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Tang H, Su Z, Huang Q, Li Y, Chen R, Ban C, Liu C, Lu H, Yi XL, Tang Y. A model of tertiary lymphatic structure-related prognosis for penile squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Urol 2024; 24:165. [PMID: 39090582 PMCID: PMC11295339 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-024-01532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the feasibility of the tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) as a prognostic marker for penile squamous cell carcinoma(SCC). METHODS We retrospectively collected data from 83 patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma. H&E-stained slides were reviewed for TLS density. In addition, clinical parameters were analyzed, the prognostic value of these parameters on overall survival (OS) was evaluated using ‒ Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and the prognostic value of influencing factors was evaluated using Cox multifactor design nomogram analysis. RESULT BMI, T, N, and M are significant in the survival curve with or without tertiary lymphoid structure. BMI, T, N, M and TLS were used to construct a prognostic model for penile squamous cell carcinoma, and the prediction accuracy reached a consensus of 0.884(0.835-0.932), and the decision consensus reached 0.581(0.508-0.655). CONCLUSION TLS may be a positive prognostic factor for penile squamous cell carcinoma, and the combination of BMI, T, N and M can better evaluate the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Tang
- Department of Urology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Department of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530199, China
| | - Zhengwei Su
- Department of Urology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Department of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530199, China
| | - Qingming Huang
- Department of Urology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Department of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530199, China
| | - Yongpeng Li
- Department of Urology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Department of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530199, China
| | - Rongchao Chen
- Department of Urology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Department of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530199, China
| | - Chengjie Ban
- Department of Urology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Department of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530199, China
| | - Chanzhen Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Haoyuan Lu
- Department of Urology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Department of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530199, China
| | - Xian-Lin Yi
- Department of Urology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
- Department of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530199, China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Urology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
- Department of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530199, China.
- Department of Urology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China.
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Mink JN, Khalmurzaev O, Pryalukhin A, Geppert CI, Lohse S, Bende K, Lobo J, Henrique R, Loertzer H, Steffens J, Jerónimo C, Wunderlich H, Heinzelbecker J, Bohle RM, Stöckle M, Matveev V, Hartmann A, Junker K. Evaluation of Prognostic Parameters to Identify Aggressive Penile Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4748. [PMID: 37835442 PMCID: PMC10571727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced penile carcinoma is characterized by poor prognosis. Most data on prognostic factors are based on small study cohorts, and even meta-analyses are limited in patient numbers. Therefore, there is still a lack of evidence for clinical decisions. In addition, the most recent TNM classification is questionable; in line with previous studies, we found that it has not improved prognosis estimation. METHODS We evaluated 297 patients from Germany, Russia, and Portugal. Tissue samples from 233 patients were re-analyzed by two experienced pathologists. HPV status, p16, and histopathological parameters were evaluated for all patients. RESULTS Advanced lymph node metastases (N2, N3) were highly significantly associated with reductions in metastasis-free (MFS), cancer-specific (CS), and overall survival (OS) rates (p = <0.001), while lymphovascular invasion was a significant parameter for reduced CS and OS (p = 0.005; p = 0.007). Concerning the primary tumor stage, a significant difference in MFS was found only between pT1b and pT1a (p = 0.017), whereas CS and OS did not significantly differ between T categories. In patients without lymph node metastasis at the time of primary diagnosis, lymphovascular invasion was a significant prognostic parameter for lower MFS (p = 0.032). Histological subtypes differed in prognosis, with the worst outcome in basaloid carcinomas, but without statistical significance. HPV status was not associated with prognosis, either in the total cohort or in the usual type alone. CONCLUSION Lymphatic involvement has the highest impact on prognosis in penile cancer, whereas HPV status alone is not suitable as a prognostic parameter. The pT1b stage, which includes grading, as well as lymphovascular and perineural invasion in the T stage, seems questionable; a revision of the TNM classification is therefore required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Niklas Mink
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Oybek Khalmurzaev
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany (M.S.)
