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Hassan AMIA, Zhao Y, Chen X, He C. Blockage of Autophagy for Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7459. [PMID: 39000565 PMCID: PMC11242824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of cancer are increasing, making it a leading cause of death worldwide. Conventional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy face significant limitations due to therapeutic resistance. Autophagy, a cellular self-degradation mechanism, plays a crucial role in cancer development, drug resistance, and treatment. This review investigates the potential of autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. A systematic search was conducted on Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases from 1967 to 2024 to identify studies on autophagy inhibitors and their mechanisms in cancer therapy. The review includes original articles utilizing in vitro and in vivo experimental methods, literature reviews, and clinical trials. Key terms used were "Autophagy", "Inhibitors", "Molecular mechanism", "Cancer therapy", and "Clinical trials". Autophagy inhibitors such as chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have shown promise in preclinical studies by inhibiting lysosomal acidification and preventing autophagosome degradation. Other inhibitors like wortmannin and SAR405 target specific components of the autophagy pathway. Combining these inhibitors with chemotherapy has demonstrated enhanced efficacy, making cancer cells more susceptible to cytotoxic agents. Clinical trials involving CQ and HCQ have shown encouraging results, although further investigation is needed to optimize their use in cancer therapy. Autophagy exhibits a dual role in cancer, functioning as both a survival mechanism and a cell death pathway. Targeting autophagy presents a viable strategy for cancer therapy, particularly when integrated with existing treatments. However, the complexity of autophagy regulation and the potential side effects necessitate further research to develop precise and context-specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China (X.C.)
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China (X.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China (X.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
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Differential roles and regulation of the protein kinases PAK4, PAK5 and PAK6 in melanoma cells. Biochem J 2022; 479:1709-1725. [PMID: 35969127 PMCID: PMC9444074 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinases PAK4, PAK5 and PAK6 comprise a family of ohnologues. In multiple cancers including melanomas PAK5 most frequently carries non-synonymous mutations; PAK6 and PAK4 have fewer; and PAK4 is often amplified. To help interpret these genomic data, initially we compared the cellular regulation of the sister kinases and their roles in melanoma cells. In common with many ohnologue protein kinases, PAK4, PAK5 and PAK6 each have two 14-3-3-binding phosphosites of which phosphoSer99 is conserved. PAK4 localises to the leading edge of cells in response to phorbol ester-stimulated binding of 14-3-3 to phosphoSer99 and phosphoSer181, which are phosphorylated by two different PKCs or PKDs. These phosphorylations of PAK4 are essential for its phorbol ester-stimulated phosphorylation of downstream substrates. In contrast, 14-3-3 interacts with PAK5 in response to phorbol ester-stimulated phosphorylation of Ser99 and epidermal growth factor-stimulated phosphorylation of Ser288; whereas PAK6 docks onto 14-3-3 and is prevented from localising to cell–cell junctions when Ser133 is phosphorylated in response to cAMP-elevating agents via PKA and insulin-like growth factor 1 via PKB/Akt. Silencing of PAK4 impairs viability, migration and invasive behaviour of melanoma cells carrying BRAFV600E or NRASQ61K mutations. These defects are rescued by ectopic expression of PAK4, more so by a 14-3-3-binding deficient PAK4, and barely by PAK5 or PAK6. Together these genomic, biochemical and cellular data suggest that the oncogenic properties of PAK4 are regulated by PKC–PKD signalling in melanoma, while PAK5 and PAK6 are dispensable in this cancer.
