C, Neher RA, Meijer A, Aziz A, Hinrichs AS, von Gottberg A, Roemer C, Amoako DG, Acuña D, McBroome J, Otieno JR, Bhiman JN, Everatt J, Muñoz-Escalante JC, Ramaekers K, Duggan K, Presser LD, Urbanska L, Venter M, Wolter N, Peret TC, Salimi V, Potdar V, Borges V, Viegas M. Standardized Phylogenetic Classification of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus below the Subgroup Level. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1631-1641. [PMID: 39043393 PMCID: PMC11286072 DOI: 10.3201/eid3008.240209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A globally implemented unified phylogenetic classification for human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) below the subgroup level remains elusive. We formulated global consensus of HRSV classification on the basis of the challenges and limitations of our previous proposals and the future of genomic surveillance. From a high-quality curated dataset of 1,480 HRSV-A and 1,385 HRSV-B genomes submitted to GenBank and GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org) public sequence databases through March 2023, we categorized HRSV-A/B sequences into lineages based on phylogenetic clades and amino acid markers. We defined 24 lineages within HRSV-A and 16 within HRSV-B and provided guidelines for defining prospective lineages. Our classification demonstrated robustness in its applicability to both complete and partial genomes. We envision that this unified HRSV classification proposal will strengthen HRSV molecular epidemiology on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam Meijer
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Ammar Aziz
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Angie S. Hinrichs
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Cornelius Roemer
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | | | - Dolores Acuña
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Jakob McBroome
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - James R. Otieno
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Josie Everatt
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Juan C. Muñoz-Escalante
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | | | - Kate Duggan
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Lance D. Presser
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Laura Urbanska
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Marietjie Venter
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Nicole Wolter
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Teresa C.T. Peret
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Vahid Salimi
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Varsha Potdar
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
| | - Vítor Borges
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (S. Goya)
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (C. Ruis); University of Basel and SIB, Basel, Switzerland (R.A. Neher, C. Roemer, L. Urbanska)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (A. Meijer, L.D. Presser)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. Aziz)
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA (A.S. Hinrichs, J. McBroome)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, J. Everatt, N. Wolter)
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A. von Gottberg, J.N. Bhiman, N. Wolter)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (D.G. Amoako)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D. Acuña, M. Viegas)
- Theiagen Genomics, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA (J.R. Otieno)
- Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico (J.C. Muñoz-Escalante)
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium (K. Ramaekers)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (K. Duggan)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (M. Venter)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (T.C.T. Peret)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (V. Salimi)
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (V. Potdar)
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (V. Borges)
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