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Birmpili D, Charmarké-Askar I, Spenlé C, Riché S, Pham-Van LD, Kuntzel T, Xhurxhi T, Riou A, Bonnet D, Bagnard D. Fluorinated apelin-13 mediates neuroprotective effects in multiple sclerosis models. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 198:106552. [PMID: 38844244 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease leading to demyelination and axonal loss. Current treatments are immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs acting on the inflammatory component. However, these treatments do not adequately address the crucial aspect of neuroprotection. Recently, an association between an altered balance of adipokines and MS has been proposed as both a risk factor for developing MS and a chronic disease aggravating factor. Specifically, a decrease of apelin plasma levels in MS patients compared to controls correlates with the number of relapses and disease severity. Here we report a dramatic downregulation of apelin levels in the CNS of EAE mice which is also detected in MS patients brain samples compared to controls. Exploiting innovative design and synthesis techniques, we engineered a novel fluorinated apelin-13 peptide characterized by enhanced plasmatic stability compared to its native counterpart. With this peptide, we assessed the potential therapeutic benefits of apelin preventive supplementation in the EAE mouse model. We show that the fluorinated Apelin-13 peptide ameliorates EAE clinical score and preserves myelin content in the EAE MOG model recapitulating the progressive form of disease. These results combined with ex-vivo experiments in brain organotypic slices and in vitro studies in neurons and primary microglia and macrophages suggest that apelin has neuroprotective effects and influences the microglia/macrophages function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafni Birmpili
- Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMRS7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Therapeutic Peptides Team, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg (IMS), ESBS 300 Boulevard S. Brant, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Imane Charmarké-Askar
- Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMRS7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Therapeutic Peptides Team, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg (IMS), ESBS 300 Boulevard S. Brant, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Caroline Spenlé
- Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMRS7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Therapeutic Peptides Team, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg (IMS), ESBS 300 Boulevard S. Brant, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Stéphanie Riché
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg (IMS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Lucas Dinh Pham-Van
- Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMRS7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Therapeutic Peptides Team, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg (IMS), ESBS 300 Boulevard S. Brant, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Thomas Kuntzel
- Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMRS7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Therapeutic Peptides Team, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg (IMS), ESBS 300 Boulevard S. Brant, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Thanos Xhurxhi
- Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMRS7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Therapeutic Peptides Team, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg (IMS), ESBS 300 Boulevard S. Brant, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Aurélien Riou
- Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMRS7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Therapeutic Peptides Team, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg (IMS), ESBS 300 Boulevard S. Brant, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg (IMS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Bagnard
- Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMRS7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Therapeutic Peptides Team, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg (IMS), ESBS 300 Boulevard S. Brant, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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Dong X, Lin C, Lin X, Zeng C, Zeng L, Wei Z, Zeng X, Yao J. Lactate inhibits interferon-α response in ovarian cancer by inducing STAT1 ubiquitin degradation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111099. [PMID: 38149570 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of lactate, produced by lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), as an important regulator of the immune response in tumor development has garnered attention in recent research. But, many questions still need to be clarified regarding the relationship between lactate and anti-tumor immunity. Here, we reported that both exogenous and endogenous lactate reduced the protein level and activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1) in ovarian cancer cells. As a consequence, the expression of IFNα-STAT1 regulated genes was weakened. This, in turn, weakened the antitumor effect of IFNα by impeding NKT and CD8+T cells recruitment. Strikingly, we found that LDHA knockdown did not result in the downregulation of STAT1 mRNA level in ovarian cancer cells. Instead, we observed that lactate triggered the degradation of STAT1 through the proteasomal pathway. Notably, we identified that lactate reduced the stability of STAT1 by promoting the expression of F-box only protein 40 (Fbxo40). This protein interacts with STAT1 and potentially acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, leading to the induction of STAT1 polyubiquitination and degradation. Importantly, ectopic over-expression of the Fbxo40 gene significantly inhibited the expression of ISGs in LDHA knockdown cells. In the TCGA tumor data, we observed that high expression of Fbxo40 negatively correlates with overall survival in ovarian cancer patients. Collectively, our findings reveal lactate as a negative regulator of the IFNα-STAT1 signaling axis in ovarian cancer. This discovery suggests that strategies aimed at targeting lactate for ovarian cancer prevention and treatment should consider the impact on the IFNα-STAT1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhuai Dong
- Central Laboratory of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Can Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Central Laboratory of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Zeng
- Central Laboratory of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Liming Zeng
- Central Laboratory of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Zibo Wei
- Central Laboratory of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaokang Zeng
- Central Laboratory of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong, China.