- Department of Urology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology”, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Alexey Pryalukhin
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Centre, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Lohse
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, 66123 Homburg, Germany
| | - Kristof Bende
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - João Lobo
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group—Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group—Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Hagen Loertzer
- Clinic of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Westpfalz-Klinikum, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Joachim Steffens
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, St. Antonius Hospital, 52249 Eschweiler, Germany
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group—Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal; (J.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Heiko Wunderlich
- Clinic of Urology and Paediatric Urology, St. Georg Klinikum, 99817 Eisenach, Germany
| | - Julia Heinzelbecker
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Rainer M. Bohle
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Centre, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Stöckle
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Vsevolod Matveev
- Department of Urology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology”, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany (M.S.)
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Garg V, Ray M, Haresh KP, Sahoo RK, Sharma A, Kaushal S, Batra A. Clinical Profile and Predictors of Survival in Carcinoma Penis Patients. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:4563-4574. [PMID: 37232803 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma penis is a rare neoplasm, and the literature is scarce on long-term survival and its predictors. The aim of the study was to determine the clinical profile and management patterns, identify predictors of survival, and the impact of education and rural/urban dwelling on survival. METHODS Patients with a histological diagnosis of carcinoma penis from January 2015 to December 2019 were included in the study. Demographics, clinical profile, education status, primary residence address, and outcomes were obtained from the case records. Distance from the treatment centre was obtained from the postal code. The primary objectives were to assess relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). The secondary objectives were to identify the predictors of RFS and OS and to determine the clinical profile and treatment patterns in patients with carcinoma penis in India. Time-to-event was calculated by Kaplan-Meir analysis and survival was compared by the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to find independent predictors of relapse and mortality. Logistic regression analyses to examine the associations of rural residence, education status, and distance from the treatment centre with the relapse adjusting for measured confounding variables. RESULTS Case records of 102 patients treated during the above period were retrieved. The median age was 55.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 42-65 years). Ulcero-proliferative growth (65%), pain (57%), and dysuria (36%) were the most common presenting features. Clinical examination or imaging revealed inguinal lymphadenopathy in 70.6% of patients, however, only 42% of these lesions were pathologically involved. A total of 58.8% of patients were from rural areas, 46.9% had no formal education, and 50.9% had a primary residence ≥100 km from the hospital. Patients with lower education and rural households had higher TNM stages and nodal involvement. Median RFS and OS were 57.6 months (15.8 months to not reached) and 83.9 months (32.5 months to not reached), respectively. On univariate analysis tumor stage, involvement of lymph nodes, T stage, performance status, and albumin was predictive for relapse and survival. However, on multivariate analysis, the stage remained the only predictor of RFS and nodal involvement, and metastatic disease was a predictor of OS. Education status, rural habitation, and distance from the treatment centre were not predictors for relapse or survival. CONCLUSIONS Patients with carcinoma have locally advanced disease at presentation. Rural dwellings and lower education were associated with the advanced stage but did not have a significant bearing on the survival outcomes. The stage at diagnosis and nodal involvement is the most important predictor of RFS and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Garg
- Department of Medical Oncology, BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Mukurdipi Ray
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110029, India
| | - K P Haresh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ranjit Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Seema Kaushal
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Atul Batra
- Department of Medical Oncology, BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110029, India
