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Jacob R, Gorek LS. Intracellular galectin interactions in health and disease. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 46:4. [PMID: 38990375 PMCID: PMC11239732 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In the galectin family, a group of lectins is united by their evolutionarily conserved carbohydrate recognition domains. These polypeptides play a role in various cellular processes and are implicated in disease mechanisms such as cancer, fibrosis, infection, and inflammation. Following synthesis in the cytosol, manifold interactions of galectins have been described both extracellularly and intracellularly. Extracellular galectins frequently engage with glycoproteins or glycolipids in a carbohydrate-dependent manner. Intracellularly, galectins bind to non-glycosylated proteins situated in distinct cellular compartments, each with multiple cellular functions. This diversity complicates attempts to form a comprehensive understanding of the role of galectin molecules within the cell. This review enumerates intracellular galectin interaction partners and outlines their involvement in cellular processes. The intricate connections between galectin functions and pathomechanisms are illustrated through discussions of intracellular galectin assemblies in immune and cancer cells. This underscores the imperative need to fully comprehend the interplay of galectins with the cellular machinery and to devise therapeutic strategies aimed at counteracting the establishment of galectin-based disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Jacob
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 14, D-35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lena-Sophie Gorek
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 14, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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2
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Perez-Moreno E, Oyanadel C, de la Peña A, Hernández R, Pérez-Molina F, Metz C, González A, Soza A. Galectins in epithelial-mesenchymal transition: roles and mechanisms contributing to tissue repair, fibrosis and cancer metastasis. Biol Res 2024; 57:14. [PMID: 38570874 PMCID: PMC10993482 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectins are soluble glycan-binding proteins that interact with a wide range of glycoproteins and glycolipids and modulate a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes. The expression and subcellular localization of different galectins vary among tissues and cell types and change during processes of tissue repair, fibrosis and cancer where epithelial cells loss differentiation while acquiring migratory mesenchymal phenotypes. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that occurs in the context of these processes can include modifications of glycosylation patterns of glycolipids and glycoproteins affecting their interactions with galectins. Moreover, overexpression of certain galectins has been involved in the development and different outcomes of EMT. This review focuses on the roles and mechanisms of Galectin-1 (Gal-1), Gal-3, Gal-4, Gal-7 and Gal-8, which have been involved in physiologic and pathogenic EMT contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Perez-Moreno
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Oyanadel
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adely de la Peña
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ronny Hernández
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Pérez-Molina
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Metz
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso González
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrea Soza
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile.
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Peltan EL, Riley NM, Flynn RA, Roberts DS, Bertozzi CR. Galectin-3 does not interact with RNA directly. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad076. [PMID: 37815932 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, well characterized as a glycan binding protein, has been identified as a putative RNA binding protein, possibly through participation in pre-mRNA maturation through interactions with splicosomes. Given recent developments with cell surface RNA biology, the putative dual-function nature of galectin-3 evokes a possible non-classical connection between glycobiology and RNA biology. However, with limited functional evidence of a direct RNA interaction, many molecular-level observations rely on affinity reagents and lack appropriate genetic controls. Thus, evidence of a direct interaction remains elusive. We demonstrate that antibodies raised to endogenous human galectin-3 can isolate RNA-protein crosslinks, but this activity remains insensitive to LGALS3 knock-out. Proteomic characterization of anti-galectin-3 IPs revealed enrichment of galectin-3, but high abundance of hnRNPA2B1, an abundant, well-characterized RNA-binding protein with weak homology to the N-terminal domain of galectin-3, in the isolate. Genetic ablation of HNRNPA2B1, but not LGALS3, eliminates the ability of the anti-galectin-3 antibodies to isolate RNA-protein crosslinks, implying either an indirect interaction or cross-reactivity. To address this, we introduced an epitope tag to the endogenous C-terminal locus of LGALS3. Isolation of the tagged galectin-3 failed to reveal any RNA-protein crosslinks. This result suggests that the galectin-3 does not directly interact with RNA and may be misidentified as an RNA-binding protein, at least in HeLa where the putative RNA associations were first identified. We encourage further investigation of this phenomenon employ gene deletions and, when possible, endogenous epitope tags to achieve the specificity required to evaluate potential interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egan L Peltan
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive CCSR 4145 Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford ChEM-H Building 290 Jane Stanford Way Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford ChEM-H Building 290 Jane Stanford Way Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Ryan A Flynn
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02445, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - David S Roberts
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford ChEM-H Building 290 Jane Stanford Way Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford ChEM-H Building 290 Jane Stanford Way Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive Room B202 Stanford, CA 94305-5323, United States
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4
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Nehmé R, St-Pierre Y. Targeting intracellular galectins for cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269391. [PMID: 37753083 PMCID: PMC10518623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although considerable attention has been paid to the role of extracellular galectins in modulating, positively or negatively, tumor growth and metastasis, we have witnessed a growing interest in the role of intracellular galectins in response to their environment. This is not surprising as many galectins preferentially exist in cytosolic and nuclear compartments, which is consistent with the fact that they are exported outside the cells via a yet undefined non-classical mechanism. This review summarizes our most recent knowledge of their intracellular functions in cancer cells and provides some directions for future strategies to inhibit their role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
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5
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Ko FCF, Yan S, Lee KW, Lam SK, Ho JCM. Chimera and Tandem-Repeat Type Galectins: The New Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:902. [PMID: 37371482 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, a total of 12 galectins have been identified. Their intracellular and extracellular biological functions are explored and discussed in this review. These galectins play important roles in controlling immune responses within the tumour microenvironment (TME) and the infiltration of immune cells, including different subsets of T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, to fight against cancer cells. However, these infiltrating cells also have repair roles and are hijacked by cancer cells for pro-tumorigenic activities. Upon a better understanding of the immunomodulating functions of galectin-3 and -9, their inhibitors, namely, GB1211 and LYT-200, have been selected as candidates for clinical trials. The use of these galectin inhibitors as combined treatments with current immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is also undergoing clinical trial investigations. Through their network of binding partners, inhibition of galectin have broad downstream effects acting on CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Natural Killer (NK) cells, and macrophages as well as playing pro-inflammatory roles, inhibiting T-cell exhaustion to support the fight against cancer cells. Other galectin members are also included in this review to provide insight into potential candidates for future treatment(s). The pitfalls and limitations of using galectins and their inhibitors are also discussed to cognise their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie Chi Fat Ko
