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Redente EF, Kopf KW, Bahadur AN, Robichaud A, Lundblad LK, McDonald LT. Application-specific approaches to MicroCT for evaluation of mouse models of pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281452. [PMID: 36757935 PMCID: PMC9910664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of micro-computed tomography (microCT) has provided significant advancement in our ability to generate clinically relevant assessments of lung health and disease in small animal models. As microCT use to generate outcomes analysis in pulmonary preclinical models has increased there have been substantial improvements in image quality and resolution, and data analysis software. However, there are limited published methods for standardized imaging and automated analysis available for investigators. Manual quantitative analysis of microCT images is complicated by the presence of inflammation and parenchymal disease. To improve the efficiency and limit user-associated bias, we have developed an automated pulmonary air and tissue segmentation (PATS) task list to segment lung air volume and lung tissue volume for quantitative analysis. We demonstrate the effective use of the PATS task list using four distinct methods for imaging, 1) in vivo respiration controlled scanning using a flexiVent, 2) longitudinal breath-gated in vivo scanning in resolving and non-resolving pulmonary disease initiated by lipopolysaccharide-, bleomycin-, and silica-exposure, 3) post-mortem imaging, and 4) ex vivo high-resolution scanning. The accuracy of the PATS task list was compared to manual segmentation. The use of these imaging techniques and automated quantification methodology across multiple models of lung injury and fibrosis demonstrates the broad applicability and adaptability of microCT to various lung diseases and small animal models and presents a significant advance in efficiency and standardization of preclinical microCT imaging and analysis for the field of pulmonary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F. Redente
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katrina W. Kopf
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ali N. Bahadur
- Bruker BioSpin Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Lindsay T. McDonald
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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Detection of Radiolabeled Inflammatory Cell Macrophage Subpopulations in Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Results from Preliminary Analyses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9470845. [PMID: 36246991 PMCID: PMC9560842 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9470845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are immune cells that exist in different polarization states/phenotypes and have been shown to play a critical role during an inflammatory process. In this paper, differently polarized mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM (M1-proinflammatory or M2-immunomodulator)) were radiolabeled with either 99mTc-D,L-hexamethylene-propyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO), 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG), or 67Ga-citrate. Biocompatibility and in vivo biodistribution of radionuclide-labeled macrophages after intravenous injection were evaluated. Radioactivity measurements were performed using Packard Cobra Quantum 5002 Gamma Counter. Both M1 and M2 macrophages showed a higher uptake for 18F-FDG and 99mTc-HMPAO, than 67Ga-citrate. M2 macrophages showed a higher uptake of radionuclides than M1 macrophages. The used radionuclides were biocompatible for both M1 and M2 macrophages. At 2-hour postinjection, 18F-FDG-labeled M1 and M2 macrophages were found significantly higher in the lung of inflammatory animals (12.54 ± 1.58% and 14.13 ± 1.03%, respectively) than in control mice. Labeling macrophages with either 18F-FDG or 99mTc-HMPAO did not affect their biodistribution. The results from these initial experiments indicate that radionuclide-labeled macrophages may allow a higher sensitivity detection in nuclear imaging techniques such as PET and SPECT. Further confirmatory studies are needed to noninvasively image radiolabeled BMDM to understand their role in the inflammatory processes inherent to CRDs.