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Cheng Y, Zhang S, Qiang Y, Dong L, Li Y. Integrated bioinformatics data analysis reveals a risk signature and PKD1 induced progression in endometrial cancer patients with postmenopausal status. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5554-5570. [PMID: 35816294 PMCID: PMC9320543 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common type of female genital malignancies. The purpose of the present study was to reveal the underlying oncogene and mechanism that played a pivotal role in postmenopausal EC patients. Methods: Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted using the microarray dataset and clinical data of EC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases to identify significant gene modules and hub genes associated with postmenopausal status in EC patients. LASSO regression was conducted to build and validate the risk model. Finally, expression of hub gene was validated in pre- and post-menopausal EC patients in our center. Results: 1240 common genes were used to construct the WGCNA model. According to the WGCNA results, we identified a brown module with 471 genes which was significantly associated with postmenopausal status in EC patients. Furthermore, we constructed an 11-gene risk signature to predict the overall survival of EC patients. The Kaplan–Meier curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of this model showed high accuracy in prediction. We also validate the risk model in patients in our center and it also has a high accuracy. Among the 11 genes, PKD1 was recognized as a potential biomarker in the progression of EC patients with postmenopausal status. Conclusion: Taken together, we uncovered a common PKD1-mediated mechanism underlying postmenopausal EC patients’ progression by integrated analyses. This finding may improve targeted therapy for EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Suyun Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Qiang
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingyan Dong
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
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Cao ZR, Chen XP, Feng M, Hou YL, Li Y, Hu XL, Huang ZL, Hu J. The effect of Gö6976 on chronic myeloid leukemia in vitro and in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:543-551. [PMID: 34348586 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.1945235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignant tumor of the blood system. Gö6976, as a type of indolocarbazole and shows strong antitumor effects, but there have been no reports on the effect of Gö6976 on CML. The objectives of this research were: (1) to explore the impact of Gö6976 on CML in vitro and in vivo; and (2) to explore the drug toxicity of Gö6976 to normal cells and animals.Methods:K562 cells and CML mice were used to explore the effect of Gö6976 on CML. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD34+ cells, and healthy mice were used to explore the drug toxicity of Gö6976.Results: Cell experiments showed that Gö6976 could inhibit the proliferation of K562 cells and enhance the inhibitory effects of imatinib at 5 μM and 10 μM, but it had little effect on CD34+ cells or PBMCs at concentrations less than 5 μM. Animal experiments showed that 2.5 mg/kg Gö6976 could effectively inhibit the development of CML in mice, and it had almost no effects on healthy mice at 2.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg.Discussion: Because of the direct inhibitory effect of Gö6976 on CML and its pharmacological enhancement effect on imatinib, it is foreseeable that Gö6976 could become a new type of anti-CML medicine. And the further research is needed.Conclusion: Our findings verified that Gö6976 could effectively inhibit CML in vitro and in vivo, and it is almost nontoxic to hematopoietic cells, immune cells, and healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Rui Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Peng Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Feng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Long Hou
- Zhoukou Union Osteological Hospital, Zhoukou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Lan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Du Y, Lv D, Cui B, Li X, Chen H, Kang Y, Chen Q, Feng Y, Zhang P, Chen J, Zhou X. Protein kinase D1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma via E-cadherin/Snail regulation. Oral Dis 2021; 28:1539-1554. [PMID: 34351044 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is a malignant tumor, which is characterized by a higher incidence of distant metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of protein kinase D1 (PKD1) in regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes the metastasis in SACC. We analyzed the expression of PKD1 in 40 SACC patients and different metastatic potential cell lines. Then, we investigated whether the migration and growth of SACC were regulated by PKD1 using shRNA interference or inhibition of kinase active in vitro cell. Moreover, the mechanism by which PKD1 regulates the stability of Snail protein was determined. Finally, nude mice were used to testify the function of PKD1 via tail vein injection. PKD1 was correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis of SACC patients. PKD1 inhibition attenuated proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of SACC cells. Conversely, kinase active PKD1 could induce EMT and promoted cell migration in human HSG cell. Furthermore, downregulation of PKD1 regulated Snail via phosphorylation at Ser-11 on Snail protein and promotion of proteasome-mediated degradation, and reduced lung metastasis in vivo. Our results suggest that PKD1 induces the EMT and promotes the metastasis, which illustrate that PKD1 