1
|
Sheng N, Fu R, Zhou C, Li Y, Fan Y, Wang J, Nan X. SOX9 promotes stemness in the CAL27 cell line of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4000. [PMID: 38566395 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a prevalent form of oral malignancy, with increasing incidence. Unfortunately, the 5-year survival rate for patients has not exceeded 50%. Studies have shown that sex-determining region Y box 9 (SOX9) correlates with malignancy and tumor stemness in a variety of tumors. To investigate the role of SOX9 in TSCC stemness, we analyzed its influence on various aspects of tumor biology, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, sphere and clone formation, and drug resistance in TSCC. Our data suggest a close association between SOX9 expression and both the stemness phenotype and drug resistance in TSCC. Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a progressive increase of SOX9 expression in normal oral mucosa, paracancerous tissues, and tongue squamous carcinoma tissues. Furthermore, the expression of SOX9 was closely linked to the TNM stage, but not to lymph node metastasis or tumor diameter. SOX9 is a crucial gene in TSCC responsible for promoting the stemness function of cancer stem cells. Developing drugs that target SOX9 is extremely important in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanning Sheng
- Faculty of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rong Fu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chuhuan Zhou
- Faculty of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yawei Fan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Faculty of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinrong Nan
- Faculty of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen F, Wang Y, Zhang X, Fang J. Five hub genes contributing to the oncogenesis and trastuzumab-resistance in gastric cancer. Gene 2023; 851:146942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
3
|
Wang Q, Chen H, Yang C, Liu Y, Li F, Zhang C. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of SOX9 expression in gastric cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30533. [PMID: 36123852 PMCID: PMC9478245 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SOX9 is a potential prognostic marker in gastric cancer (GC) patients. This meta-analysis aimed to highlight the clinicopathological and prognostic implications of SOX9 expression in GC patients. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies by the electronic literature databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Chinese databases). Review Manager version 5.4 was employed to evaluate the pooled odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Seventeen studies with a total of 2893 GC patients were enrolled in this meta-analysis. The analysis with ten articles clarified that higher expression of SOX9 was observed in GC cancers than that of normal gastric samples (OR = 16.26; 95% CI: 8.16 to 32.42; P < .00001). Consequently, the results also showed that SOX9 expression was closely associated with age (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.04-1.72; P = .03), tumor size (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49-0.91; P = .01), histological differentiation (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.36-1.06; P = .002), tumor stage (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.20-1.12; P = .04), lymph node metastasis (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.19-0.67; P = .0010) and advanced TNM stage (OR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.30-0.70; P = .0003), but not significantly related to gender, distant metastasis and vascular invasion. Furthermore, high SOX9 expression could significantly indicate poorer overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.14-1.72; P = .001). CONCLUSION SOX9 overexpression might be related to poor prognosis and could serve as a potential predictive marker of poor clinicopathological prognosis factor in GC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Congying Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, China
- *Correspondence: Chunfang Zhang, Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital, No.6, Zhenhua Road, Lianyungang City 222002, Jiangsu Province, China (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng HC, Xue H, Zhang CY. REG4 promotes the proliferation and anti-apoptosis of cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1012193. [PMID: 36172286 PMCID: PMC9511136 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1012193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived 4 (REG4) gene was discovered by high-throughput sequencing of ulcerative colitis cDNA libraries. REG4 is involved in infection and inflammation by enhancing macrophage polarization to M2, via activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Akt/cAMP-responsive element binding and the killing inflammatory Escherichia coli, and closely linked to tumorigenesis. Its expression was transcriptionally activated by caudal type homeobox 2, GATA binding protein 6, GLI family zinc finger 1, SRY-box transcription factor 9, CD44 intracytoplasmic domain, activating transcription factor 2, and specificity protein 1, and translationally activated by miR-24. REG4 can interact with transmembrane CD44, G protein-coupled receptor 37, mannan and heparin on cancer cells. Its overexpression was observed in gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, gallbladder, ovarian and urothelial cancers, and is closely linked to their aggressive behaviors and a poor prognosis. Additionally, REG4 expression and recombinant REG4 aggravated such cellular phenotypes as tumorigenesis, proliferation, anti-apoptosis, chemoradioresistance, migration, invasion, peritoneal