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Lv Z, Duan S, Zhou M, Gu M, Li S, Wang Y, Xia Q, Xu D, Mao Y, Dong W, Jiang L. Mouse Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury in Mice via Exosomal SAA1. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4254-4263. [PMID: 36173129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a global disease burden, and approximately 40% of cases develop acute lung injury (ALI). Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) and their exosomes are widely used in treating a variety of diseases including sepsis. As an acute phase protein, serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) regulates inflammation and immunity. However, the role of SAA1 in BMSCs-exosomes in septic lung injury remains to be elucidated. Exosomes derived from serum and BMSCs were isolated by ultracentrifugation. SAA1 was silenced or overexpressed in mouse BMSCs using lentiviral plasmids, containing either SAA1-targeting short interfering RNAs or SAA1 cDNA. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). LPS was used to induce ALI in mice. Mouse alveolar macrophages were isolated by flow cytometry. Levels of SAA1, endotoxin, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured using commercial kits. LPS internalization was monitored by immunostaining. RT-qPCR or immunoblots were performed to test gene and protein expressions. Serum exosomes of patients with sepsis-induced lung injury had significantly higher levels of SAA1, endotoxin, TNF-α, and IL-6. Overexpression of SAA1 in BMSCs inhibited CLP- or LPS-induced lung injury and decreased CLP- or LPS-induced endotoxin, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels. Administration of the SAA1 blocking peptide was found to partially inhibit SAA1-induced LPS internalization by mouse alveolar macrophages and reverse the protective effect of SAA1. In conclusion, BMSCs inhibit sepsis-induced lung injury through exosomal SAA1. These results highlight the importance of BMSCs, exosomes, and SAA1, which may provide novel directions for the treatment of septic lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuxian Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Minglu Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dunfeng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanfei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenwen Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
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Ma Y, Di R, Zhao H, Song R, Zou H, Liu Z. P2X7 receptor knockdown suppresses osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting autophagy and Ca 2+/calcineurin signaling. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:160. [PMID: 35266012 PMCID: PMC8941524 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is continuously remodeled in a dynamic process maintained by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and imbalances in the relative activities of these cell types can cause various pathological conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that serve an important role in regulating the development of osteoporosis. Furthermore, P2X7 receptor activation has a vital role in physiological and pathological reactions in bone, including bone disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of P2X7 receptor on osteoclast differentiation and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism by western blotting and tartrate‑resistant acid phosphatase staining. The results indicated that the expression levels of P2X7 receptor and intracellular Ca2+ concentration levels were very high in mature osteoclasts. Furthermore, P2X7 receptor overexpression increased the number of multinucleated osteoclasts and the expression of osteoclastogenesis‑related proteins. P2X7 receptor overexpression was also associated with downstream activation of Ca2+/calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) signaling and increased expression of autophagy‑related proteins during osteoclast differentiation. By contrast, knockdown of P2X7 receptor exerted the opposite effects. Notably, FK506 (a Ca2+/calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling inhibitor) abrogated P2X7 receptor overexpression‑induced osteoclast differentiation and activation of autophagy. Moreover, 3‑MA (an autophagy inhibitor) significantly suppressed P2X7 receptor overexpression‑induced osteoclast differentiation. In conclusion, P2X7 receptor knockdown may suppress osteoclast differentiation by modulating autophagy and the Ca2+/calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Ran Di
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Ruilong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
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5
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Engineering of Immune Microenvironment for Enhanced Tissue Remodeling. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:221-236. [PMID: 35041181 PMCID: PMC8971302 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The capability to restore the structure and function of tissues damaged by fatal diseases and trauma is essential for living organisms. Various tissue engineering approaches have been applied in lesions to enhance tissue regeneration after injuries and diseases in living organisms. However, unforeseen immune reactions by the treatments interfere with successful healing and reduce the therapeutic efficacy of the strategies. The immune system is known to play essential roles in the regulation of the microenvironment and recruitment of cells that directly or indirectly participate in tissue remodeling in defects. Accordingly, regenerative immune engineering has emerged as a novel approach toward efficiently inducing regeneration using engineering techniques that modulate the immune system. It is aimed at providing a favorable immune microenvironment based on the controlled balance between pro-inflammation and anti-inflammation. In this review, we introduce recent developments in immune engineering therapeutics based on various cell types and biomaterials. These developments could potentially overcome the therapeutic limitations of tissue remodeling.