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Ding L, Zhang C, Wang K, Zhang Y, Wu C, Xia W, Li S, Li W, Wang J. A machine learning-based model for predicting the risk of early-stage inguinal lymph node metastases in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Front Surg 2023; 10:1095545. [PMID: 37009612 PMCID: PMC10063794 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1095545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveInguinal lymph node metastasis (ILNM) is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP). Patient prognosis could be improved if the probability of ILNM incidence could be accurately predicted at an early stage. We developed a predictive model based on machine learning combined with big data to achieve this.MethodsData of patients diagnosed with SCCP were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program Research Data. By combing variables that represented the patients' clinical characteristics, we applied five machine learning algorithms to create predictive models based on logistic regression, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and k-Nearest Neighbor. Model performance was evaluated by ten-fold cross-validation receiver operating characteristic curves, which were used to calculate the area under the curve of the five models for predictive accuracy. Decision curve analysis was conducted to estimate the clinical utility of the models. An external validation cohort of 74 SCCP patients was selected from the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (February 2008 to March 2021).ResultsA total of 1,056 patients with SCCP from the SEER database were enrolled as the training cohort, of which 164 (15.5%) developed early-stage ILNM. In the external validation cohort, 16.2% of patients developed early-stage ILNM. Multivariate logistic regression showed that tumor grade, inguinal lymph node dissection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were independent predictors of early-stage ILNM risk. The model based on the eXtreme Gradient Boosting algorithm showed stable and efficient prediction performance in both the training and external validation groups.ConclusionThe ML model based on the XGB algorithm has high predictive effectiveness and may be used to predict early-stage ILNM risk in SCCP patients. Therefore, it may show promise in clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wang Li
- Correspondence: Wang Li Junqi Wang
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Kakoti S, Sureka SK, Pathak A, Shah US, Mishra N, Puneeth Kumar KM, Srivastava A, Singh UP. Comparing T2-T3 staging of penile cancer according to the American Joint Committee on cancer 8 th edition with two modified staging systems in predicting survival outcome: A single-center experience. Indian J Urol 2023; 39:53-57. [PMID: 36824107 PMCID: PMC9942220 DOI: 10.4103/iju.iju_162_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Penile cancer is a rare malignancy of the genitourinary tract. We aimed to validate the recent changes in the T2 and T3 stages of penile cancer in the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition and to compare its predictive ability with two other modified staging systems for survival outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with penile cancer from June 2015 to March 2020. The AJCC 8th edition and two other newly proposed systems by Li et al. and Sali et al. were used for staging the tumor. All variables were categorized and correlated with lymph node (LN) metastases and overall survival (OS). Results Fifty-four patients were eligible for this study. The mean age was 58 years (range 46-72 years). The tumor stage (P = 0.016), clinical LN stage (P = 0.001), the involvement of the spongiosa (P = 0.015) and the cavernosa (P = 0.002), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (P = 0.000), and PNI (P = 0.021) were found to be the significant predictors of LN metastases. When the 5 year OS was compared between the T2 and T3 stages of the AJCC 8th edition, Li staging and the Sali staging systems, it was 91% and 50.1% (P = 0.001), 97.5% and 10.3% (P = 0.000), 94.4% and 14.7% (P = 0.000), respectively. The presence of LVI (P = 0.001) was the most significant independent predictor of OS. Conclusions The recent changes in the AJCC 8th edition pertaining to the T2-T3 stage are relevant, although the other two newly proposed staging systems were more precise in predicting the survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitangsu Kakoti
- Department of Urology, Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjoy Kumar Sureka
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Pathak
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Utsav Shailesh Shah
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Navneet Mishra
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K. M. Puneeth Kumar
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aneesh Srivastava
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uday Pratap Singh
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Robison S, Ngwenya S, Molaudzi M, Molepo J, Adeola H, Magangane P. The clinicopathological and microrna expression signature associated with lymphovascular invasion in squamous cell carcinoma: A basic descriptive study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e958. [DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shayene Robison