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Wai Lee
- Pathology Department, Baptist Hospital, Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sze Kwan Lam
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Chung Man Ho
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Voss PG, Wang JL. Liquid-liquid phase separation: Galectin-3 in nuclear speckles and ribonucleoprotein complexes. Exp Cell Res 2023; 427:113571. [PMID: 37003559 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear speckles are subcellular structures originally characterized by punctate immunofluorescence staining of the monoclonal antibody SC35, which recognizes an epitope on SRRM2 (serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 2) and Sfrs2, a member of the SR (serine/arginine-rich) family of splicing factors. Galectin-3 co-localizes with SC35 in nuclear speckles, which represent one group of nuclear bodies that include the nucleolus, Cajal bodies and gems, paraspeckles, etc. Although they appear to have well-delineated physical boundaries, these nuclear bodies are not membrane-bound structures but represent macromolecular assemblies arising from a phenomenon called liquid-liquid phase separation. There has been much recent interest in liquid phase condensation as a newly recognized mechanism by which a cell can organize and compartmentalize subcellular structures with distinct composition. The punctate/speckled staining of galectin-3 with SC3 demonstrates their co-localization in a phase-separated body in vivo, under conditions endogenous to the cell. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the studies that document three key features of galectin-3 for its localization in liquid phase condensates: (a) an intrinsically disordered domain; (b) oligomer formation for multivalent binding; and (c) association with RNA and ribonucleoprotein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Voss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John L Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Lima T, Perpétuo L, Henrique R, Fardilha M, Leite-Moreira A, Bastos J, Vitorino R. Galectin-3 in prostate cancer and heart diseases: a biomarker for these two frightening pathologies? Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2763-2778. [PMID: 36583779 PMCID: PMC10011345 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) belongs to galectin protein family, a type of β-galactose-binding lectin having more than one evolutionarily conserved domain of carbohydrate recognition. Gal-3 is mainly located in the cytoplasm, but it also enters the nucleus and is secreted into the extracellular environment and biological fluids such as urine, saliva, and serum. It plays an important role in many biological functions, such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell differentiation, cell growth, fibrosis, inflammation, host defense, cellular modification, splicing of pre-mRNA, and transformation. Many previous studies have shown that Gal-3 can be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for heart ailments, kidney diseases, and other major illnesses including cancer. Moreover, it may also play a major role in risk stratification in different diseases, and in this review, we have summarized the potential roles and application of Gal-3 as diagnostic, prognostic, and risk stratifying biomarker from previously reported studies in heart diseases and cancer, with special emphasis on prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Lima
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luís Perpétuo
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, UnIC, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050‑313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, UnIC, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jose Bastos
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, UnIC, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Yang ML, Chen YC, Wang CT, Chong HE, Chung NH, Leu CH, Liu FT, Lai MMC, Ling P, Wu CL, Shiau AL. Upregulation of galectin-3 in influenza A virus infection promotes viral RNA synthesis through its association with viral PA protein. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:14. [PMID: 36823664 PMCID: PMC9948428 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is one of the most important viral infections globally. Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) consists of the PA, PB1, and PB2 subunits, and the amino acid residues of each subunit are highly conserved among influenza A virus (IAV) strains. Due to the high mutation rate and emergence of drug resistance, new antiviral strategies are needed. Host cell factors are involved in the transcription and replication of influenza virus. Here, we investigated the role of galectin-3, a member of the β-galactoside-binding animal lectin family, in the life cycle of IAV infection in vitro and in mice. METHODS We used galectin-3 knockout and wild-type mice and cells to study the intracellular role of galectin-3 in influenza pathogenesis. Body weight and survival time of IAV-infected mice were analyzed, and viral production in mouse macrophages and lung fibroblasts was examined. Overexpression and knockdown of galectin-3 in A549 human lung epithelial cells were exploited to assess viral entry, viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) import/export, transcription, replication, virion production, as well as interactions between galectin-3 and viral proteins by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, RT-qPCR, minireplicon, and plaque assays. We also employed recombinant galectin-3 proteins to identify specific step(s) of the viral life cycle that was affected by exogenously added galectin-3 in A549 cells. RESULTS Galectin-3 levels were increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lungs of IAV-infected mice. There was a positive correlation between galectin-3 levels and viral loads. Notably, galectin-3 knockout mice were resistant to IAV infection. Knockdown of galectin-3 significantly reduced the production of viral proteins and virions in A549 cells. While intracellular galectin-3 did not affect viral entry, it increased vRNP nuclear import, RdRp activity, and viral transcription and replication, which were associated with the interaction of galectin-3 with viral PA subunit. Galectin-3 enhanced the interaction between viral PA and PB1 proteins. Moreover, exogenously added recombinant galectin-3 proteins also enhanced viral adsorption and promoted IAV infection in A549 cells. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that galectin-3 enhances viral infection through increases in vRNP nuclear import and RdRp activity, thereby facilitating viral transcription and replication. Our findings also identify galectin-3 as a potential therapeutic target for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lin Yang
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan ,grid.413878.10000 0004 0572 9327Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Teng Wang
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Hao-Earn Chong
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Nai-Hui Chung
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsing Leu
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael M. C. Lai
- grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin Ling
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan.
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan. .,Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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Targeting galectin-driven regulatory circuits in cancer and fibrosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:295-316. [PMID: 36759557 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of endogenous glycan-binding proteins that have crucial roles in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. As a group, these proteins use both extracellular and intracellular mechanisms as well as glycan-dependent and independent pathways to reprogramme the fate and function of numerous cell types. Given their multifunctional roles in both tissue fibrosis and cancer, galectins have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for these disorders. Here, we focus on the therapeutic relevance of galectins, particularly galectin 1 (GAL1), GAL3 and GAL9 to tumour progression and fibrotic diseases. We consider an array of galectin-targeted strategies, including small-molecule carbohydrate inhibitors, natural polysaccharides and their derivatives, peptides, peptidomimetics and biological agents (notably, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and truncated galectins) and discuss their mechanisms of action, selectivity and therapeutic potential in preclinical models of fibrosis and cancer. We also review the results of clinical trials that aim to evaluate the efficacy of galectin inhibitors in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cancer. The rapid pace of glycobiology research, combined with the acute need for drugs to alleviate fibrotic inflammation and overcome resistance to anticancer therapies, will accelerate the translation of anti-galectin therapeutics into clinical practice.