dissemination, tumor growth, and cancer stemness via EGFR/Akt/activator protein-1 and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase three β/β-catenin/transcription factor 4 pathways. Sorted REG4-positive deep crypt secretory cells promote organoid formation of single Lgr5 (+) colon stem cells by Notch inhibition and Wnt activation. Histologically, REG4 protein is specifically expressed in neuroendocrine tumors and signet ring cell carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, ovary, and lung. It might support the histogenesis of gastric intestinal–metaplasia–globoid dysplasia–signet ring cell carcinoma. In this review, we summarized the structure, biological functions, and effects of REG4 on inflammation and cancer. We conclude that REG4 may be employed as a biomarker of tumorigenesis, subsequent progression and poor prognosis of cancer, and may be a useful target for gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
- *Correspondence: Hua-Chuan Zheng,
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Cong-Yu Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Takasawa S, Tsuchida C, Sakuramoto-Tsuchida S, Uchiyama T, Makino M, Yamauchi A, Itaya-Hironaka A. Upregulation of REG IV gene in human intestinal epithelial cells by lipopolysaccharide via downregulation of microRNA-24. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4710-4720. [PMID: 35946046 PMCID: PMC9443949 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) reflects a balance between mucosal injury and reparative mechanisms. Some regenerating gene (Reg) family members (REG Iα, REG Iβ and REG IV) are expressed in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and involved as proliferative mucosal factors in IBD. We revealed that REG Iα and REG Iβ were induced in cell culture system by IL‐6/IL‐22. Although REG IV was upregulated in IBD biopsy samples, the upregulation of REG IV was not at all induced in cell culture by autoimmune‐related cytokines such as IL‐6, IL‐22 and TNFα. Here, we analysed REG IV expression in LS‐174 T and HT‐29 human intestinal epithelial cells by real‐time RT–PCR and elisa. REG IV expression was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, LPS did not activate REG IV promoter activity. As the LPS‐induced upregulation of REG IV was considered to be regulated post‐transcriptionally, we searched targeted microRNA (miR), which revealed that REG IV mRNA has a potential target sequence for miR‐24. We measured the miR‐24 level of LPS‐treated cells and found that the level was significantly lower. The LPS‐induced increase of REG IV mRNA was abolished by the introduction of miR‐24 mimic but not by non‐specific control RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomoko Uchiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Mai Makino
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Akiyo Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luo W, Nagaria TS, Sun H, Ma J, Lombardo JL, Bassett R, Cao AC, Tan D. Expression and Potential Prognostic Value of SOX9, MCL-1 and SPOCK1 in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610293. [PMID: 35221802 PMCID: PMC8863590 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a common malignancy and remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, though its incidence is in decline in most developed countries. One of the major challenges of treating gastric cancer is tumor heterogeneity, which portends a high degree of prognostic variance and the necessity for different treatment modalities. Tumor heterogeneity is at least in part due to divergent differentiation of tumor cells to clones harboring different molecular alterations. Here we studied the expression of emerging prognostic markers SOX9, MCL-1, and SPOCK1 (Testican-1) in a cohort of gastric cancer by immunohistochemistry and investigated how individual biomarkers and their combinations predict disease prognosis. We found frequent expression of SPOCK1 (in both nuclei and cytoplasm), MCL-1 and SOX9 in gastric cancer. In univariate analysis, nuclear SPOCK1 expression and pathologic TNM stage were negative prognostic markers in this cohort. In multivariate analysis, SOX9 expression stood out as a predictor of poor prognosis. Further subgroup analysis suggested prognostic value of SOX9 expression in poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma. MCL-1 showed no prognostic role in this cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Teddy S Nagaria
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hongxia Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Junsheng Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jamie L Lombardo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Roland Bassett
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Austin C Cao
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dongfeng Tan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zu G, Gao J, Zhou T. The Clinicopathological and Prognostic Significance of SOX9 Expression in Gastric Cancer: Meta-Analysis and TCGA Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:668946. [PMID: 34568009 PMCID: PMC8458960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.668946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) expression in gastric cancer (GC) patients is still controversial. Our aim is to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic value of SOX9 expression in GC patients. METHODS A systemic literature search and meta-analysis were used to evaluate the clinicopathological significance and overall survival (OS) of SOX9 expression in GC patients. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was used to investigate the relationship between SOX9 expression and OS of stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) patients. RESULTS A total of 11 articles involving 3,060 GC patients were included. In GC patients, the SOX9 expression was not associated with age [odds ratio (OR) = 0.743, 95% CI = 0.507-1.089, p = 0.128], sex (OR = 0.794, 95% CI = 0.605-1.042, p = 0.097), differentiation (OR = 0.728, 95% CI = 0.475-1.115, p = 0.144), and lymph node metastasis (OR = 1.031, 95% CI = 0.793-1.340, p = 0.820). SOX9 expression was associated with depth of invasion (OR = 0.348, 95% CI = 0.247-0.489, p = 0.000) and TNM stage (OR = 0.428, 95% CI = 0.308-0.595, p = 0.000). The 1-year OS (OR = 1.507, 95% CI = 1.167-1.945, p = 0.002), 3-year OS (OR = 1.482, 95% CI = 1.189-1.847, p = 0.000), and 5-year OS (OR = 1.487, 95% CI = 1.187-1.862, p = 0.001) were significantly shorter in GC patients with high SOX9 expression. TCGA analysis showed that SOX9 was upregulated in STAD patients compared with that in normal patients (p < 0.001), and the OS of STAD patients with a high expression of SOX9 is poorer than that in patients with low expression of SOX9, but the statistical difference is not obvious (p = 0.31). CONCLUSION SOX9 expression was associated with the depth of tumor invasion, TNM stage, and poor OS of GC patients. SOX9 may be a potential prognostic factor for GC patients but needs further study. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO, ID NUMBER 275712.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiacheng Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The role of SOX family transcription factors in gastric cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:608-624. [PMID: 33662423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. GC is the third-most common cause of cancer-related death after lung and colorectal cancer. It is also the fifth-most commonly diagnosed cancer. Accumulating evidence has revealed the role of signaling networks in GC progression. Identification of these molecular pathways can provide new insight into therapeutic approaches for GC. Several molecular factors involved in GC can play both onco-suppressor and oncogene roles. Sex-determining region Y (Sry)-box-containing (SOX) family members are transcription factors with a well-known role in cancer. SOX proteins can bind to DNA to regulate cellular pathways via a highly conserved domain known as high mobility group (HMG). In the present review, the roles of SOX proteins in the progression and/or inhibition of GC are discussed. The dual role of SOX proteins as tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing factors is highlighted. SOX members can affect upstream mediators (microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and NF-κB) and down-stream mediators (FAK, HIF-1α, CDX2 and PTEN) in GC. The possible role of anti-tumor compounds to target SOX pathway members in GC therapy is described. Moreover, SOX proteins may be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in GC.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chai D, Du H, Li K, Zhang X, Li X, Zhao X, Lian X, Xu Y. CDX2 and Reg IV expression and correlation in gastric cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:92. [PMID: 33639844 PMCID: PMC7913228 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ectopic expression of CDX2 is associated with the development and progression of gastric cancer. Previous studies showed that CDX2 may be an upstream regulator of Reg IV expression in gastric cancer, and our previous report showed that Reg IV upregulated SOX9 expression and enhanced cell migration and invasion in gastric cancer cells. However, the regulatory roles of CDX2 have not been clarified in gastric cancer, and the correlation between CDX2 and Reg IV requires further study. Methods CDX2 and Reg IV were examined in gastric cancer specimens and paired adjacent tissues via real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The association between CDX2 and Reg IV was assessed using the χ2-test and Spearman’s rank correlation. To verify their relationship, knockdown and exogenous expression of CDX2 or Reg IV were performed in AGS and MKN-45 gastric cancer cells, and their expression was subsequently analyzed via a real-time PCR and western blotting. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were used to examine migration and invasion in AGS and MKN-45 cells following CDX2 silencing or overexpression. Results A positive correlation was observed between CDX2 and Reg IV expression at the mRNA and protein levels in gastric cancer tissues. CDX2 silencing significantly downregulated Reg IV expression, and CDX2 overexpression significantly upregulated Reg IV expression in AGS and MKN-45 cells. Neither Reg IV silencing nor overexpression had any effect on CDX2 protein expression in AGS or MKN-45 cells, even though both affected the expression of CDX2 mRNA. Functionally, CDX2 silencing significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion, and CDX2 overexpression significantly promoted cell migration and invasion in AGS and MKN-45 cells. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that CDX2 expression was positively correlated with that of Reg IV in gastric cancer, and CDX2 promoted cell migration and invasion through upregulation of Reg IV expression in AGS and MKN-45 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chai
- Department of Medicine Biotechnology, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Xiaoxihu East Street No. 2, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Huifen Du
- Department of Medicine Biotechnology, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Xiaoxihu East Street No. 2, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Kesheng Li
- Department of Medicine Biotechnology, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Xiaoxihu East Street No. 2, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu, China.