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Simcock IC, Shelmerdine SC, Langan D, Anna G, Sebire NJ, Arthurs OJ. Micro-CT yields high image quality in human fetal post-mortem imaging despite maceration. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21:128. [PMID: 34429085 PMCID: PMC8383392 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-021-00658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current clinical post-mortem imaging techniques do not provide sufficiently high-resolution imaging for smaller fetuses after pregnancy loss. Post-mortem micro-CT is a non-invasive technique that can deliver high diagnostic accuracy for these smaller fetuses. The purpose of the study is to identify the main predictors of image quality for human fetal post-mortem micro-CT imaging. METHODS Human fetuses were imaged using micro-CT following potassium tri-iodide tissue preparation, and axial head and chest views were assessed for image quality on a Likert scale by two blinded radiologists. Simple and multivariable linear regression models were performed with demographic details, iodination, tissue maceration score and imaging parameters as predictor variables. RESULTS 258 fetuses were assessed, with median weight 41.7 g (2.6-350 g) and mean gestational age 16 weeks (11-24 weeks). A high image quality score (> 6.5) was achieved in 95% of micro-CT studies, higher for the head (median = 9) than chest (median = 8.5) imaging. The strongest negative predictors of image quality were increasing maceration and body weight (p < 0.001), with number of projections being the best positive imaging predictor. CONCLUSIONS High micro-CT image quality score is achievable following early pregnancy loss despite fetal maceration, particularly in smaller fetuses where conventional autopsy may be particularly challenging. These findings will help establish clinical micro-CT imaging services, addressing the need for less invasive fetal autopsy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Craig Simcock
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
| | - Susan Cheng Shelmerdine
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Dean Langan
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Guy Anna
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Neil James Sebire
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Owen John Arthurs
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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7
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Bao X, Liu X, Liu N, Zhuang S, Yang Q, Ren H, Zhao D, Bai J, Zhou X, Tang L. Inhibition of EZH2 prevents acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-associated pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the macrophage polarization phenotype. Respir Res 2021; 22:194. [PMID: 34217280 PMCID: PMC8255011 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently reported histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) as a key epigenetic regulator that contributes to the dysfunction of innate immune responses to sepsis and subsequent lung injury by mediating the imbalance of macrophage polarization. However, the role of EZH2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-associated fibrosis remains poorly understood. Methods In this study, we investigated the role and mechanisms of EZH2 in pulmonary fibrosis in a murine model of LPS-induced ARDS and in ex-vivo cultured alveolar macrophages (MH-S) and mouse lung epithelial cell line (MLE-12) by using 3-deazaneplanocin A (3-DZNeP) and EZH2 the small interfering (si) RNA. Results We found that treatment with 3-DZNeP significantly ameliorated the LPS-induced direct lung injury and fibroproliferation by blocking EMT through TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and regulating shift of macrophage phenotypes. In the ex-vivo polarized alveolar macrophages cells, treatment with EZH2 siRNA or 3-DZNeP suppressed the M1 while promoted the M2 macrophage differentiation through modulating the STAT/SOCS signaling pathway and activating PPAR-γ. Moreover, we identified that blockade of EZH2 with 3-DZNeP suppressed the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in co-cultured bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and mouse lung epithelial cell line through down-regulation of TGF-β1, TGF-βR1, Smad2 while up-regulation of Smad7 expression. Conclusions These results indicate that EZH2 is involved in the pathological process of ARDS-associated pulmonary fibrosis. Targeting EZH2 may be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat pulmonary fibrosis post ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Bao
- Department of Internal Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Shanghai East Hospital, Tong Ji University, 1800, Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xiandong Liu
- Department of Internal Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Shanghai East Hospital, Tong Ji University, 1800, Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Internal Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Shanghai East Hospital, Tong Ji University, 1800, Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Huijuan Ren