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Han J, Wu M, Liu Z. Dysregulation in IFN-γ signaling and response: the barricade to tumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190333. [PMID: 37275859 PMCID: PMC10233742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) has been identified as a crucial factor in determining the responsiveness to immunotherapy. Produced primarily by natural killer (NK) and T cells, IFN-γ promotes activation, maturation, proliferation, cytokine expression, and effector function in immune cells, while simultaneously inducing antigen presentation, growth arrest, and apoptosis in tumor cells. However, tumor cells can hijack the IFN-γ signaling pathway to mount IFN-γ resistance: rather than increasing antigenicity and succumbing to death, tumor cells acquire stemness characteristics and express immunosuppressive molecules to defend against antitumor immunity. In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms of IFN-γ resistance occurring at two critical stages: disrupted signal transduction along the IFNG/IFNGR/JAK/STAT pathway, or preferential expression of specific interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Elucidating the molecular mechanisms through which tumor cells develop IFN-γ resistance help identify promising therapeutic targets to improve immunotherapy, with broad application value in conjugation with targeted, antibody or cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Han
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Mengwei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Ziwen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), Beijing, China
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Yang L, Guo P, Wang P, Wang W, Liu J. IL-6/ERK signaling pathway participates in type I IFN-programmed, unconventional M2-like macrophage polarization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1827. [PMID: 36726024 PMCID: PMC9892596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) have been harnessed for cancer therapies due to their immunostimulatory functions. However, certain tumor-tolerating activities by IFN-Is also exist, and may potentially thwart their therapeutic effects. In this respect, our previous studies have demonstrated a monocyte-orchestrated, IFN-I-to-IL-4 cytokine axis, which can subsequently drive M2-skewed pro-tumoral polarization of macrophages. Whether other IFN-dependent signals may also contribute to such an unconventional circumstance of M2-like macrophage skewing remain unexplored. Herein, we first unveil IL-6 as another ligand that participates in IFN-dependent induction of a typical M2 marker (ARG1) in transitional monocytes. Indeed, IL-6 significantly promotes IL-4-dependent induction of a major group of prominent M2 markers in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human peripheral blood-derived macrophages, while it alone does not engage marked increases of these markers. Such a pattern of regulation is confirmed globally by RNAseq analyses in BMDMs, which in turn suggests an association of IL-6-amplified subset of M2 genes with the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Interestingly, pharmacological experiments establish the role of SHP2-ERK cascade in mediating IL-6's enhancement effect on these M2 targets. Similar approaches also validate the involvement of IL-6/ERK signaling in promoting the IFN-dependent, unconventional M2-skewing phenotype in transitional monocytes. Furthermore, an inhibitor of ERK signaling cooperates with an IFN-I inducer to enable a greater antitumor effect, which correlates with suppression of treatment-elicited ARG1. The present work establishes a role of IL-6/ERK signaling in promoting M2-like macrophage polarization, and suggests this axis as a potential therapeutic target for combination with IFN-I-based cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center at Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China.,Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng, 224006, China
| | - Panpan Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center at Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng, 224006, China. .,The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224006, China.
| | - Jianghuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center at Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China. .,Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng, 224006, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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5
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Transcriptome-wide association study of HIV-1 acquisition identifies HERC1 as a susceptibility gene. iScience 2022; 25:104854. [PMID: 36034232 PMCID: PMC9403347 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The host genetic factors conferring protection against HIV type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition remain elusive, and in particular the contributions of common genetic variants. Here, we performed the largest genome-wide association meta-analysis of HIV-1 acquisition, which included 7,303 HIV-1-positive individuals and 587,343 population controls. We identified 25 independent genetic loci with suggestive association, of which one was genome-wide significant within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus. After exclusion of the MHC signal, linkage disequilibrium score regression analyses revealed a SNP heritability of 21% and genetic correlations with behavioral factors. A transcriptome-wide association study identified 15 susceptibility genes, including HERC1, UEVLD, and HIST1H4K. Convergent evidence from conditional analyses and fine-mapping identified HERC1 downregulation in immune cells as a robust mechanism associated with HIV-1 acquisition. Functional studies on HERC1 and other identified candidates, as well as larger genetic studies, have the potential to further our understanding of the host mechanisms associated with protection against HIV-1.