may be a potential prognostic biomarker and serve as a potential therapeutic target for SACC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Die Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bomiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzhu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang X, Hu Z, Wang X, Li L, Zhu B, Lin X, Zhang J, Hua Z. ANXA10 promotes melanoma metastasis by suppressing E3 ligase TRIM41-directed PKD1 degradation. Cancer Lett 2021; 519:237-249. [PMID: 34324862 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly metastatic cancer that requires effective and targeted curative therapy. Annexin A10 (ANXA10), a member of the annexin family, is a calcium- and phospholipid-binding protein. Considerable evidence indicates that ANXA10 is involved in tumour progression, but little is known about its role in melanoma development. In this study, we find that ANXA10 expression is significantly upregulated, and correlates with melanoma progression. ANXA10 knockout profoundly reduces cell migration and the metastatic activity of melanoma. In addition, ANXA10 knockout induces the N- to E-cadherin switch by upregulating SMAD6, an inhibitory SMAD in the TGF-β/SMAD pathway. The negative regulation of SMAD6 by ANXA10 is dependent on PKD1. ANXA10 interacts with PKD1 and inhibits E3 ligase TRIM41-targeted PKD1 degradation. In B16F10 melanoma cells, protein levels of ANXA10 and PKD1 are inversely correlated with SMAD6 level, but correlated with cell migration. Interestingly, ANXA10 and SMAD6 levels are inversely correlated in clinical samples of melanoma progression. Our findings suggest that the ANXA10-PKD1-SMAD6 axis is a new target for therapeutic strategies against melanoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqing Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Banghui Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolei Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zichun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, China; School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Vences-Catalán F, Rajapaksa R, Kuo CC, Miller CL, Lee A, Ramani VC, Jeffrey SS, Levy R, Levy S. Targeting the tetraspanin CD81 reduces cancer invasion and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2018961118. [PMID: 34099563 PMCID: PMC8214710 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018961118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are an evolutionary conserved family of proteins involved in multiple aspects of cell physiology, including proliferation, migration and invasion, protein trafficking, and signal transduction; yet their detailed mechanism of action is unknown. Tetraspanins have no known natural ligands, but their engagement by antibodies has begun to reveal their role in cell biology. Studies of tetraspanin knockout mice and of germline mutations in humans have highlighted their role under normal and pathological conditions. Previously, we have shown that mice deficient in the tetraspanin CD81 developed fewer breast cancer metastases compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Here, we show that a unique anti-human CD81 antibody (5A6) effectively halts invasion of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. We demonstrate that 5A6 induces CD81 clustering at the cell membrane and we implicate JAM-A protein in the ability of this antibody to inhibit tumor cell invasion and migration. Furthermore, in a series of in vivo studies we demonstrate that this antibody inhibits metastases in xenograft models, as well as in syngeneic mice bearing a mouse tumor into which we knocked in the human CD81 epitope recognized by the 5A6 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vences-Catalán
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ranjani Rajapaksa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Chiung-Chi Kuo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Caitlyn L Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Anderson Lee
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vishnu C Ramani
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; s
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; s
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Zhang X, Connelly J, Chao Y, Wang QJ. Multifaceted Functions of Protein Kinase D in Pathological Processes and Human Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030483. [PMID: 33807058 PMCID: PMC8005150 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases operating in the signaling network of the second messenger diacylglycerol. The three family members, PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3, are activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli and transduce cell signals affecting many aspects of basic cell functions including secretion, migration, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and immune response. Dysregulation of PKD in expression and activity has been detected in many human diseases. Further loss- or gain-of-function studies at cellular levels and in animal models provide strong support for crucial roles of PKD in many pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiac diseases, central nervous system disorders, inflammatory diseases, and immune dysregulation. Complexity in enzymatic regulation and function is evident as PKD isoforms may act differently in different biological systems and disease models, and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences and their biological significance in vivo is essential for the development of safer and more effective PKD-targeted therapies. In this review, to provide a global understanding of PKD function, we present an overview of the PKD family in several major human diseases with more focus on cancer-associated biological processes.