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Kapetanakis NI, Busson P. Galectins as pivotal components in oncogenesis and immune exclusion in human malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145268. [PMID: 36817445 PMCID: PMC9935586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are galactoside-binding proteins, exerting numerous functions inside and outside the cell, particularly conferring adaptation to stress factors. For most of them, aberrant expression profiles have been reported in the context of cancer. Albeit not being oncogenic drivers, galectins can be harnessed to exacerbate the malignant phenotype. Their impact on disease establishment and progression is not limited to making cancer cells resistant to apoptosis, but is prominent in the context of the tumor microenvironment, where it fosters angiogenesis, immune escape and exclusion. This review focuses mainly on Gal-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9 for which the involvement in cancer biology is best known. It presents the types of galectin dysregulations, attempts to explain the mechanisms behind them and analyzes the different ways in which they favor tumour growth. In an era where tumour resistance to immunotherapy appears as a major challenge, we highlight the crucial immunosuppressive roles of galectins and the potential therapeutic benefits of combinatorial approaches including galectin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Busson
- Host-Tumor Interactions in Head and Neck Carcinoma: Exploration and Therapeutic Modulations, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche(UMR) 9018 - METabolic and SYstemic aspects of oncogenesis for new therapeutic approaches (METSY), Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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11
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Laderach DJ, Compagno D. Inhibition of galectins in cancer: Biological challenges for their clinical application. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1104625. [PMID: 36703969 PMCID: PMC9872792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1104625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins play relevant roles in tumor development, progression and metastasis. Accordingly, galectins are certainly enticing targets for medical intervention in cancer. To date, however, clinical trials based on galectin inhibitors reported inconclusive results. This review summarizes the galectin inhibitors currently being evaluated and discusses some of the biological challenges that need to be addressed to improve these strategies for the benefit of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego José Laderach
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facutad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Argentina,*Correspondence: Diego José Laderach,
| | - Daniel Compagno
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facutad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Kufe DW. Emergence of MUC1 in Mammals for Adaptation of Barrier Epithelia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194805. [PMID: 36230728 PMCID: PMC9564314 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucin 1 (MUC1) gene was discovered based on its overexpression in human breast cancers. Subsequent work demonstrated that MUC1 is aberrantly expressed in cancers originating from other diverse organs, including skin and immune cells. These findings supported a role for MUC1 in the adaptation of barrier tissues to infection and environmental stress. Of fundamental importance for this evolutionary adaptation was inclusion of a SEA domain, which catalyzes autoproteolysis of the MUC1 protein and formation of a non-covalent heterodimeric complex. The resulting MUC1 heterodimer is poised at the apical cell membrane to respond to loss of homeostasis. Disruption of the complex releases the MUC1 N-terminal (MUC1-N) subunit into a protective mucous gel. Conversely, the transmembrane C-terminal (MUC1-C) subunit activates a program of lineage plasticity, epigenetic reprogramming and repair. This MUC1-C-activated program apparently evolved for barrier tissues to mount self-regulating proliferative, inflammatory and remodeling responses associated with wound healing. Emerging evidence indicates that MUC1-C underpins inflammatory adaptation of tissue stem cells and immune cells in the barrier niche. This review focuses on how prolonged activation of MUC1-C by chronic inflammation in these niches promotes the cancer stem cell (CSC) state by establishing auto-inductive nodes that drive self-renewal and tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Kufe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, D830, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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13
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Li J, Shen H, Owens GK, Guo LW. SREBP1 regulates Lgals3 activation in response to cholesterol loading. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:892-909. [PMID: 35694209 PMCID: PMC9168384 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant smooth muscle cell (SMC) plasticity is etiological to vascular diseases. Cholesterol induces SMC phenotypic transition featuring high LGALS3 (galectin-3) expression. This proatherogenic process is poorly understood for its molecular underpinnings, in particular, the mechanistic role of sterol regulatory-element binding protein-1 (SREBP1), a master regulator of lipid metabolism. Herein we show that cholesterol loading stimulated SREBP1 expression in mouse, rat, and human SMCs. SREBP1 positively regulated LGALS3 expression (and vice versa), whereas Krüppel-like factor-15 (KLF15) acted as a negative regulator. Both bound to the Lgals3 promoter, yet at discrete sites, as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. SREBP1 and LGALS3 each abated KLF15 protein, and blocking the bromo/extraterminal domain-containing proteins (BETs) family of acetyl-histone readers abolished cholesterol-stimulated SREBP1/LGALS3 protein production. Furthermore, silencing bromodomain protein 2 (BRD2; but not other BETs) reduced SREBP1; endogenous BRD2 co-immunoprecipitated with SREBP1's transcription-active domain, its own promoter DNA, and that of L gals 3. Thus, results identify a previously uncharacterized cholesterol-responsive dyad-SREBP1 and LGALS3, constituting a feedforward circuit that can be blocked by BETs inhibition. This study provides new insights into SMC phenotypic transition and potential interventional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hongtao Shen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gary K. Owens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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14
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Sarrand J, Baglione L, Parisis D, Soyfoo M. The Involvement of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105671. [PMID: 35628481 PMCID: PMC9145074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects exocrine glands, primarily the salivary and lachrymal glands. It is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the glandular tissues, ultimately leading to their dysfunction and destruction. Besides classic dry eyes and dry mouth defined as sicca syndrome, patients affected by the disease also typically display symptoms such as fatigue, pain and in more than 50% of cases, systemic manifestations such as arthritis, interstitial lung involvement, neurological involvement and an increased risk of lymphoma. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying SS still remain elusive. The crucial role of innate immunity has been advocated in recent years regarding the pathogenesis of pSS, especially in the initiation and progression toward autoimmunity. Alarmins are endogenous molecules that belong to the large family of damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Alarmins are rapidly released, ensuing cell injury and interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as toll-like receptors (TLR) to recruit and activate cells of the innate immune system and to promote adaptive immunity responses. This review highlights the current knowledge of various alarmins and their role in the pathogenesis of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sarrand
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (J.S.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Laurie Baglione
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (J.S.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Dorian Parisis
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (J.S.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Soyfoo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (J.S.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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15
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Gal3 Plays a Deleterious Role in a Mouse Model of Endotoxemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031170. [PMID: 35163089 PMCID: PMC8835800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia induces an acute systemic inflammatory response that mimics some important features of sepsis, the disease with the highest mortality rate worldwide. In this work, we have analyzed a murine model of endotoxemia based on a single intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg of LPS. We took advantage of galectin-3 (Gal3) knockout mice and found that the absence of Gal3 decreased the mortality rate oflethal endotoxemia in the first 80 h after the administration of LPS, along with a reduction in the tissular damage in several organs measured by electron microscopy. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrated that, in control conditions, peripheral immune cells, especially monocytes, exhibited high levels of Gal3, which were early depleted in response to LPS injection, thus suggesting Gal3 release under endotoxemia conditions. However, serum levels of Gal3 early decreased in response to LPS challenge (1 h), an indication that Gal3 may be extravasated to peripheral organs. Indeed, analysis of Gal3 in peripheral organs revealed a robust up-regulation of Gal3 36 h after LPS injection. Taken together, these results demonstrate the important role that Gal3 could play in the development of systemic inflammation, a well-established feature of sepsis, thus opening new and promising therapeutic options for these harmful conditions.