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Jorge AM, Lao T, Kim R, Licciardi S, El Khoury J, Luster AD, Means TK, Ramirez-Ortiz ZG. SCARF1-Induced Efferocytosis Plays an Immunomodulatory Role in Humans, and Autoantibodies Targeting SCARF1 Are Produced in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:955-967. [PMID: 35082161 PMCID: PMC8852219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency in the clearance of cellular debris is a major pathogenic factor in the emergence of autoimmune diseases. We previously demonstrated that mice deficient for scavenger receptor class F member 1 (SCARF1) develop a lupus-like autoimmune disease with symptoms similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including a pronounced accumulation of apoptotic cells (ACs). Therefore, we hypothesized that SCARF1 will be important for clearance of ACs and maintenance of self-tolerance in humans, and that dysregulation of this process could contribute to SLE. In this article, we show that SCARF1 is highly expressed on phagocytic cells, where it functions as an efferocytosis receptor. In healthy individuals, we discovered that engagement of SCARF1 by ACs on BDCA1+ dendritic cells initiates an IL-10 anti-inflammatory response mediated by the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3. Unexpectedly, there was no significant difference in SCARF1 expression in samples of patients with SLE compared with healthy donor samples. However, we detected anti-SCARF1 autoantibodies in 26% of patients with SLE, which was associated with dsDNA Ab positivity. Furthermore, our data show a direct correlation of the levels of anti-SCARF1 in the serum and defects in the removal of ACs. Depletion of Ig restores efferocytosis in SLE serum, suggesting that defects in the removal of ACs are partially mediated by SCARF1 pathogenic autoantibodies. Our data demonstrate that human SCARF1 is an AC receptor in dendritic cells and plays a role in maintaining tolerance and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Jorge
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Taotao Lao
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Samantha Licciardi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Terry K Means
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Autoimmunity Cluster, Immunology & Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zaida G Ramirez-Ortiz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and
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7
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Chen G, Chen D, Feng Y, Wu W, Gao J, Chang C, Chen S, Zhen G. Identification of Key Signaling Pathways and Genes in Eosinophilic Asthma and Neutrophilic Asthma by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:805570. [PMID: 35187081 PMCID: PMC8847715 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.805570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with different subtypes including eosinophilic asthma (EA) and neutrophilic asthma (NA). However, the mechanisms underlying the difference between the two subtypes are not fully understood.Methods: Microarray datasets (GSE45111 and GSE137268) were acquired from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in induced sputum between EA (n = 24) and NA (n = 15) were identified by “Limma” package. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to explore potential signaling pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were performed to identify the key genes that were strongly associated with EA and NA.Results: A total of 282 DEGs were identified in induced sputum of NA patients compared with EA patients. In GO and KEGG pathway analyses, DEGs were enriched in positive regulation of cytokine production, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. The results of GSEA showed that ribosome, Parkinson’s disease, and oxidative phosphorylation were positively correlated with EA while toll-like receptor signaling pathway, primary immunodeficiency, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway were positively correlated with NA. Using WGCNA analysis, we identified a set of genes significantly associated NA including IRFG, IRF1, STAT1, IFIH1, IFIT3, GBP1, GBP5, IFIT2, CXCL9, and CXCL11.Conclusion: We identified potential signaling pathways and key genes involved in the pathogenesis of the asthma subsets, especially in neutrophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongqi Chen
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Dian Chen
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Feng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenli Chang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengchong Chen
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohua Zhen
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guohua Zhen,
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López-López S, Romero de Ávila MJ, Hernández de León NC, Ruiz-Marcos F, Baladrón V, Nueda ML, Laborda J, García-Ramírez JJ, Monsalve EM, Díaz-Guerra MJM. NOTCH4 Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Activated Macrophages by Interfering With Interferon-γ and TLR4 Signaling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734966. [PMID: 34925319 PMCID: PMC8671160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NOTCH4 is a member of the NOTCH family of receptors whose expression is intensively induced in macrophages after their activation by Toll-like receptors (TLR) and/or interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In this work, we show that this receptor acts as a negative regulator of macrophage activation by diminishing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-12, and costimulatory proteins, such as CD80 and CD86. We have observed that NOTCH4 inhibits IFN-γ signaling by interfering with STAT1-dependent transcription. Our results show that NOTCH4 reprograms the macrophage response to IFN-γ by favoring STAT3 versus STAT1 phosphorylation without affecting their expression levels. This lower activation of STAT1 results in diminished transcriptional activity and expression of STAT1-dependent genes, including IRF1, SOCS1 and CXCL10. In macrophages, NOTCH4 inhibits the canonical NOTCH signaling pathway induced by LPS; however, it can reverse the inhibition exerted by IFN-γ on NOTCH signaling, favoring the expression of NOTCH-target genes, such as Hes1. Indeed, HES1 seems to mediate, at least in part, the enhancement of STAT3 activation by NOTCH4. NOTCH4 also affects TLR signaling by interfering with NF-κB transcriptional activity. This effect could be mediated by the diminished activation of STAT1. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which NOTCH, TLR and IFN-γ signal pathways are integrated to modulate macrophage-specific effector functions and reveal NOTCH4 acting as a new regulatory element in the control of macrophage activation that could be used as a target for the treatment of pathologies caused by an excess of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana López-López
- Medical School, Centro Regional Investigaciones Biomedicas (CRIB)/Biomedicine Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha/Centro Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - María José Romero de Ávila