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Parktown South Africa
| | - Sharol Ngwenya
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Parktown South Africa
| | - Mulalo Molaudzi
- Department of Oral Health Biological, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Parktown South Africa
| | - Julitha Molepo
- Department of Oral Health Biological, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Parktown South Africa
| | - Henry Adeola
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Observatory South Africa
| | - Pumza Magangane
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Parktown South Africa
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Li K, Le X, Wang J, Fan C, Sun J. Tumor Location May Independently Predict Survival in Patients With M0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:927088. [PMID: 35865480 PMCID: PMC9294313 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.927088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTo determine the association between tumor location and both clinicopathological characteristics and the survival of patients with M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP).MethodsData of 455 patients diagnosed with M0 SCCP between 1975 and 2018 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the United States National Cancer Institute. The effects of tumor location on overall survival (OS) and penile carcinoma-specific survival (PCSS) were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine the impact of tumor location on PCSS.ResultsSCCP was more likely to occur in the prepuce or glans (90%). Although no significant difference was observed between the OS of patients with M0 SCCP in the prepuce or glans and those with M0 SCCP in the body of the penis (p = 0.307), the former had better PCSS (p = 0.024). Moreover, M0 SCCP in the prepuce or glans was also significantly associated with better PCSS in patients with advanced age (age ≥ 60 years, p = 0.011), other ethnicities (p = 0.003), T2–T4 stage (p = 0.036), larger tumors (≥3 cm, p = 0.001), no regional lymph nodes removed (p = 0.044), and radical surgery (p = 0.027). Multivariate analysis confirmed that tumor location is an independent prognostic factor for patients with M0 SCCP [hazard ratio (HR) 1.881, p = 0.026].ConclusionsTumor location is an independent prognostic factor for patients with M0 SCCP, and tumors in the prepuce or glans portend better PCSS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caibin Fan
- *Correspondence: Caibin Fan, ; Jian Sun,
| | - Jian Sun
- *Correspondence: Caibin Fan, ; Jian Sun,
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Ricci C, Dika E, Lambertini M, Ambrosi F, Grillini M, Chillotti S, Corradini AG, Veronesi G, Fiorentino M, Corti B. Hematoxylin and eosin or double stain for CD34/SOX10: Which is better for the detection of lymphovascular invasion in cutaneous melanoma? Pathol Res Pract 2022; 233:153876. [PMID: 35390633 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is considered an unfavorable prognostic factor in cutaneous melanoma (CM). However, its detection by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) is challenging, with discordant data about its association with clinical-pathological features and no previous studies investigating the inter- (IrOA) and intra-observer (IaOA) agreement. Herein, we tested H&E and double staining (DS) for CD34/SOX10 to detect the LVI in a cohort of 92 CMs, evaluating the IrOA, the IaOA, and the association with the other clinical-pathological features. METHODS Five authors independently evaluated 92 consecutive and retrospectively enrolled cases of CMs. We assessed the IrOA (Fleiss's Kappa/FK and intraclass correlation coefficient/ICC) and the IaOA (Cohen's Kappa/CK) with both H&E and CD34/SOX10. Furthermore, we compared the LVI assessment with the two stains and analyzed the association with other clinical-pathological features [χ2 tests for dichotomous and categorical data; Student t-test (normal distribution) and Mann-Whitney U-test (non-normal distribution) for continuous data]. RESULTS The IrOA was almost identical with H&E (FK=0.446; ICC=0.805) and CD34/SOX10 (FK=0.454; ICC=0.810); by contrast, the IaOA was higher with H&E for one pathologist (CK: 0.809) and with CD34/SOX10 for the other one (CK: 0.563). Applying previously defined criteria, LVI was detected in 10 (9.2%) and 11 (10.1%) cases with H&E and CD34/SOX10, respectively (p = 1.000). Both H&E and CD34/SOX10 were significantly associated with vertical growth phase (H&E, p: 0.014; CD34/SOX10, p: 0.010), mitosis ≥ 1/mm2 (H&E, p: 0.000; CD34/SOX10, p: 0.004), pT (H&E, p: 0.000; CD34/SOX10, p: 0.001), Breslow thickness (H&E, p: 0.000; CD34/SOX10, p: 0.001), and lymph node and/or distant metastasis (H&E, p: 0.005; CD34/SOX10, p: 0.000); only H&E was associated with ulceration (p: 0.002) and distant metastasis (p: 0.000), conversely, only CD34/SOX10 was associated with lymph node metastasis (p: 0.003). CONCLUSIONS CD34/SOX10 does not improve the IrOA and the IaOA of the LVI assessment in CM; furthermore, H&E and CD34/SOX10 show a similar profile of association with the other unfavorable clinical-pathological features of CM. As result, CD34/SOX10 could be a redundant diagnostic tool if applied for the prognostic characterization of not-selected CM in a routine diagnostic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Ricci