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16
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Tiraboschi C, Gentilini L, Velazquez C, Corapi E, Jaworski FM, Garcia Garcia JD, Rondón Y, Chauchereau A, Laderach DJ, Compagno D. Combining inhibition of galectin-3 with and before a therapeutic vaccination is critical for the prostate-tumor-free outcome. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001535. [PMID: 33293356 PMCID: PMC7725099 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major health problem worldwide. Taxol derivatives-based chemotherapies or immunotherapies are usually proposed depending on the symptomatic status of the patient. In the case of immunotherapy, tumors develop robust immune escape mechanisms that abolish any protective response, and to date why prostate cancer is one of the most resistant diseases remains unresolved. METHODS By using a combination of clinical data to study the transcriptome of metastasis samples from patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer, and state of the art cellular and molecular biology assays in samples from tumor-bearing mice that have been submitted to surgical resection of the tumor before receiving a vaccination, we answered several essential questions in the field of immunotherapy for prostate cancer. We also used two different methods to inhibit the expression of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in tumor cells: a stable RNA interference method to control the expression of this galectin efficiently only in tumor cells, and low and non-cytotoxic doses of docetaxel to easily transfer our findings to clinical settings. RESULTS Herein, we show for the first time that Gal-3 expressed by prostate tumor cells is the main immune checkpoint responsible for the failure of vaccine-based immunotherapy. Our results show that low and non-cytotoxic doses of docetaxel lead to the inhibition of Gal-3 expression in PCa cells as well as in clinical samples of patients with metastatic and castration-resistant PCa promoting a Th1 response. We thus optimized a prostate cancer animal model that undergoes surgical resection of the tumor to mimic prostatectomy usually performed in patients. Importantly, using Gal-3-knocked down-PCa cells or low and non-cytotoxic doses of taxane before vaccination, we were able to highly control tumor recurrence through a direct impact on the proliferation and infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T. CONCLUSIONS Thus, Gal-3 expression by PCa cells is a crucial inhibitor for the success of immunotherapy, and low doses of docetaxel with non-cytotoxic effect on leukocyte survival could be used before immunotherapy for all patients with PCa to reduce the expression of this critical negative immune checkpoint, pre-conditioning the tumor-microenvironment to activate an antitumor immune response and promote tumor-free outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Tiraboschi
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Gentilini
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Velazquez
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enrique Corapi
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Yorfer Rondón
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Diego José Laderach
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Lujan, Argentina
| | - Daniel Compagno
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Corrado A, Aceto R, Silvestri R, Dell'Anno I, Ricci B, Miglietta S, Romei C, Giovannoni R, Poliseno L, Evangelista M, Vitiello M, Cipollini M, Garritano S, Giusti L, Zallocco L, Elisei R, Landi S, Gemignani F. Pro64His (rs4644) Polymorphism Within Galectin-3 Is a Risk Factor of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma and Affects the Transcriptome of Thyrocytes Engineered via CRISPR/Cas9 System. Thyroid 2021; 31:1056-1066. [PMID: 33308024 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Galectin-3 (LGALS3) is an important glycoprotein involved in the malignant transformation of thyrocytes acting in the extracellular matrix, cytoplasm, and nucleus where it regulates TTF-1 and TCF4 transcription factors. Within LGALS3 gene, a common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (c.191C>A, p.Pro64His; rs4644) encoding for the variant Proline to Histidine at codon 64 has been extensively studied. However, data on rs4644 in the context of thyroid cancer are lacking. Thus, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the role of the rs4644 SNP as risk factor for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and to determine the effect on the transcriptome in thyrocytes. Methods: A case/control association study in 1223 controls and 1142 unrelated consecutive DTC patients was carried out to evaluate the association between rs4644-P64H and the risk of DTC. We used the nonmalignant cell line Nthy-Ori (rs4644-C/A) and the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to generate isogenic cells carrying either the rs4644-A/A or rs4644-C/C homozygosis. Then, the transcriptome of the derivative and unmodified parental cells was analyzed by RNA-seq. Genes differentially expressed were validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and further tested in the parental Nthy-Ori cells after LGALS3 gene silencing, to investigate whether the expression of target genes was dependent on galectin-3 levels. Results: rs4644 AA genotype was associated with a reduced risk of DTC (compared with CC, ORadj = 0.66; 95% confidence interval = 0.46-0.93; Pass = 0.02). We found that rs4644 affects galectin-3 as a transcriptional coregulator. Among 34 genes affected by rs4644, HES1, HSPA6, SPC24, and NHS were of particular interest since their expression was rs4644-dependent (CC>AA for the first and AA>CC for the others), also in 574 thyroid tissues of Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) biobank. Moreover, the expression of these genes was regulated by LGALS3-silencing. Using the proximity ligation assay in Nthy-Ori cells, we found that the TTF-1 interaction was genotype dependent. Conclusions: Our data show that in thyroid, rs4644 is a trans-expression quantitative trait locus that can modify the transcriptional expression of downstream genes, through the modulation of TTF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda Corrado
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Romina Aceto
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Silvestri
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Dell'Anno
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ricci
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S., Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Miglietta
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Romei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Poliseno
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Monica Cipollini
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Garritano
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Landi
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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da Silva Filho AF, Tavares LB, Pitta MGR, Beltrão EIC, Rêgo MJBM. Galectin-3 is modulated in pancreatic cancer cells under hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. Biol Chem 2021; 401:1153-1165. [PMID: 32755098 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive tumors with a microenvironment marked by hypoxia and starvation. Galectin-3 has been evaluated in solid tumors and seems to present both pro/anti-tumor effects. So, this study aims to characterize the expression of Galectin-3 from pancreatic tumor cells and analyze its influence for cell survive and motility in mimetic microenvironment. For this, cell cycle and cell death were accessed through flow cytometry. Characterization of inside and outside Galectin-3 was performed through Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence, Western blot, and ELISA. Consequences of Galectin-3 extracellular inhibition were investigated using cell death and scratch assays. PANC-1 showed increased Galectin-3 mRNA expression when cultivated in hypoxia for 24 and 48 h. After 24 h in simultaneously hypoxic/deprived incubation, PANC-1 shows increased Galectin-3 protein and secreted levels. For Mia PaCa-2, cultivation in deprivation was determinant for the increasing in Galectin-3 mRNA expression. When cultivated in simultaneously hypoxic/deprived condition, Mia PaCa-2 also presented increasing for the Galectin-3 secreted levels. Treatment of PANC-1 cells with lactose increased the death rate when cells were incubated simultaneously hypoxic/deprived condition. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the microenvironmental conditions modulate the Galectin-3 expression on the transcriptional and translational levels for pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio F da Silva Filho
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approach Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.,Therapeutic Innovation Research Center- Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Biochemistry Departament, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Tavares
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approach Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.,Therapeutic Innovation Research Center- Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Biochemistry Departament, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Maira G R Pitta
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approach Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.,Therapeutic Innovation Research Center- Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Biochemistry Departament, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Eduardo I C Beltrão
- Laboratory of Biomarkers in Cancer (BmC), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Moacyr J B M Rêgo