- Medical School, Centro Regional Investigaciones Biomedicas (CRIB)/Biomedicine Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha/Centro Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | | | | | - Victoriano Baladrón
- Medical School, Centro Regional Investigaciones Biomedicas (CRIB)/Biomedicine Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha/Centro Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - María Luisa Nueda
- Pharmacy School, Centro Regional Investigaciones Biomedicas (CRIB)/Biomedicine Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha/Centro Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge Laborda
- Pharmacy School, Centro Regional Investigaciones Biomedicas (CRIB)/Biomedicine Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha/Centro Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - José Javier García-Ramírez
- Medical School, Centro Regional Investigaciones Biomedicas (CRIB)/Biomedicine Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha/Centro Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - Eva M Monsalve
- Medical School, Centro Regional Investigaciones Biomedicas (CRIB)/Biomedicine Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha/Centro Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - María José M Díaz-Guerra
- Medical School, Centro Regional Investigaciones Biomedicas (CRIB)/Biomedicine Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha/Centro Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
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9
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Takahashi A, Umemura A, Yano K, Okishio S, Kataoka S, Okuda K, Seko Y, Yamaguchi K, Moriguchi M, Okanoue T, Itoh Y. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Stimulate HLA Class I Expression by Augmenting the IFNγ/STAT1 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:707473. [PMID: 34458148 PMCID: PMC8385668 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.707473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapies has shown efficacy in the treatment of multiple cancers, but the immunomodulatory effect of TKIs on the tumor cell phenotype remains unknown in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Given that human lymphocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) is essential for tumor antigen presentation and subsequent antitumor immunity, we examined the effects of regorafenib, as well as other TKIs (sorafenib, lenvatinib and cabozantinib) on HLA-I expression in HCC cell lines. Regorafenib increased cell surface HLA-I and β2-microglobulin protein expression in the presence of interferon γ (IFNγ). The expressions of various genes associated with the HLA-I antigen processing pathway and its transcriptional regulators were also upregulated by regorafenib. Furthermore, we found that regorafenib had an activating effect on signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1), and that regorafenib-induced HLA-I expression was dependent on the augmented IFNγ/STAT1 signaling pathway. Trametinib, an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase MEK, also activated IFNγ/STAT1 signaling and increased HLA-I expression, whereas the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor buparlisib did not. Given that regorafenib directly inhibits Raf/MEK/ERK signaling, the downregulation of the MEK/ERK pathway appears to be one of the mechanisms by which regorafenib promotes STAT1 activation. Sorafenib, lenvatinib, and cabozantinib also showed the same effects as regorafenib, while regorafenib had most potent effects on HLA-I expression, possibly dependent on its stronger inhibitory activity against the MEK/ERK pathway. These results support the clinical combination of TKIs with immunotherapy for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Takahashi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kota Yano
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Okishio
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seita Kataoka
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Okuda
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Seko
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanji Yamaguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michihisa Moriguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Murtadha AH, Azahar IIM, Sharudin NA, Has ATC, Mokhtar NF. Influence of nNav1.5 on MHC class I expression in breast cancer. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Elbadawi M, Ammar RM, Aziz-Kalbhenn H, Rabini S, Klauck SM, Dawood M, Saeed MEM, Kampf CJ, Efferth T. Anti-inflammatory and tight junction protective activity of the herbal preparation STW 5-II on mouse intestinal organoids. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:153589. [PMID: 34111617 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder, in which recurrent abdominal pain is associated with defecation or a change in bowel habits. STW 5-II is a combination of six medicinal herbs with a clinically proven efficacy in managing IBS. AIM This study aims to establish an in vitro IBS model using mouse intestinal organoids and to explore the anti-inflammatory and tight junction protective activities of the multi-herbal preparation STW 5-II. METHODS Intestinal organoids were cultured in 1:1 Matrigel™ and medium domes. Inflammation and tight junction disruption were induced by a cocktail of cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6) and bacterial proteins (LPS, flagellin). Organoids were treated with different concentrations of STW 5-II, and its multi-target activity was assessed using microarray analyses, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and a FITC permeability assay. In addition, we analyzed the expression of pNF-κB, pSTAT1, iNOS and ZO-1. In silico analyses were conducted to predict and identify the active components that may be responsible in mediating the multi-target anti-inflammatory activity of STW 5-II. RESULTS An organoid based IBS model was successfully established. STW 5-II effectively reduced the cytokines-induced overexpression of the pro-inflammatory mediators pNF-κB, pSTAT1 and iNOS. Moreover, STW 5-II attenuated cytokine-mediated downregulation of the tight junction protein, ZO-1. This finding was confirmed by a FITC permeability assay. In silico analyses revealed a promising inhibitory activity of some isolated compounds from STW 5-II against NF-κB, STAT1 and iNOS. CONCLUSION STW 5-II possesses multiple anti-inflammatory as well as tight junction protective activities that could explain its clinically proven efficacy in managing IBS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ramy M Ammar
- Bayer Consumer Health, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Heba Aziz-Kalbhenn
- Bayer Consumer Health, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sabine Rabini
- Bayer Consumer Health, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sabine M Klauck
- Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mona Dawood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Babu N, Patil S, Mohan SV, Subbannayya T, Advani J, Datta KK, Rajagopalan P, Bhat FA, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Signaling alterations in oral keratinocytes in response to shisha and crude tobacco extract. J Oral Pathol Med 2021; 50:459-469. [PMID: 33369783 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco consumption in smoking and non-smoking forms has been consequential in the rise of oral cancer cases. Among different forms, epidemiological studies from Middle Eastern countries and rural parts of northern India have reported increasing association of oral cancer with waterpipe (hookah) smoking. However, molecular mechanisms and role played by waterpipe smoking in the onset of oral carcinogenesis remains unexplored. METHODS In this study, immortalized normal human oral keratinocytes were chronically treated with extracts of two varieties of waterpipe tobacco-crude tobacco and processed shisha. Phenotypic changes and molecular aberrations were examined using cell culture-based assays and mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis was utilized to analyze proteomics data and identify dysregulated pathways. RESULTS Our data indicate that chronic treatment with waterpipe tobacco extracts increased proliferation, invasion, migration, and significant dysregulation of protein expression in oral keratinocytes. Altered expression of proteins involved in interferon signaling pathway were observed with both varieties of tobacco. Overexpression of cholesterol metabolism and vesicle-mediated transport proteins were identified exclusively in cells treated with crude tobacco extract. Bioinformatics analyses revealed different oncogenic response in oral cells based on the type of waterpipe tobacco used. CONCLUSIONS This study may serve as a useful resource in understanding the early onset of oral cancer attributed to waterpipe smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Babu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonali V Mohan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Keshava K Datta
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Firdous Ahmad Bhat
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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13
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ERK1/2: An Integrator of Signals That Alters Cardiac Homeostasis and Growth. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040346. [PMID: 33923899 PMCID: PMC8072600 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Integration of cellular responses to extracellular cues is essential for cell survival and adaptation to stress. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2 serve an evolutionarily conserved role for intracellular signal transduction that proved critical for cardiomyocyte homeostasis and cardiac stress responses. Considering the importance of ERK1/2 in the heart, understanding how these kinases operate in both normal and disease states is critical. Here, we review the complexity of upstream and downstream signals that govern ERK1/2-dependent regulation of cardiac structure and function. Particular emphasis is given to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy as an outcome of ERK1/2 activation regulation in the heart.
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14
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Budroni V, Versteeg GA. Negative Regulation of the Innate Immune Response through Proteasomal Degradation and Deubiquitination. Viruses 2021; 13:584. [PMID: 33808506 PMCID: PMC8066222 DOI: 10.3390/v13040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and dynamic activation of the innate immune system is achieved through complex signaling networks regulated by post-translational modifications modulating the subcellular localization, activity, and abundance of signaling molecules. Many constitutively expressed signaling molecules are present in the cell in inactive forms, and become functionally activated once they are modified with ubiquitin, and, in turn, inactivated by removal of the same post-translational mark. Moreover, upon infection resolution a rapid remodeling of the proteome needs to occur, ensuring the removal of induced response proteins to prevent hyperactivation. This review discusses the current knowledge on the negative regulation of innate immune signaling pathways by deubiquitinating enzymes, and through degradative ubiquitination. It focusses on spatiotemporal regulation of deubiquitinase and E3 ligase activities, mechanisms for re-establishing proteostasis, and degradation through immune-specific feedback mechanisms vs. general protein quality control pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gijs A. Versteeg
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology, and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria;
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15
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Sharma V, Pope BJ, Santiago NV, Boland MT, Sun D, Reynolds RJ, Szalai AJ, Bridges SL, Raman C. Decreased Levels of STAT1 and Interferon-γ-Induced STAT1 Phosphorylation in Rheumatoid Arthritis CD4 and CD8 T Cells. ACR Open Rheumatol 2021; 3:277-283. [PMID: 33779079 PMCID: PMC8063148 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated whether a previously reported association of IFNGR expression with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its radiographic severity reflects differences in proximal interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) signaling in T cells from patients with RA compared with healthy controls (HC). Methods Using phosphoflow cytometry, we compared IFN‐γ–stimulated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation in CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell populations from patients with RA and HC. Results Compared with controls, patients with RA had a higher proportion of CD4+ T cells, associated with expansion of the CD4+ effector memory subset. Several CD4+ T‐cell types exhibited reduced IFN‐γ–induced phosphoSTAT1Y701 (pSTAT1Y701) in patients with RA compared with HC. Engaging the T‐cell receptor (TCR) complex on CD4+ T cells during IFN‐γ stimulation abrogated the reduction in STAT1 activation in patients with RA but had no effect in HC. The phosphorylation of STAT1S727 was similar in CD4+ T cells from patients with RA and HC. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, IFN‐γ–induced pSTAT1Y701 levels in CD8+ T cells were equivalent or higher in patients with RA compared with HC. Total STAT1 levels (phosphorylated + unphosphorylated) were lower in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with RA compared with HC. Conclusion We report diminished IFN‐γ–induced pSTAT1Y701 levels in CD4+ T cells in patients with RA, which were restored by TCR engagement. There were lower levels of total STAT1 in patients with RA compared with HC, but this likely does not explain diminished IFN‐γ–induced pSTAT1Y701 levels in CD4+ T cells because activation in CD8+ T cells was higher or equivalent to that seen in HC. The enhanced IFNGR expression in patients with RA reported previously may reflect a compensatory mechanism to overcome deficiency in IFN‐γ responsiveness.