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Immunodetection of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Tumor Proliferation Markers in GLi-1-positive Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 29:335-344. [PMID: 32769440 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), involvement and activation of the Hedgehog pathway (HH) may be related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell proliferation. The present study aimed to evaluate epithelial-mesenchymal transition and proliferative potential in OSCC cases demonstrating activation of the HH pathway. Twenty-three GLi-1-positive OSCC cases were submitted to immunohistochemical detection of Snail, Slug, N-cadherin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and MCM3 proteins. Clinical-pathologic immunoexpression data were obtained from the invasion front and tumor islets, and then compared. At the invasion front, OSCC cases presented positive Snail, Slug, and MCM3 expression in the nuclei of tumor cells. Loss of membrane and cytoplasmic expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin was also observed. Positive N-cadherin expression was observed in 31.78% of the cases. GLi-1 immunoexpression was associated with loss of membrane E-cadherin (P<0.001), membrane β-catenin (P<0.001), and cytoplasmic β-catenin (P=0.02) expression. In the tumor islets, we observed nuclear expression of GLi-1, Snail, Slug, and MCM3. E-cadherin and β-catenin showed positivity in tumor cell membranes. Statistically significant positive correlations between GLi-1 and Snail (P=0.05), E-cadherin (P=0.01), and cytoplasmic β-catenin (P=0.04) were found. GLi-1 was associated with clinical staging, while membrane β-catenin expression was related to the presence of metastasis in lymph nodes and to clinical staging. The HH pathway may be involved in regulating the expression of the mesenchymal phenotype. The loss of membrane E-cadherin and β-catenin expression was observed at the tumor front region, whereas cell adhesion protein expression was detected in tumor islets regardless of MCM3.
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Tsai CH, Li CH, Liao PL, Chang YW, Cheng YW, Kang JJ. Aza-PBHA, a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, inhibits human gastric-cancer cell migration via PKCα-mediated AHR-HDAC interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118564. [PMID: 31672612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have become widely used in anti-cancer treatment; however, due to acquired drug resistance and their relatively low specificity, they are largely ineffective against late-stage cancer. Thus, it is critical to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these issues, so as to identify novel therapeutic targets to prevent late-stage cancer progression and resistance acquisition. The present study investigated the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), that has been shown to mediate histone acetylation by regulating histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity during HDACi treatment in human gastric-cancer cell lines (i.e. AGS and NCI-N87 cells). The potent HDACi, Aza-PBHA, was thus shown to upregulate AHR expression in both AGS and NCI-N87 cell lines, and to increase histone acetylation levels by facilitating AHR/HDAC interactions. Conversely, AHR knockdown increased HDAC activity. Aza-PBHA also increased PKCα phosphorylation and membrane translocation; however, interestingly, PKCα inhibition reduced the Aza-PBHA-increased AHR and histone acetylation levels, and inhibited the formation of the AHR/HDAC complex, likely upregulating Aza-PBHA-inhibited cell migration. Thus, our results suggest that Aza-PBHA treatment increased AHR levels to suppress HDAC activity, and inhibited cell migration by activating PKCα activation. These findings support the use of drugs to control AHR-related epigenetic regulation as a promising potential method to prevent acquired resistance to cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hao Tsai
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hao Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Lin Liao
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Jaw-Jou Kang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wu X, Li J, Ren Y, Zuo Z, Ni S, Cai J. MEG3 can affect the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells through regulating miR-376/PRKD1 axis. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5740-5751. [PMID: 31632544 PMCID: PMC6789261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The down-regulation of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MEG3 has been observed in various cancers; nonetheless, underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The current research work aims at exploring the roles of MEG3 in the pathogenesis of CRC and the associated mechanism. We observed that MEG3 was significantly down-regulated in both CRC tumor tissue and cell lines; also, the transient over-expression of MEG3 in CRC cell line SW480 and LoVo inhibited the proliferation and the migration and clone formation capability of cells; on the other hand, the knockdown of MEG3 has revealed opposite effects. Eventually, we figured it out that target miR-376 directly targeted both MEG3 and PRDK1 in SW480 and LoVo cells. To conclude, as our findings proved, MEG3 is likely to act as a tumor suppressor in the pathogenesis of CRC by means of the regulation of the miR-376/PRDK1 signal axis, suggesting that MEG3 has the potential to become a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Wu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinlei Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuehan Ren
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhigui Zuo
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shichang Ni
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhui Cai