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approach Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.,Therapeutic Innovation Research Center- Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Biochemistry Departament, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
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19
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Tana FL, Guimarães ES, Cerqueira DM, Campos PC, Gomes MTR, Marinho FV, Oliveira SC. Galectin-3 regulates proinflammatory cytokine function and favours Brucella abortus chronic replication in macrophages and mice. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13375. [PMID: 34169616 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we provide evidence that galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays an important role in Brucella abortus infection. Our results showed increased Gal-3 expression and secretion in B. abortus infected macrophages and mice. Additionally, our findings indicate that Gal-3 is dispensable for Brucella-containing vacuoles disruption, inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. On the other hand, we observed that Brucella-induced Gal-3 expression is crucial for induction of molecules associated to type I IFN signalling pathway, such as IFN-β: Interferon beta (IFN-β), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and guanylate-binding proteins. Gal-3 KO macrophages showed reduced bacterial numbers compared to wild-type cells, suggesting that Gal-3 facilitates bacterial replication in vitro. Moreover, priming Gal-3 KO cells with IFN-β favoured B. abortus survival in macrophages. Additionally, we also observed that Gal-3 KO mice are more resistant to B. abortus infection and these animals showed elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines when compared to control mice. Finally, we observed an increased recruitment of macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils in spleens of Gal-3 KO mice compared to wild-type animals. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Brucella-induced Gal-3 is detrimental to host and this molecule is implicated in inhibition of recruitment and activation of immune cells, which promotes B. abortus spread and aggravates the infection. TAKE AWAYS: Brucella abortus infection upregulates galectin-3 expression Galectin-3 regulates guanylate-binding proteins expression but is not required for Brucella-containing vacuole disruption Galectin-3 modulates proinflammatory cytokine production during bacterial infection Galectin-3 favours Brucella replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L Tana
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erika S Guimarães
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daiane M Cerqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Priscila C Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio R Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fábio V Marinho
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq MCT, Salvador, Brazil
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20
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Galectin-3 in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis and/or Trauma: A Good Predictor of Outcome or Not? SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Severe sepsis and/or trauma complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome are leading causes of death in critically ill patients. The aim of this prospective, observational, single centre study was to assess the prognostic value of galectin-3 regarding outcome in critically ill patients with severe trauma and/or severe sepsis. The outcome measure was hospital mortality.
In total, 75 critically ill patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit of the tertiary university hospital were enrolled in a prospective observational study. Blood samples were collected upon fulfilling Sepsis-3 criteria and for a traumatized Injury Severity Score > 25 points.
Levels of galectin-3 were significantly higher in nonsurvivors on the day of enrolment – Day 1 (p<0.05). On Day 1, the area under the curve (AUC) for the galectin-3 for lethal outcome was 0.602. At a cut-off level of 262.82 ng/mL, the sensitivity was 53%, and the specificity was 69.7%, which was objectively determined by a Youden index of 0.20.
The discriminative power of galectin-3 in predicting outcome was statistically significant. Galectin-3 on Day 1 is a fairly good predictor of lethal outcome.
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21
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Velickovic M, Arsenijevic A, Acovic A, Arsenijevic D, Milovanovic J, Dimitrijevic J, Todorovic Z, Milovanovic M, Kanjevac T, Arsenijevic N. Galectin-3, Possible Role in Pathogenesis of Periodontal Diseases and Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638258. [PMID: 33815121 PMCID: PMC8017193 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases that occur due to the imbalance between microbial communities in the oral cavity and the immune response of the host that lead to destruction of tooth supporting structures and finally to alveolar bone loss. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin with important roles in numerous biological processes. By direct binding to microbes and modulation of their clearence, Galectin-3 can affect the composition of microbial community in the oral cavity. Galectin-3 also modulates the function of many immune cells in the gingiva and gingival sulcus and thus can affect immune homeostasis. Few clinical studies demonstrated increased expression of Galectin-3 in different forms of periodontal diseases. Therefore, the objective of this mini review is to discuss the possible effects of Galectin-3 on the process of immune homeostasis and the balance between oral microbial community and host response and to provide insights into the potential therapeutic targeting of Gal-3 in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Velickovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Acovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dimitrijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Zeljko Todorovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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22
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Gatti M, Beretti F, Zavatti M, Bertucci E, Ribeiro Luz S, Palumbo C, Maraldi T. Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Counteract Steroid-Induced Osteoporosis In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010038. [PMID: 33375177 PMCID: PMC7792960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background—Osteoporosis is characterized by defects in both quality and quantity of bone tissue, which imply high susceptibility to fractures with limitations of autonomy. Current therapies for osteoporosis are mostly concentrated on how to inhibit bone resorption but give serious adverse effects. Therefore, more effective and safer therapies are needed that even encourage bone formation. Here we examined the effect of extracellular vesicles secreted by human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) (AFSC-EV) on a model of osteoporosis in vitro. Methods—human AFSC-EV were added to the culture medium of a human pre-osteoblast cell line (HOB) induced to differentiate, and then treated with dexamethasone as osteoporosis inducer. Aspects of differentiation and viability were assessed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, mass spectrometry, and histological assays. Since steroids induce oxidative stress, the levels of reactive oxygen species and of redox related proteins were evaluated. Results—AFSC-EV were able to ameliorate the differentiation ability of HOB both in the case of pre-osteoblasts and when the differentiation process was affected by dexamethasone. Moreover, the viability was increased and parallelly apoptotic markers were reduced. The presence of EV positively modulated the redox unbalance due to dexamethasone. Conclusion—these findings demonstrated that EV from hAFSC have the ability to recover precursor cell potential and delay local bone loss in steroid-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesca Beretti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Manuela Zavatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Emma Bertucci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Soraia Ribeiro Luz
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Palumbo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05-9422-3178; Fax: +39-05-9422-4859
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23
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Abstract
Galectin-3 is a glycan-binding protein (GBP) that binds β-galactoside glycan structures to orchestrate a variety of important biological events, including the activation of hepatic stellate cells and regulation of immune responses. While the requisite glycan epitopes needed to bind galectin-3 have long been elucidated, the cellular glycoproteins that bear these glycan signatures remain unknown. Given the importance of the three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of glycans in dictating GBP interactions, strategies that allow the identification of GBP receptors in live cells, where the native glycan presentation and glycoprotein expression are preserved, have significant advantages over static and artificial systems. Here we describe the integration of a proximity labeling method and quantitative mass spectrometry to map the glycan and glycoprotein interactors for galectin-3 in live human hepatic stellate cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Understanding the identity of the glycoproteins and defining the structures of the glycans will empower efforts to design and develop selective therapeutics to mitigate galectin-3-mediated biological events.