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16
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Zhang Y, Liu Z, Yang X, Lu W, Chen Y, Lin Y, Wang J, Lin S, Yun JP. H3K27 acetylation activated-COL6A1 promotes osteosarcoma lung metastasis by repressing STAT1 and activating pulmonary cancer-associated fibroblasts. Theranostics 2021; 11:1473-1492. [PMID: 33391546 PMCID: PMC7738898 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Collagen type VI alpha 1 (COL6A1) has been found to be dysregulated in several human malignancies. However, the role of COL6A1 in osteosarcoma (OS) progression remains largely unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the clinical significance and biological involvement of COL6A1 in the OS cell migration and invasion. Material and Methods: We used immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and western blot to detect the expression of COL6A1 in 181 OS patient samples. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and PCR were carried out to verify the regulatory interaction of p300, c-Jun and COL6A1 promoter. The invasion and migration function of COL6A1 in OS was detected in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequence was performed to detect the downstream pathway of COL6A1, and then co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), ubiquitination assays and rescue experiments were performed to determine the regulatory effect of COL6A1 and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT1). Exosomes derived from OS cell lines were assessed for the ability to promote cancer progression by co-cultured assay and exosomes tracing. Results: COL6A1 was commonly upregulated in OS tissues, especially in lung metastasis tissues, which was associated with a poor prognosis. c-Jun bound p300 increased the enrichment of H3K27ac at the promoter region of the COL6A1 gene, which resulted in the upregulation of COL6A1 in OS. Overexpression of COL6A1 promoted OS cell migration and invasion via interacting with SOCS5 to suppress STAT1 expression and activation in an ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation manner. Most interestingly, we found that exosomal COL6A1 derived from OS cells convert normal fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-8. The activated CAFs could promote OS cell invasion and migration by mediating TGF-β/COL6A1 signaling pathway. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that upregulation of COL6A1 activated by H3K27 acetylation promoted the cell migration and invasion by suppressing STAT1 pathway in OS cells. Moreover, COL6A1 can be packaged into OS cell-derived exosomes and activate CAFs to promote OS metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhaoyong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Weiqing Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yelong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Youbin Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Suxia Lin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Jing-Ping Yun or Suxia Lin, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China. E-mail address: , or
| | - Jing-Ping Yun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Jing-Ping Yun or Suxia Lin, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China. E-mail address: , or
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17
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Zhang M, Liang L, He J, He Z, Yue C, Jin X, Gao M, Xiao S, Zhou Y. Fra-1 Inhibits Cell Growth and the Warburg Effect in Cervical Cancer Cells via STAT1 Regulation of the p53 Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:579629. [PMID: 33102485 PMCID: PMC7554318 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.579629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenesis of cervical cancer is a multi-factor and multi-step process, and major risk factors include oncogene activation with tumor suppressor gene inactivation, viral factors, and immune factors. For example, the human papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked to the occurrence of cervical cancer. At present, the pathogenesis of cervical cancer remains unclear. Fra-1 (Fos-related antigen 1, also known as FOSL1) is a member of the Fos family and an important nuclear transcription factor that regulates normal cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the present study, we found that Fra-1 inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer cells while also promoting apoptosis and affecting cell cycle distribution. Moreover, Fra-1 up-regulated STAT1 expression and modulated p53 signal pathway activity in cervical cancer cells. Overexpression of Fra-1 inhibited cell senescence by altering sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression in HeLa cells, and Fra-1 overexpression restored mitochondrial disorder and suppressed metabolic reprogramming in HeLa cells. Silencing of STAT1 impaired the inhibitory effect of Fra-1 on cervical cancer cell growth, while knock-down of STAT1 reversed the effect on cell senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by Fra-1 in HeLa cells. Silencing of STAT1 also recovered metabolic reprogramming in cervical cancer cells. In summary, our results show that Fra-1 inhibited cervical cancer cell growth and the Warburg effect via STAT1-mediated regulation of the p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manying Zhang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junyu He
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengxi He
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunxue Yue
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengxiang Gao
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songshu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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18
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Regulation of the MIE Locus During HCMV Latency and Reactivation. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110869. [PMID: 33113934 PMCID: PMC7690695 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesviral pathogen that results in life-long infection. HCMV maintains a latent or quiescent infection in hematopoietic cells, which is broadly defined by transcriptional silencing and the absence of de novo virion production. However, upon cell differentiation coupled with immune dysfunction, the virus can reactivate, which leads to lytic replication in a variety of cell and tissue types. One of the mechanisms controlling the balance between latency and reactivation/lytic replication is the regulation of the major immediate-early (MIE) locus. This enhancer/promoter region is complex, and it is regulated by chromatinization and associated factors, as well as a variety of transcription factors. Herein, we discuss these factors and how they influence the MIE locus, which ultimately impacts the phase of HCMV infection.