- Department of Internal Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Shanghai East Hospital, Tong Ji University, 1800, Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Dongyang Zhao
- Department of Internal Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Shanghai East Hospital, Tong Ji University, 1800, Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jianwen Bai
- Department of Internal Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Shanghai East Hospital, Tong Ji University, 1800, Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, 150, Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Lunxian Tang
- Department of Internal Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Shanghai East Hospital, Tong Ji University, 1800, Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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8
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Simcock IC, Shelmerdine SC, Hutchinson JC, Sebire NJ, Arthurs OJ. Human fetal whole-body postmortem microfocus computed tomographic imaging. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:2594-2614. [PMID: 33854254 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal autopsy is the standard method for investigating fetal death; however, it requires dissection of the fetus. Human fetal microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT) provides a generally more acceptable and less invasive imaging alternative for bereaved parents to determine the cause of early pregnancy loss compared with conventional autopsy techniques. In this protocol, we describe the four main stages required to image fetuses using micro-CT. Preparation of the fetus includes staining with the contrast agent potassium triiodide and takes 3-19 d, depending on the size of the fetus and the time taken to obtain consent for the procedure. Setup for imaging requires appropriate positioning of the fetus and takes 1 h. The actual imaging takes, on average, 2 h 40 min and involves initial test scans followed by high-definition diagnostic scans. Postimaging, 3 d are required to postprocess the fetus, including removal of the stain, and also to undertake artifact recognition and data transfer. This procedure produces high-resolution isotropic datasets, allowing for radio-pathological interpretations to be made and long-term digital archiving for re-review and data sharing, where required. The protocol can be undertaken following appropriate training, which includes both the use of micro-CT techniques and handling of postmortem tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Simcock
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Susan C Shelmerdine
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - J Ciaran Hutchinson
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.,Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Neil J Sebire
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.,Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK. .,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK. .,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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Simcock IC, Hutchinson JC, Shelmerdine SC, Matos JN, Sebire NJ, Fuentes VL, Arthurs OJ. Investigation of optimal sample preparation conditions with potassium triiodide and optimal imaging settings for microfocus computed tomography of excised cat hearts. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:326-333. [PMID: 32228254 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.4.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine optimal sample preparation conditions with potassium triiodide (I2KI) and optimal imaging settings for microfocus CT (micro-CT) of excised cat hearts. SAMPLE 7 excised hearts (weight range, 10 to 17.6 g) obtained from healthy adult cats after euthanasia by IV injection of pentobarbital sodium. PROCEDURES Following excision, the hearts were preserved in 10% formaldehyde solution. Six hearts were immersed in 1.25% I2KI solution (n = 3) or 2.5% I2KI solution (3) for a 12-day period. Micro-CT images were acquired at time 0 (prior to iodination) then approximately every 24 and 48 hours thereafter to determine optimal sample preparation conditions (ie, immersion time and concentration of I2KI solution). Identified optimal conditions were then used to prepare the seventh heart for imaging; changes in voltage, current, exposure time, and gain on image quality were evaluated to determine optimal settings (ie, maximal signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios). Images were obtained at a voxel resolution of 30 μm. A detailed morphological assessment of the main cardiac structures of the seventh heart was then performed. RESULTS Immersion in 2.5% I2KI solution for 48 hours was optimal for sample preparation. The optimal imaging conditions included a tube voltage of 100 kV, current of 150 μA, and exposure time of 354 milliseconds; scan duration was 12 minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provided an optimal micro-CT imaging protocol for excised cat hearts prepared with I2KI solution that could serve as a basis for future studies of micro-CT for high resolution 3-D imaging of cat hearts.