- Pathology Unit, Maggiore Hospital, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emi Dika
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Lambertini
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marco Grillini
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Chillotti
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Veronesi
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Pathology Unit, Maggiore Hospital, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Barbara Corti
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Laksmi LI, Seja IA, Warli SM. The Association between Tumor Budding Peritumoral and Histologic Grade in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTIntroduction Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the largest type of Penile Cancer, which is usually lymphomatous that spreads to the inguinal lymph nodes. Inguinal lymph node metastases are the most important factor in predicting survival in penile SCC and therapy choices. Tumor budding is a biological phenomenon that has been described in malignancies and have both predictive and independent significant prognostic. Lack of information about tumor budding in penile SCC. This study determines whether there is a correlation between tumor budding peritumoral with histological grade in penile SCC.
Materials and Methods : Samples are taken from the paraffin blocks of patients diagnosed with penile SCC. The tumor budding peritumoral evaluation was classified as less 5 buds (low grade) and five or more buds (high grade) using H&E staining. Histological grade of penile SCC is assessed based on the WHO, and ISUP grade scoring system evaluated based on nuclear pleomorphism with varying amounts of keratin production, which is divided into 3 grade; grade I (well-differentiated carcinoma), grade II (moderately differentiated carcinoma), grade III (poorly differentiated carcinoma). The correlation of tumor budding peritumoral with histopathological grade in penile SCC was analyzed statistically.
Results The mean age of SCC patient was 51.16 years old with range 60-69 years old had the most respondents. The glans penis is the most prevalent site for a tumor, with stage IIIB is being the most dominant stage. The majority of the samples were from lymph node metastases. The majority of peritumoral budding tumors (60.7 percent) had high-grade budding.
Conclusions This research discovered a significant correlation between peritumoral budding tumors and grade histopathology of Penile SCC (p-value = 0.0005).
Keywords: Tumor budding, peritumoral, histopathological grade, penile SCC
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Zekan DS, Dahman A, Hajiran AJ, Luchey AM, Chahoud J, Spiess PE. Prognostic predictors of lymph node metastasis in penile cancer: a systematic review. Int Braz J Urol 2021; 47:943-956. [PMID: 33650835 PMCID: PMC8321459 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is a rare disease in developed countries but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A crucial prognostic factor is the presence of inguinal lymph node metastases (ILNM) at the time of diagnosis. At least 25% of cases have micrometastases at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, we performed a literature review of studies evaluating factors, both clinical and pathological, predictive of lymph node metastases in penile SCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were identified using PubMed and search terms included the following: penile cancer, penile tumor, penile neoplasm, penile squamous cell carcinoma, inguinal lymph node metastasis, lymph node metastases, nodal metastasis, inguinal node metastasis, inguinal lymph node involvement, predictors, and predictive factor. The number of patients and predictive factors were identified for each study based on OR, HR, or RR in multivariate analyses, as well as their respective significance values. These were compiled to generate a single body of evidence supportive of factors predictive of ILNM in penile SCC. RESULTS We identified 31 studies, both original articles and meta-analyses, which identified factors predictive of metastases in penile SCC. The following clinical factors were predictive of ILNM in penile SCC: lymphovascular invasion (LVI), increased grade, increased stage (both clinical and pathological), infiltrative and reticular invasion, increased depth of invasion, perineural invasion, and younger patient age at diagnosis. Biochemically, overexpression of p53, SOD2, Ki-67, and ID1 were associated with spread of SCC to inguinal lymph nodes. Diffuse PD-L1 expression, increased SCC-Ag expression, increased NLR, and CRP >20 were also associated with increased ILNM. CONCLUSIONS A multitude of factors are associated with metastasis of SCC of the penis to inguinal lymph nodes, which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. The above factors, most strongly LVI, grade, and node positivity, may be considered when constructing a nomogram to risk-stratify patients and determine eligibility for prophylactic inguinal lymphadenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Zekan
- West Virginia UniversityDepartment of UrologyMorgantownWVUSADepartment of Urology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Ahmad Dahman