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24
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Saha S, Murmu KC, Biswas M, Chakraborty S, Basu J, Madhulika S, Kolapalli SP, Chauhan S, Sengupta A, Prasad P. Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies RNA Binding Proteins as Putative Regulators of Myelopoiesis and Leukemia. Front Oncol 2019; 9:692. [PMID: 31448224 PMCID: PMC6691814 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a common and aggressive hematological malignancy. Acquisition of heterogeneous genetic aberrations and epigenetic dysregulation lead to the transformation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) into leukemic stem cells (LSC), which subsequently gives rise to immature blast cells and a leukemic phenotype. LSCs are responsible for disease relapse as current chemotherapeutic regimens are not able to completely eradicate these cellular sub-populations. Therefore, it is critical to improve upon the existing knowledge of LSC specific markers, which would allow for specific targeting of these cells more effectively allowing for their sustained eradication from the cellular milieu. Although significant milestones in decoding the aberrant transcriptional network of various cancers, including leukemia, have been achieved, studies on the involvement of post-transcriptional gene regulation (PTGR) in disease progression are beginning to unfold. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are key players in mediating PTGR and they regulate the intracellular fate of individual transcripts, from their biogenesis to RNA metabolism, via interactions with RNA binding domains (RBDs). In this study, we have used an integrative approach to systematically profile RBP expression and identify key regulatory RBPs involved in normal myeloid development and AML. We have analyzed RNA-seq datasets (GSE74246) of HSCs, common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs), monocytes, LSCs, and blasts. We observed that normal and leukemic cells can be distinguished on the basis of RBP expression, which is indicative of their ability to define cellular identity, similar to transcription factors. We identified that distinctly co-expressing modules of RBPs and their subclasses were enriched in hematopoietic stem/progenitor (HSPCs) and differentiated monocytes. We detected expression of DZIP3, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, in HSPCs, knockdown of which promotes monocytic differentiation in cell line model. We identified co-expression modules of RBP genes in LSCs and among these, distinct modules of RBP genes with high and low expression. The expression of several AML-specific RBPs were also validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Network analysis identified densely connected hubs of ribosomal RBP genes (rRBPs) with low expression in LSCs, suggesting the dependency of LSCs on altered ribosome dynamics. In conclusion, our systematic analysis elucidates the RBP transcriptomic landscape in normal and malignant myelopoiesis, and highlights the functional consequences that may result from perturbation of RBP gene expression in these cellular landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Saha
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Krushna Chandra Murmu
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mayukh Biswas
- Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Stem Cell and Leukemia Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, India
| | - Sohini Chakraborty
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jhinuk Basu
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Swati Madhulika
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Disease Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Amitava Sengupta
- Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Stem Cell and Leukemia Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, India
| | - Punit Prasad
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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25
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Stegmayr J, Zetterberg F, Carlsson MC, Huang X, Sharma G, Kahl-Knutson B, Schambye H, Nilsson UJ, Oredsson S, Leffler H. Extracellular and intracellular small-molecule galectin-3 inhibitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2186. [PMID: 30778105 PMCID: PMC6379368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate binding protein which has important roles in cancer and immunity. Potent galectin-3 inhibitors have been synthesized, for experimental purposes and potential clinical use. As galectin-3 is implicated in both intra- and extracellular activities, permeability of galectin-3 inhibitors is an important parameter determining biological effects. We compared the cellular uptake of galectin-3 inhibitors and their potency in the intracellular or extracellular space. The inhibitors differed in their polar surface area (PSA), but had similar affinities for galectin-3. Using a well-established permeability assay, we confirmed that the uptake was significantly higher for the inhibitor with the lowest PSA, as expected. To analyze intracellular activity of the inhibitors, we developed a novel assay based on galectin-3 accumulation around damaged intracellular vesicles. The results show striking differences between the inhibitors intracellular potency, correlating with their PSAs. To test extracellular activity of the inhibitors, we analyzed their potency to block binding of galectin-3 to cell surfaces. All inhibitors were equally able to block galectin-3 binding to cells and this was proportional to their affinity for galectin-3. These inhibitors may serve as useful tools in exploring biological roles of galectin-3 and may further our understanding of intracellular versus extracellular roles of galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stegmayr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Michael C Carlsson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Agilent Technologies Denmark ApS, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden.,Xintela AB, 22381, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stina Oredsson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
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26
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Tsushima M, Sato S, Niwa T, Taguchi H, Nakamura H. Catalyst-proximity protein chemical labelling on affinity beads targeting endogenous lectins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13275-13278. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05231c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst-proximity labelling on affinity beads enables the identification of ligand-binding proteins such as lectins, which cannot be analyzed by conventional techniques. 1-Methyl-4-arylurazole (MAUra) efficiently labels proteins bound to the beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Tsushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science
- Institute of Innovative Research
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science
- Institute of Innovative Research
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Niwa
- Cell Biology Center
- Institute of Innovative Research
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Hideki Taguchi
- Cell Biology Center
- Institute of Innovative Research
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science
- Institute of Innovative Research
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama
- Japan
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27
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Wu ZS, Lo JJ, Wu SH, Wang CZ, Chen RF, Lee SS, Chai CY, Huang SH. Early Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment Attenuates Burn-Induced Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting the Galectin-3-Dependent Toll-Like Receptor-4 Pathway in a Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082195. [PMID: 30060489 PMCID: PMC6121430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment has been proven to decrease neuroinflammation in rats. This study aimed to determine the potential mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of HBO treatment on burn-induced neuroinflammation in rats. Thirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to the following six groups (n = 6 per group): (1) sham burn with sham HBO treatment; (2) sham burn with HBO treatment; (3) burn with one-week sham HBO treatment; (4) burn with two-week sham HBO treatment; (5) burn with one-week HBO treatment; and (6) burn with two-week HBO treatment. SD rats that received third-degree burn injury were used as a full-thickness burn injury model. Subsequently, we analyzed the expression of proteins involved in the galectin-3 (Gal-3)-dependent Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) pathway through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, and Western blotting. A behavior test was also conducted, which revealed that HBO treatment significantly suppressed mechanical hypersensitivity in the burn with HBO treatment group compared