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Pathology, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaowen Lian
- Department of Medicine Biotechnology, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Xiaoxihu East Street No. 2, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Medicine Biotechnology, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Xiaoxihu East Street No. 2, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sninsky JA, Bishnupuri KS, González I, Trikalinos NA, Chen L, Dieckgraefe BK. Reg4 and its downstream transcriptional activator CD44ICD in stage II and III colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2021; 12:278-291. [PMID: 33659040 PMCID: PMC7899555 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reg4 is highly expressed in gastrointestinal malignancies and acts as a mitogenic and pro-invasive factor. Our recent works suggest that Reg4 binds with CD44 and induces its proteolytic cleavage to release intra-cytoplasmic domain of CD44 (CD44ICD). The goal of this study is to demonstrate clinical significance of the Reg4-CD44/CD44ICD pathway in stage II/III colon cancer and its association with clinical parameters of aggression. We constructed a tissue microarray (TMA) of 93 stage II/III matched colon adenocarcinoma patients, 23 with recurrent disease. The TMA was immunohistochemically stained for Reg4, CD44, and CD44ICD proteins and analyzed to identify associations with tumor characteristics, recurrence and overall survival. The TMA data analysis showed a significant correlation between Reg4 and CD44 (r2 = 0.23, P = 0.028), CD44 and CD44ICD (r2 = 0.36, p = 0.0004), and Reg4 and CD44ICD (r2 = 0.45, p ≤ 0.0001). Reg4 expression was associated with larger tumor size (r2 = 0.23, p = 0.026). Although, no association was observed between Reg4, CD44, or CD44ICD expression and disease recurrence, Reg4-positive patients had a median survival of 4 years vs. 7 years for Reg4-negative patients (p = 0.04) in patients who recurred. Inhibition of the Reg4-CD44/CD44ICD pathway may be a future therapeutic target for colon cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Sninsky
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kumar S Bishnupuri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Iván González
- Division of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nikolaos A Trikalinos
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian K Dieckgraefe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang J, Zhu Z, Miao Z, Huang X, Sun Z, Xu H, Wang Z. The Clinical Significance and Mechanisms of REG4 in Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 10:559230. [PMID: 33489872 PMCID: PMC7819868 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.559230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived type 4 (REG4), a member of the calcium-dependent lectin gene superfamily, is abnormally expressed in various cancers, such as colorectal, gastric, gallbladder, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate, and lung cancer. REG4 is associated with a relatively unfavorable prognosis and clinicopathologic features in cancers, including advanced tumor and nodal stage, histological differentiation, and liver and peritoneal metastasis. Moreover, REG4-positive cancer cells show more frequent resistance to chemoradiotherapy, especially 5-FU-based chemotherapy. REG4 participates in many aspects of carcinogenesis, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. The underlying mechanisms are complex and involve a series of signaling mediators and multiple pathways. Thus, REG4 may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker as well as a candidate therapeutic target in cancer patients. In this review, we systematically summarize the advances about the clinical significance, biological functions, and mechanisms underlying REG4 in cancer to provide new directions for future cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhifeng Miao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuanzhang Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huimian Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Comparison of Nuclear β-Catenin Expressing Testicular Sertoli Cell Tumors and Pancreatic Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasms Supporting Their Continued Separate Classification. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:1082-1091. [PMID: 32604170 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Some recent reports suggested that many Sertoli cell tumors, not otherwise specified (SCTs-NOS) of the testis were analogs of the solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas. One of the most relied on pieces of information for this assertion was the shared occurrence in both neoplasms of exon 3 mutations of the CTNNB1 gene, which was reflected by nuclear β-catenin expression. We, therefore, compared the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of 18 SCTs-NOS with strong, diffuse nuclear β-catenin expression with 16 SPNs that also showed such positivity. Although there were clear similarities in the light microscopic features of these neoplasms, there were also significant differences that included, in SCT-NOS and SPN, respectively: hollow tubules (53% vs. 0%), sheet-like growth (44% vs. 94%), circumscription (79% vs. 25%), corded or trabecular patterns (81% vs. 31%), formation of papillae or pseudopapillae (24% vs. 69%), growth in nests or clusters (94% vs. 50%), perivascular pseudorosettes (13% vs. 56%), and rhabdoid cytology (6% vs. 50%). Commonly shared morphologic features included signet-ring cells, pale or foamy cytoplasm, myxoid stroma, cyst formation, perivascular hyalinization, and globular or band-like basement membrane deposits. On immunohistochemical study, sex cord markers were frequently positive in SCTs-NOS (steroidogenic factor-1-94%; FOXL2-87%; SOX9-69%; calretinin-60%; Wilms tumor-1-38%; inhibin-29%) whereas all of these markers were negative in the SPNs. We conclude that even though SCT-NOS and SPN share some morphologic features and nuclear immunoreactivity for β-catenin, there remain differences, both morphologically and immunohistochemically, between these neoplasms to the degree that SCT-NOS should not be equated with pancreatic SPN.