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10
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Xiao H, Wu YP, Yang CC, Yi Z, Zeng N, Xu Y, Zeng H, Deng P, Zhang Q, Wu M. Knockout of E2F1 enhances the polarization of M2 phenotype macrophages to accelerate the wound healing process. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2020; 36:692-698. [PMID: 32349192 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process, which is classically divided into inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling phases. Macrophages play a key role in wound healing, however, whether E2F1 mediates the M1/M2 polarization during the wound healing process is not known. Skin wounds were surgically induced in E2F1-/- mice and their WT littermates. At day 2 and day 7 post-surgery, the wounded skin tissues including 2 to 3 mm normal skin were obtained. The wounded skin tissues were used for the analyses of immunofluorescence staining (CD68, iNOS, CD206), western blotting (CD68, iNOS, CD206, PPAR-γ) and Co-immunoprecipitation (E2F1-PPAR-γ interactions). E2F1-/- mice exhibited faster wound healing process. At day 2, the M2 macrophages were remarkably increased in the E2F1-/- mice. Surprisingly, in the border zone of the wound, E2F1-/- mice had also more M2 macrophages and fewer M1 macrophages at day 7 post-surgery, suggesting a certain degree of polarization amongst the M1 and M2 phenotypes. Co-IP revealed that E2F1 indeed interacted with PPAR-γ, meanwhile western blotting and RT-PCR showed higher expression of PPAR-γ in the E2F1-/- mice as compared to that in the WT mice. Therefore, the findings suggest that wound healing process could be accelerated with enhanced M2 polarization through increased PPAR-γ expression in E2F1 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang-Chun Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Yi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Zeng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Deng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Tim-3 Regulates Tregs' Ability to Resolve the Inflammation and Proliferation of Acute Lung Injury by Modulating Macrophages Polarization. Shock 2019; 50:455-464. [PMID: 29194342 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that CD4CD25 regulatory T cells (Tregs) contributed to the recovery of patients with acute lung injury (ALI) by upregulating T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (Tim-3). However, the molecular mechanism by which Tim-3 regulates Tregs' function in the resolution and fibroproliferation after ALI remains unknown. In this study, we adoptively transferred Tim-3Tregs or Tim-3Tregs into lipopolysaccharide -induced ALI mice model. Data demonstrated that Tim-3Tregs not only decreased indices of lung inflammation and injury but also mitigated lung fibrosis after ALI. Furthermore, we observed that the transfer of Tim-3Tregs led to M2-like macrophage differentiation as demonstrated by significantly upregulated levels of M2-associated phenotypic markers as well as downregulated expressions of M1-related markers in both the profibrotic lung tissue and sorted pulmonary monocytes after ALI. In addition, cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-4 were also upregulated in lung tissues after Tim-3Tregs transferring. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that cell-contact cocultures with Tregs lacking Tim-3 presented decreased polarization of M2-like macrophages partially mediated by a decreased expression and function of STAT-3. Therefore, these data demonstrate a previously unrecognized function of Tim-3 on Tregs in their ability to repress the fibroproliferation of ALI by inducing alternative macrophages polarization. Moreover, the data highlight that Tim-3Tregs-mediated induction of M2-like macrophages may be a novel treatment modality with transitional potential.