to the burn with sham HBO treatment group (p < 0.05). ELISA results showed that tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) levels in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the skin significantly decreased in the burn with HBO treatment group compared with the burn with sham HBO treatment group (p < 0.05). Western blotting results demonstrated that HBO treatment significantly reduced the expression of Gal-3 and TLR-4 in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the burn with HBO treatment group compared with the burn with sham HBO treatment group (p < 0.05). IHC analysis showed that the expression of Gal-3, TLR-4, CD68 and CD45 in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was significantly lower in the burn with HBO treatment group than in the burn with sham HBO treatment group (p < 0.05), and the expression of CD68 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the right hind paw skin was significantly lower. The expression of vimentin and fibroblast growth factor in the right hind paw skin was significantly higher after HBO treatment (p < 0.05). This study proved that early HBO treatment relieves neuropathic pain, inhibits the Gal-3-dependent TLR-4 pathway, and suppresses microglia and macrophage activation in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Sheng Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Jou Lo
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Zen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Rong-Fu Chen
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Shin Lee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Hung Huang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Room, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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28
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Demetriou M, Nabi IR, Dennis JW. Galectins as Adaptors: Linking Glycosylation and Metabolism with Extracellular Cues. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1732.1se] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan R. Nabi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia
| | - James W. Dennis
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital
- Department of Molecular Genetics, & Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto
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29
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Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are involved in many physiological functions, such as inflammation, immune responses, cell migration, autophagy and signalling. They are also linked to diseases such as fibrosis, cancer and heart disease. How such a small family of only 15 members can have such widespread effects remains a conundrum. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we summarise recent literature on the many cellular activities that have been ascribed to galectins. As shown on the accompanying poster, these include carbohydrate-independent interactions with cytosolic or nuclear targets and carbohydrate-dependent interactions with extracellular glycoconjugates. We discuss how these intra- and extracellular activities might be linked and point out the importance of unravelling molecular mechanisms of galectin function to gain a true understanding of their contributions to the physiology of the cell. We close with a short outlook on the organismal functions of galectins and a perspective on the major challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Zytobiologie, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Sect. MIG (Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology), Dept Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, POB 117, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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30
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Galectin-3 deficiency drives lupus-like disease by promoting spontaneous germinal centers formation via IFN-γ. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1628. [PMID: 29691398 PMCID: PMC5915532 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are important sites for high-affinity and long-lived antibody induction. Tight regulation of GC responses is critical for maintaining self-tolerance. Here, we show that Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is involved in GC development. Compared with WT mice, Gal-3 KO mice have more GC B cells and T follicular helper cells, increased percentages of antibody-secreting cells and higher concentrations of immunoglobulins and IFN-γ in serum, and develop a lupus-like disease. IFN-γ blockade in Gal-3 KO mice reduces spontaneous GC formation, class-switch recombination, autoantibody production and renal pathology, demonstrating that IFN-γ overproduction sustains autoimmunity. The results from chimeric mice show that intrinsic Gal-3 signaling in B cells controls spontaneous GC formation. Taken together, our data provide evidence that Gal-3 acts directly on B cells to regulate GC responses via IFN-γ and implicate the potential of Gal-3 as a therapeutic target in autoimmunity. Germinal center (GC) is where B cells interact with other immune cells for optimal induction of antibody responses. Here the authors show that galectin-3 regulates GC development by modulating interferon-γ and B cell-intrinsic signaling, such that galectin-3 deficiency mice exhibit lupus-like autoimmune symptoms.
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31
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Mathew MP, Donaldson JG. Distinct cargo-specific response landscapes underpin the complex and nuanced role of galectin-glycan interactions in clathrin-independent endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7222-7237. [PMID: 29581232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) is a form of endocytosis that lacks a defined cytoplasmic machinery. Here, we asked whether glycan interactions, acting from the outside, could be a part of that endocytic machinery. We show that the perturbation of global cellular patterns of protein glycosylation by modulation of metabolic flux affects CIE. Interestingly, these changes in glycosylation had cargo-specific effects. For example, in HeLa cells, GlcNAc treatment, which increases glycan branching, increased major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) internalization but inhibited CIE of the glycoprotein CD59 molecule (CD59). The effects of knocking down the expression of galectin 3, a carbohydrate-binding protein and an important player in galectin-glycan interactions, were also cargo-specific and stimulated CD59 uptake. By contrast, inhibition of all galectin-glycan interactions by lactose inhibited CIE of both MHCI and CD59. None of these treatments affected clathrin-mediated endocytosis, implying that glycosylation changes specifically affect CIE. We also found that the galectin lattice tailors membrane fluidity and cell spreading. Furthermore, changes in membrane dynamics mediated by the galectin lattice affected macropinocytosis, an altered form of CIE, in HT1080 cells. Our results suggest that glycans play an important and nuanced role in CIE, with each cargo being affected uniquely by alterations in galectin and glycan profiles and their interactions. We conclude that galectin-driven effects exist on a continuum from stimulatory to inhibitory, with distinct CIE cargo proteins having unique response landscapes and with different cell types starting at different positions on these conceptual landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit P Mathew
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
| | - Julie G Donaldson
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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32
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Coppin L, Leclerc J, Vincent A, Porchet N, Pigny P. Messenger RNA Life-Cycle in Cancer Cells: Emerging Role of Conventional and Non-Conventional RNA-Binding Proteins? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030650. [PMID: 29495341 PMCID: PMC5877511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional specialization of cells and tissues in metazoans require specific gene expression patterns. Biological processes, thus, need precise temporal and spatial coordination of gene activity. Regulation of the fate of messenger RNA plays a crucial role in this context. In the present review, the current knowledge related to the role of RNA-binding proteins in the whole mRNA life-cycle is summarized. This field opens up a new angle for understanding the importance of the post-transcriptional control of gene expression in cancer cells. The emerging role of non-classic RNA-binding proteins is highlighted. The goal of this review is to encourage readers to view, through the mRNA life-cycle, novel aspects of the molecular basis of cancer and the potential to develop RNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Coppin
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Mucins, Epithelial Differentiation and Carcinogenesis", F-59000 Lille, Frances.