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao H, Xiao H, Lu Y, Liu S, Wang C. Long noncoding RNA LINC00339 promotes the oncogenicity of gastric cancer by regulating SRY-box 9 expression via sponging of microRNA-539. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1143-1157. [PMID: 32308105 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1749404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential expression of LINC00339 is involved in the malignancy of multiple human cancer types. Nonetheless, the expression profile, functions, and potential mechanisms of action of LINC00339 in gastric cancer are yet to be fully elucidated. This study aimed at measuring LINC00339 expression in gastric cancer and examining the prognostic significance of LINC00339 in patients with gastric cancer. The detailed functions of LINC00339 with regard to the aggressive characteristics of gastric cancer cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated. Here, we found that LINC00339 expression was aberrantly high in gastric cancer and significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, invasive depth, and TNM stage. Patients with gastric cancer in a LINC00339 high-expression group showed shorter overall survival than patients in a LINC00339 low-expression group. A knockdown of LINC00339 suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis in vitro and slowed tumor growth in vivo. In terms of the mechanism, LINC00339 was found to act as a molecular sponge on microRNA-539 (miR-539). SRY-box 9 (SOX9) was confirmed as a direct target gene of miR-539 in gastric cancer cells. An miR-539 knockdown attenuated the effects of the LINC00339 knockdown on the malignant characteristics of gastric cancer cells. Overall, LINC00339 plays a critical role in the malignancy of gastric cancer by regulating SOX9 via sponging of miR‑539. Our findings highlight the importance of the LINC00339-miR-539-SOX9 pathway in gastric cancer pathogenesis and may point to novel targets for the diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Xiao
- Department of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Jilin, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Expression and Clinical Relevance of SOX9 in Gastric Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:8267021. [PMID: 31275454 PMCID: PMC6589301 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8267021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent tumours and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The investigation of new biomarkers that can predict patient outcome more accurately and allow better treatment and follow-up decisions is of crucial importance. SOX9 (sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box 9) is a regulator of cell fate decisions in embryogenesis and adulthood. Here, we sought to ascertain the relevance of SOX9 transcription factor as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer. SOX9 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 333 gastric adenocarcinoma cases, and its association with clinicopathological and follow-up data was evaluated. SOX9 nuclear expression was absent in 17% of gastric cancer cases and predicted worse disease-free survival (P = 0.03). SOX9 expression was associated with lower risk of relapse in Cox univariable analysis (HR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.35-0.97; P = 0.04). The prognostic value of SOX9 was more pronounced in tumours with expansive growth (P = 0.01) or with venous invasion (P = 0.02). Two validation cohorts from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) confirmed that low SOX9 expression was significantly associated with poor patient outcome. In conclusion, we have identified SOX9 as a biomarker of disease relapse in gastric cancer patients. Further experiments are needed to elucidate its biological relevance at the cellular level.
Collapse
|
15
|
Carrasco-Garcia E, Álvarez-Satta M, García-Puga M, Ribeiro ML, Arevalo S, Arauzo-Bravo M, Matheu A. Therapeutic relevance of SOX9 stem cell factor in gastric cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:143-152. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1559826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Carrasco-Garcia
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes)
| | - María Álvarez-Satta
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel García-Puga
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Lima Ribeiro
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Arevalo
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcos Arauzo-Bravo
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|