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Riberdy V, Litvack M, Stirrat E, Couch M, Post M, Santyr GE. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe imaging of embryonic stem cell-derived alveolar-like macrophages in rat lungs: proof-of-concept study using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1356-1367. [PMID: 31556154 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure regional changes in hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI signal and apparent transverse relaxation ( T 2 ∗ ) because of instillation of SPION-labeled alveolar-like macrophages (ALMs) in the lungs of rats and compare to histology. METHODS MRI was performed in 6 healthy mechanically ventilated rats before instillation, as well as 5 min and 1 h after instillation of 4 million SPION-labeled ALMs into either the left or right lung. T 2 ∗ maps were calculated from 2D multi-echo data at each time point and changes in T 2 ∗ were measured and compared to control rats receiving 4 million unlabeled ALMs. Histology of the ex vivo lungs was used to compare the regional MRI findings with the locations of the SPION-labeled ALMs. RESULTS Regions of signal loss were observed immediately after instillation of unlabeled and SPION-labeled ALMs and persisted at least 1 h in the case of the SPION-labeled ALMs. This was reflected in the measurements of T 2 ∗ . One hour after the instillation of SPION-labeled ALMs, the T 2 ∗ decreased to 54.0 ± 7.0% of the baseline, compared to a full recovery to baseline after the instillation of unlabeled ALMs. Histology confirmed the co-localization of SPION-labeled ALMs with regions of signal loss and T 2 ∗ decreases for each rat. CONCLUSION Hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI can detect the presence of SPION-labeled ALMs in the airways 1 h after instillation. This approach is promising for targeting and tracking of stem cells for the treatment of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlora Riberdy
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Litvack
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elaine Stirrat
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcus Couch
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giles E Santyr
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Xiao Y, Cao Y, Song C, Ren X, Yan L, Hao D, Kong L. Cellular study of the LPS-induced osteoclastic multinucleated cell formation from RAW264.7 cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:421-428. [PMID: 31222739 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the response to the receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-Β ligand (RANKL), a study has reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce RAW264.7 linage osteoclastic differentiation. However, on the contrary, another study recently showed that the LPS-induced multinuclear cells from RAW264.7 did not express osteoclastic functions. Interestingly, in our previous study, we found that RAW264.7 cells pretreated with 10 ng LPS plus macrophage-colony stimulating factor did not show any effects for enhancing RANKL-induced osteoclastic cell differentiation. Therefore, in our current study, we aim to investigate the oteoclastogesis induction ability and efficacy of LPS in the RAW264.7 cell line and relevant molecular signaling. The osteoclastogenic activity of LPS-treated RAW264.7 linage was studied by bone resorption pits and fibrous actin study. Besides that, through polymerase chain reaction and western blot, we showed that the transcriptional factor c-Fos and Nfatc1 might be associated with LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis. Overall, the results of our current study showed positive proof for osteoclast generation from LPS-independent treatment, as well as established an optimal and efficient method for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Univerisity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Univerisity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengchao Song
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Univerisity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Univerisity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingbo Kong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Univerisity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Guo K, Zhang D, Wu H, Zhu Q, Yang C, Zhu J. MiRNA-199a-5p positively regulated RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by target Mafb protein. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7024-7031. [PMID: 30387167 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in osteoclast differentiation. Although miR-199a-5p plays an important role in many different systems and diseases, its function during osteoclastogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the function and the target gene of miR-199a-5p in osteoclast differentiation. The in vitro data showed that miR-199a-5p was significantly upregulated after the stimulation by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand in macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. After transfection of miR-199a-5p mimic, the messenger RNA expression level of nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B was significantly increased in RAW 264.7 cells and the number of TRAP-positive cells was also increased. MiR-199a-5p inhibitor showed the complete opposite outcome which brought additional proof to our finding. Overexpression of miR-199a-5p led to downregulation of Mafb protein. The luciferase activity was obviously repressed when WT-pGL3-Mafb and miR-199a-5p mimics were cotransfected into 293 T cells and the inhibitors cotransfected demonstrated reverse result. MiR-199a-5p overexpressed during osteoclast differentiation and positively regulated osteoclast formation in vitro by target Mafb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haining Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingsheng Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chongfei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinyu Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Byrne AJ, Maher TM, Lloyd CM. Pulmonary Macrophages: A New Therapeutic Pathway in Fibrosing Lung Disease? Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:303-316. [PMID: 26979628 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a growing clinical problem which can result in breathlessness or respiratory failure and has an average life expectancy of 3 years from diagnosis. Therapeutic options for PF are limited and there is therefore a significant unmet clinical need. The recent resurgent interest in macrophage biology has led to a new understanding of lung macrophage origins, biology, and phenotypes. In this review we discuss fibrotic mechanisms and focus on the role of macrophages during fibrotic lung disease. Data from both human and murine studies are reviewed, highlighting novel macrophage-orientated biomarkers for disease diagnosis and potential targets for future anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Byrne
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Toby M Maher
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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