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19
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Guo Y, Li X, He Z, Ma D, Zhang Z, Wang W, Xiong J, Kuang X, Wang J. HDAC3 Silencing Enhances Acute B Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Cells Sensitivity to MG-132 by Inhibiting the JAK/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Signaling Pathway. Chemotherapy 2020; 65:85-100. [PMID: 32966974 DOI: 10.1159/000500713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE HDAC3, which is associated with smurf2, has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis in B-ALL. This study examined the efficacy of targeting HDAC3 combined with MG-132 as a possible therapeutic strategy for B-ALL patients. METHODS Real-time PCR and western blot were used to measure the expression of smurf2 and HDAC3 from B-ALL patients bone marrow samples. Sup-B15 and CCRF-SB cells were treated with MG-132, small interfering RNA of smurf2 or HDAC3. A plasmid designed to up-regulate smurf2 expression was transfected into B-ALL cells. Flow cytometry and western blot were used to measure variation due to these treatments in terms of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. RESULTS Expression of Smurf2 and HDAC3 mRNA were inversely related in B-ALL patients. Up-regulation of smurf2 or MG-132 influenced HDAC3, further inhibiting the JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signal pathway and inducing apoptosis in B-ALL cells. When we treated Sup-B15 and CCRF-SB cells with siHDAC3 and MG-132 for 24 h, silencing HDAC3 enhanced the apoptosis rate induced by MG-132 in B-ALL cells and further inhibited the JAK/STAT3 pathway. Furthermore, MG-132 was observed to cause G2/M phase arrest in B-ALL cells and inhibited the JAK/STAT3 pathway, leading to apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Silencing of HDAC3 enhanced the sensitivity of B-ALL cells to MG-132. The combination of targeting HDAC3 and MG-132 may provide a new avenue for clinical treatment of acute B lymphocytic leukaemia and improve the poor survival of leukaemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Hematology, Guiyang Hospital of Guizhou Aviation Industry Group, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengchang He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weili Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinyi Kuang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China,
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20
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Tang Y, Yin H, Wang W, Zhang X, Chu N, Li S, Yan C, Fu Q, Yao K. Enhancement of lens extraction-induced MCP-1 upregulation and microglia response in long-term diabetes via c-jun, stat1 and ERK. Life Sci 2020; 261:118360. [PMID: 32861799 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Diabetic patients are reported to have a higher incidence of cataract surgery-induced retinal complications, possibly due to retinal inflammation. Our goal is to identify the key inflammatory cytokines, cells and regulatory pathways involved. MAIN METHODS Diabetes mellitus (DM) induced by streptozotocin and control mice received extracapsular lens extraction (ECLE) in one eye. Neuroretinas were collected at postoperative day1(P1), day2(P2), and day7(P7). BV2 cells were harvested under the treatment of high glucose, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inhibitors. The method of qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to identify the expression of cytokines and signaling pathways. KEY FINDINGS ECLE induced increased inflammation in the neuroretina of surgery eye with a peak at P1. MCP-1 surge in long-term diabetes mellitus (LDM) mice at P1 is higher than short-term diabetes mellitus (SDM) mice and normal mice. Significant activation of c-jun and c-fos were found in LDM compared to normal and SDM. Advanced activation of stat1 and ERK was found at P1 in LDM instead of at P2 in SDM and Normal. Activation of microglia/macrophage was also detected in the LDM mice. Besides the inhibition of c-jun/JNK, MCP-1 expression can be attenuated by inhibiting stat1 and ERK under high glucose condition after LPS stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE Enhancement of lens extraction-induced MCP-1 upregulation and microglia response in long-term diabetes might be due to the activation of cjun, stat1 and ERK, which provided potential therapeutic targets to attenuate retinal inflammation after surgery in diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Tang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Houfa Yin
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Naibin Chu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Su Li
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Chenxi Yan
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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21
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Li ZF, Xu WW, Li JD, Tao FL, Chen JX, Xu JH. Nucleotide exchange factor SIL1 promotes the progress of breast cancer cells via regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis. Sci Prog 2020; 103:36850419891046. [PMID: 31791191 PMCID: PMC10452748 DOI: 10.1177/0036850419891046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer, as one of the most malignant tumors, poses a serious threat to the lives of females. Nucleotide exchange factor SIL1 is an important regulator of endoplasmic reticulum function that might have a specific role in tumor progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of SIL1 on the proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis of human breast cancer. SIL1-specific small interfering RNA was transfected into two breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, to generate SIL1 knockdown cells. Clone formation and Cell Counting Kit-8 