- West Virginia UniversityDepartment of UrologyMorgantownWVUSADepartment of Urology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Ali J. Hajiran
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteDepartment of Genitourinary OncologyTampaFLUSADepartment of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Adam M. Luchey
- West Virginia UniversityDepartment of UrologyMorgantownWVUSADepartment of Urology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Jad Chahoud
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteDepartment of Genitourinary OncologyTampaFLUSADepartment of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Philippe E. Spiess
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteDepartment of Genitourinary OncologyTampaFLUSADepartment of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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11
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Li K, Wu G, Fan C, Yuan H. The prognostic significance of primary tumor size in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:22. [PMID: 35201454 PMCID: PMC8777549 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the association of primary tumor size with clinicopathologic characteristics and survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP). METHODS This study analyzed the data of 1001 patients with SCCP, obtained from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2010 and 2014. The Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to analyze the effects of primary tumor size on overall survival (OS) and penile carcinoma-specific survival (PCSS). RESULTS Advanced T stage (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001) and distant metastasis (P = 0.001) were more frequently associated with SCCP patients with tumor size ≥ 3 cm than those with tumor size < 3 cm. In Kaplan-Meier analyses, the patients with large tumors (≥ 3 cm) exhibited an inferior OS and PCSS than those with small tumors (< 3 cm). Moreover, tumor size was identified to be an independent prognostic factor for OS [hazard ratio (HR) 1.665, P < 0.001] and PCSS (HR 2.076, P = 0.003) of patients with SCCP in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS Large tumor size is associated with adverse clinicopathological characteristics of patients with SCCP. Besides, tumor size represents an independent prognostic factor for OS and PCSS. Therefore, clinical assessment of tumor size as a crucial prognostic factor might be highly beneficial for early intervention in patients with SCCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Caibin Fan
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hexing Yuan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Masterson TA, Tagawa ST. A 25-year perspective on advances in an understanding of the biology, evaluation, treatment and future directions/challenges of penile cancer. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:569-576. [PMID: 34219002 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP) is uncommon in some countries (including the U.S.), but is an important malignancy elsewhere. As a rare disease, progress has been slow compared to more common tumor types discussed in this anniversary issue and most often limited to single-center or retrospective datasets. In this section we describe developments leading to the current standard approach with current research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Masterson
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Scott T Tagawa
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.
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13
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What Is New in the Pathologic Staging of Penile Carcinoma in the 8th Edition of AJCC TNM Model: Rationale for Changes With Practical Stage-by-stage Category Diagnostic Considerations. Adv Anat Pathol 2021; 28:209-227. [PMID: 34050061 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For >50 years the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification model of malignant tumors has been the main resource for clinicians, pathologists, radiologists and public health professionals ensuring a homogeneous classification and patients' management based on common staging and prognosis factors. Penile cancer was first included for staging in the third edition of the TNM classification with several changes in the last version, the 8th edition of the AJCC TNM Manual, in 2017. Some changes in the pT category were done due to recent knowledge regarding the prognostic importance of anatomical level of invasion, vascular and perineural invasion and tumor grading. These changes must be interpreted in the light of a required understanding of the complex anatomy of penile compartments especially their histological boundaries, the morphological differences of each level needed for the correct classification, the heterogeneity of penile squamous cell carcinomas and an adequate criticism of the current model used by the TNM system. We present here a series of stage-by-stage category diagnostic considerations based on the clinical experience acummulated over the years of applying the different TNM staging classifications in our large clinical practice. Some discrepancies will need well-designed prospective studies for im4proving the actual classification.