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Julie Leclerc
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Mucins, Epithelial Differentiation and Carcinogenesis", F-59000 Lille, Frances.
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Audrey Vincent
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Mucins, Epithelial Differentiation and Carcinogenesis", F-59000 Lille, Frances.
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Nicole Porchet
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Mucins, Epithelial Differentiation and Carcinogenesis", F-59000 Lille, Frances.
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Pascal Pigny
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team "Mucins, Epithelial Differentiation and Carcinogenesis", F-59000 Lille, Frances.
- CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", F-59000 Lille, France.
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33
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McLeod K, Walker JT, Hamilton DW. Galectin-3 regulation of wound healing and fibrotic processes: insights for chronic skin wound therapeutics. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:281-287. [PMID: 29372416 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A member of the lectin family, galectin-3 is a 250 amino-acid protein that contains a C-terminus carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) that recognizes β-galactosides. Considered to have certain common properties associated with matricellular proteins, galectin-3 is expressed in the dermis and epidermis in healthy skin and is upregulated in skin healing, peaking at day 1 post wounding in mice. Galectin-3 has been implicated in several processes central to the wound healing response, specifically in the regulation of inflammation, macrophage polarization, angiogenesis, fibroblast to myofibroblast transition and re-epithelialization. However, it appears that many of the effects of Galectin-3 are highly tissue specific and context dependent. Genetic deletion of galectin-3 shows different effects in skin compared to lung, heart, and kidney remodeling. In this review, we will compare galectin-3 functions in these tissues. Furthermore, we will discuss, based on its identified regulation of cell processes, whether in an exogenous form, galectin-3 could represent a novel therapeutic for impaired skin healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrington McLeod
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - John T Walker
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Douglas W Hamilton
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Dental Sciences Building, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Galectin-3 Performance in Histologic a Cytologic Assessment of Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081756. [PMID: 28800068 PMCID: PMC5578146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature on Galectin-3 (Gal-3) was systematically reviewed to achieve more robust information on its histologic reliability in identifying thyroid cancers and on the concordance between Gal-3 test in histologic and cytologic samples. A computer search of the PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted by combinations of the terms thyroid and Gal-3. Initially, 545 articles were found and, after their critical review, 52 original papers were finally included. They reported 8172 nodules with histologic evaluation of Gal-3, of which 358 with also preoperative FNAC Gal-3 assessment. At histology, Gal-3 sensitivity was 87% (95% confidence intervals [CI] from 86% to 88%), and specificity 87% (95% CI from 86% to 88%); in both cases, we found heterogeneity (I2 85% and 93%, respectively) and significant publication bias (p < 0.001). The pooled rate of positive Gal-3 at fine needle aspiration (FNAC) among cancers with histologically proven Gal-3 positivity was 94% (95% CI from 89% to 97%), with neither heterogeneity (I2 14.5%) nor bias (p = 0.086). These data show high reliability of Gal-3 for thyroid cancer at histology, while its sensitivity on FNAC samples is lower. The limits of cytologic preparations and interpretation of Gal-3 results have to be solved.
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The Many Roles of Galectin-3, a Multifaceted Molecule, in Innate Immune Responses against Pathogens. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9247574. [PMID: 28607536 PMCID: PMC5457773 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9247574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins with the ability to bind β-galactosides through characteristic carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRD). Galectin-3 is structurally unique among all galectins as it contains a C-terminal CRD linked to an N-terminal protein-binding domain, being the only chimeric galectin. Galectin-3 participates in many functions, both intra- and extracellularly. Among them, a prominent role for Galectin-3 in inflammation has been recognized. Galectin-3 has also been shown to directly bind to pathogens and to have various effects on the functions of the cells of the innate immune system. Thanks to these two properties, Galectin-3 participates in several ways in the innate immune response against invading pathogens. Galectin-3 has been proposed to function not only as a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) but also as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). In this review, we analyze the various roles that have been assigned to Galectin-3, both as a PRR and as a DAMP, in the context of immune responses against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Galectin-3 is a non-classic RNA binding protein that stabilizes the mucin MUC4 mRNA in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43927. [PMID: 28262838 PMCID: PMC5338267 DOI: 10.1038/srep43927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer cells express high levels of MUC1, MUC4 and MUC16 mRNAs that encode membrane-bound mucins. These mRNAs share unusual features such as a long half-life. However, it remains unknown how mucin mRNA stability is regulated. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is an endogenous lectin playing important biological functions in epithelial cells. Gal-3 is encoded by LGALS3 which is up-regulated in pancreatic cancer. Despite the absence of a RNA-recognition motif, Gal-3 interacts indirectly with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and promotes constitutive splicing. However a broader role of Gal-3 in mRNA fate is unexplored. We report herein that Gal-3 increases MUC4 mRNA stability through an intermediate, hnRNP-L which binds to a conserved CA repeat element in the 3′UTR in a Gal-3 dependent manner and also controls Muc4 mRNA levels in epithelial tissues of Gal3−/− mice. Gal-3 interacts with hnRNP-L in the cytoplasm, especially during cell mitosis, but only partly associates with protein markers of P-Bodies or Stress Granules. By RNA-IP plus RNA-seq analysis and imaging, we demonstrate that Gal-3 binds to mature spliced MUC4 mRNA in the perinuclear region, probably in hnRNP-L-containing RNA granules. Our findings highlight a new role for Gal-3 as a non-classic RNA-binding protein that regulates MUC4 mRNA post-transcriptionally.
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