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Youssef I, Ricort JM. Deciphering the Role of Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1) in Cellular Proliferation. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1961-1974. [PMID: 31311827 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase family, and is involved in multiple mechanisms implicated in tumor progression such as cell motility, invasion, proliferation, protein transport, and apoptosis. While it is expressed in most tissues in the normal state, PKD1 expression may increase or decrease during tumorigenesis, and its role in proliferation is context-dependent and poorly understood. In this review, we present and discuss the current landscape of studies investigating the role of PKD1 in the proliferation of both cancerous and normal cells. Indeed, as a potential therapeutic target, deciphering whether PKD1 exerts a pro- or antiproliferative effect, and under what conditions, is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilige Youssef
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR_8113, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Cachan, France.,École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ricort
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR_8113, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Cachan, France. .,École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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13
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Wu W, Hou B, Tang C, Liu F, Yang J, Pan T, Si K, Lu D, Wang X, Wang J, Xiong X, Liu J, Xie C. (+)-Usnic Acid Inhibits Migration of c-KIT Positive Cells in Human Colorectal Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:5149436. [PMID: 30298093 PMCID: PMC6157178 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5149436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of tumor cell migration is a treatment strategy for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). SCF-dependent activation of c-KIT is responsible for migration of c-KIT positive [c-KIT(+)] cells of CRC. Drug resistance to Imatinib Mesylate (c-KIT inhibitor) has emerged. Inhibition of mTOR can induce autophagic degradation of c-KIT. (+)-usnic acid [(+)-UA], isolated from lichens, has two major functions including induction of proton shuttle and targeting inhibition of mTOR. To reduce hepatotoxicity, the treatment concentration of (+)-UA should be lower than 10 μM. HCT116 cells and LS174 cells were employed to investigate the inhibiting effect of (+)-UA (<10 μM) on SCF-mediated migration of c-KIT(+) CRC cells. HCT116 cells were employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms. The results indicated that firstly, 8 μM (+)-UA decreased ATP content via uncoupling; secondly, 8 μM (+)-UA induced mTOR inhibition, thereby mediated activation suppression of PKC-A, and induced the autophagy of the completed autophagic flux that resulted in the autophagic degradation and transcriptional inhibition of c-KIT and the increase in LDH release; ultimately, 8 μM (+)-UA inhibited SCF-mediated migration of CRC c-KIT(+) cells. Taken together, 8 μM could be determined as the effective concentration for (+)-UA to inhibit SCF-mediated migration of CRC c-KIT(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
- Chengdu Easton Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Remeadjohn Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610044, China
| | - Bing Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changli Tang
- Chengdu Easton Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
- Pharmacy Department, Xichang People's Hospital, Xichang 615000, China
| | - Fucheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ke Si
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Deyun Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xing Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
- Chengdu Easton Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunguang Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
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14
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Spasojevic C, Marangoni E, Vacher S, Assayag F, Meseure D, Château-Joubert S, Humbert M, Karam M, Ricort JM, Auclair C, Regairaz M, Bièche I. PKD1 is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23208-23219. [PMID: 29796183 PMCID: PMC5955414 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1) is a serine/threonine kinase encoded by the PRKD1 gene. PKD1 has been previously shown to be a prognostic factor in ERα+ tamoxifen-resistant breast tumors and PKD1 overexpression confers estrogen independence to ERα+ MCF7 cells. In the present study, our goal was to determine whether PKD1 is a prognostic factor and/or a relevant therapeutic target in breast cancer. We analyzed PRKD1 mRNA levels in 527 primary breast tumors. We found that high PRKD1 mRNA levels were significantly and independently associated with a low metastasis-free survival in the whole breast cancer population and in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype specifically. High PRKD1 mRNA levels were also associated with a low overall survival in TNBC. We identified novel PKD1 inhibitors and assessed their antitumor activity in vitro in TNBC cell lines and in vivo in a TNBC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Pharmacological inhibition and siRNA-mediated depletion of PKD1 reduced colony formation in MDA-MB-436 TNBC cells. PKD1 inhibition also reduced tumor growth in vivo in a TNBC PDX model. Together, these results establish PKD1 as a poor prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Spasojevic
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,LBPA, CNRS UMR8113, ENS Paris-Saclay, Paris-Saclay University, Cachan, France
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Franck Assayag
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Manale Karam
- LBPA, CNRS UMR8113, ENS Paris-Saclay, Paris-Saclay University, Cachan, France.,Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jean Marc Ricort
- LBPA, CNRS UMR8113, ENS Paris-Saclay, Paris-Saclay University, Cachan, France
| | - Christian Auclair
- AB Science SA, Paris, France.,Biology Department, ENS Paris-Saclay, Paris-Saclay University, Cachan, France
| | - Marie Regairaz
- LBPA, CNRS UMR8113, ENS Paris-Saclay, Paris-Saclay University, Cachan, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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