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14
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Reyes ME, Borges H, Adjao MS, Vijayakumar N, Spiess PE, Schabath MB. Novel Prognostic Models for Patients With Penile Carcinoma. Cancer Control 2020; 27:1073274820924728. [PMID: 32397742 PMCID: PMC7223867 DOI: 10.1177/1073274820924728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although penile carcinoma is a rare malignancy, there is still an unmet need to identify prognostic factors associated with poor survival. In this study, we utilized demographic and clinical information to identify the most informative variables associated with overall survival in patients with penile cancer. From a full model including all covariates found to be statistically significant in univariable analyses, we identified a parsimonious reduced model containing tumor site (penis glans: hazard ratio [HR] = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.28-0.85 and penis not otherwise specified: HR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.25-0.84), undetermined tumor differentiation (HR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.27-0.86), and TNM stage III/IV (HR = 2.83; 95% CI: 1.68-4.75). When all of the covariates from the full model were subjected to classification and regression tree analysis, we identified 6 novel risk groups. Of particular interest, we found marriage was associated with substantial improvement in survival among men with the same stage and disease site. Specifically, among single/widowed/divorced men with TNM stage 0-II and prepuce/penis corpus/overlapping lesions had worse survival (5-year survival = 18.2%) versus married men (5-year survival = 62.5%). Since marital status is linked to social support, these findings warrant a deeper investigation into the relationships between disease prognosis and social support in patients with penile carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Reyes
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Heloise Borges
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Muhamed Said Adjao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nisha Vijayakumar
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthew B Schabath
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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15
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Sanchez DF, Fernandez-Nestosa MJ, Cañete-Portillo S, Cubilla AL. Evolving insights into penile cancer pathology and the eighth edition of the AJCC TNM staging system. Urol Oncol 2020; 40:215-222. [PMID: 33008752 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The majority of penile malignant tumors are squamous cell carcinomas. They are pathologically defined as epithelial neoplasms originating in the squamous cells of the inner mucosal lining of the glans, coronal sulcus or foreskin. Tumor location and site of origin is preferentially in glans (70%) followed by foreskin (25%) and coronal sulcus (5%). Despite the variable geographic distribution, pathological features of penile carcinomas in areas of high- and low-risk are similar. Penile tumors are morphologically heterogeneous. A major advance, based on biological, etiological and prognostic factors, is the 2016 WHO classification separating epithelial penile neoplasia, precancerous and invasive, in non-HPV and HPV-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Sanchez
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay; School of Medicine, National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Maria Jose Fernandez-Nestosa
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay; Polytechnic School, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | - Antonio L Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay; School of Medicine, National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
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What you need to know: updates in penile cancer staging. World J Urol 2020; 39:1413-1419. [PMID: 32572556 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-020-03302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to discuss the updates in the 8th edition (8E) of The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging for penile cancer and to provide relevant evidence associated with the major changes that occurred. METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed® and Web of Science® was performed for relevant English language articles from 2004 through 2019. Literature resulting from this search were reviewed and articles pertinent to penile cancer staging changes were included. RESULTS Modifications were observed in the tumor and nodal staging. In the 8E AJCC, Ta disease indicates noninvasive localized squamous cell carcinoma, which allows for inclusion of other historical variants. T1 is subcategorized into T1a and T1b according to existence of lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and high-grade tumor. This subcategorization demonstrates different risks for lymph node (LN) metastases and will affect decision strategy when opting for inguinal lymphadenectomy. Urethral invasion is no longer a differentiator between T2 and T3 disease, as T2 includes invasion of the corpus spongiosum and T3 involves invasion of the corpus cavernosum. For nodal staging, pN1 has been increased from a single LN metastases to two unilateral inguinal LN metastases, while pN2 has been modified to three or more inguinal LN metastases. This change was evidenced by demonstrating no significant difference in disease specific mortality between the previous edition's pN1 and pN2. CONCLUSIONS The 8E penile cancer staging provides several modifications that have relevant clinical implications in the management of penile cancer. Nevertheless, it requires refinements that allow for better staging of penile tumors.