assays were performed to determine cell proliferation. Wound healing and transwell assays were used to detect the cell migration and invasion, respectively. Cell cycle and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. The messenger RNA and protein levels of target genes were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. According to the results of TCGA and GTEx database analysis, we determined that SIL1 was overexpressed in 1085 breast cancer samples compared with 291 normal samples. Knockdown of SIL1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, accordingly. The cell cycle was blocked at the G1 phase following transfection of SIL1-specific small interfering RNA through the inhibition of Cyclin D1, CDK4, and CDK6. SIL1 knockdown induced apoptosis and also promoted the activity of Caspase9 and Bax. Furthermore, SIL1 was able to promote phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Based on these results, SIL1 might act as an oncogene and accelerate the progression of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-feng Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nantong Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Wei-wei Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nantong Tumour Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Ji-dan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nantong Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Feng-ling Tao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nantong Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Jian-xin Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nantong Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Jin-hua Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong Tumour Hospital, Nantong, China
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22
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Oh CY, Klatt MG, Bourne C, Dao T, Dacek MM, Brea EJ, Mun SS, Chang AY, Korontsvit T, Scheinberg DA. ALK and RET Inhibitors Promote HLA Class I Antigen Presentation and Unmask New Antigens within the Tumor Immunopeptidome. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1984-1997. [PMID: 31540894 PMCID: PMC6891198 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunotherapies are often thwarted by the limited presentation of tumor-specific antigens abetted by the downregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA). We showed that drugs inhibiting ALK and RET produced dose-related increases in cell-surface HLA in tumor cells bearing these mutated kinases in vitro and in vivo, as well as elevated transcript and protein expression of HLA and other antigen-processing machinery. Subsequent analysis of HLA-presented peptides after ALK and RET inhibitor treatment identified large changes in the immunopeptidome with the appearance of hundreds of new antigens, including T-cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing (TEIPP) peptides. ALK inhibition additionally decreased PD-L1 levels by 75%. Therefore, these oncogenes may enhance cancer formation by allowing tumors to evade the immune system by downregulating HLA expression. Altogether, RET and ALK inhibitors could enhance T-cell-based immunotherapies by upregulating HLA, decreasing checkpoint blockade ligands, and revealing new, immunogenic, cancer-associated antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y Oh
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Martin G Klatt
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christopher Bourne
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Megan M Dacek
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elliott J Brea
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sung Soo Mun
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Aaron Y Chang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Tatyana Korontsvit
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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23
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Li J, Yan K, Yang Y, Li H, Wang Z, Xu X. [Interleukin-17 promotes mouse hepatoma cell proliferation by antagonizing interferon-γ]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:1-5. [PMID: 30692059 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the interaction between interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and how their interaction affects the growth of mouse hepatoma Hepa1-6 cells. METHODS Hepa1-6 cells treated with IL-17 and IFN-γ either alone or in combination were examined for changes in cell proliferation using MTT assay and in cell cycle distribution using flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1, P21 and P16 and the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, ERK1/2 and Stat1 in the cells. RESULTS Compared with control group, IFN-γ treatment obviously inhibited the growth and proliferation of Hepa1-6 cells, induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, reduced the protein expression of PCNA and cyclin D1, and increased the protein expression of P21. IL-17 alone had no effect on the growth of Hepa1-6 cells. In the combined treatment, IL-17 significantly antagonized the effects of IFN-γ. Compared with those treated with IFN-γ alone, the cells with the combined treatment showed significantly decreased G0/G1 cell population, increased the protein expressions of PCNA and cyclin D1, and decreased the protein expression of P21. IL-17 significantly inhibited IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 without affecting the phosphorylation of Stat1. CONCLUSIONS IL-17 obviously reverses the antitumor effects of IFN-γ to promote the proliferation of mouse hepatoma cells and accelerate the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Kun Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
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