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Racial/ethnic disparities in penile squamous cell carcinoma incidences, clinical characteristics, and outcomes: A population-based study, 2004-2016. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:688.e11-688.e19. [PMID: 32340796 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed the impact of race/ethnicity on penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) incidence rates, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results data from 2004 to 2016 was used for this study. We evaluated racial/ethnic differences in clinical characteristics using χ2 tests. Overall survival (OS) and PSCC-specific survival (PSCC-SS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences were determined using the log-rank test. Cox regression models were performed to assess independent predictors for PSCC patient survival. RESULTS A total of 2,720 PSCC patients were included for incidence analysis, and 2,438 patients were identified for the χ2 testing and survival analyses.The overall incidence of PSCC during 2004 to 2016 was 0.30 per 100,000. Only non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients had a statistically significant increase in age-adjusted incidence rates (annual percent change = 2.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78-3.76; P = 0.01). In univariate analysis, race/ethnicity was an independent prognostic factor for OS and PSCC-SS. After adjusting for age, marital status, income, grade, TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) stage, and treatment strategies, non-Hispanic black patients still had a statistically significant hazard ratio of 1.35 (95% CI: 1.08-1.68; P = 0.007) for OS, and a hazard ratio of 1.36 (95% CI: 1.01-1.82; P = 0.045) for PSCC-SS compared to NHW. CONCLUSION NHW patients had a statistically significant increase in age-adjusted incidence rate during the period 2004 to 2016. Race/ethnicity is an independent prognostic factor for OS and PSCC-SS, and non-Hispanic black were proven to have unfavorable OS and PSCC-SS compared with NHW.
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Eich ML, Del Carmen Rodriguez Pena M, Schwartz L, Granada CP, Rais-Bahrami S, Giannico G, Amador BM, Matoso A, Gordetsky JB. Morphology, p16, HPV, and outcomes in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: a multi-institutional study. Hum Pathol 2019; 96:79-86. [PMID: 31698006 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the pathologic features and clinical outcomes in cases of invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the association with p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and human papilloma virus (HPV) in situ hybridization (ISH). A retrospective multi-institutional database search was conducted for invasive SCC of the penis diagnosed between 2007 and 2018 that had undergone surgical resection. Pathologic features, p16 IHC, and HPV ISH were investigated with clinical outcomes. A total of 102 patients were included in the study. The average age was 63 ± 13.3 years. Based on histology, 46% of tumors displayed an HPV-related subtype, whereas p16 was positive in 52% of all cases. Tumor histology correlated well with p16 positivity (P < .001), and p16 IHC accurately predicted the presence of HPV in 25/26 (96%) cases. On multivariate analysis, perineural invasion was associated with local disease recurrence (P = .02), whereas lymphovascular invasion was associated with progression to metastatic disease (P = .002) and increased overall mortality (P = .02). Urethral involvement was also associated with increased overall mortality (P = .02). In addition, HPV-related tumors based on histologic features correlated with lower rates of metastatic disease (P = .007). HPV is a common cause of penile SCC and can be diagnosed by tumor histology and confirmed by overexpression of p16 on IHC. The presence of lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and urethral involvement are poor prognostic indicators, whereas HPV-related tumors based on histology may have lower risk for metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lisa Eich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA
| | | | - Lauren Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Carlos Prieto Granada
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA
| | - Soroush Rais-Bahrami
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA; Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UAB, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA
| | - Giovanna Giannico
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212 USA
| | | | - Andres Matoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287 USA
| | - Jennifer B Gordetsky
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212 USA; Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212 USA.
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