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Xu C, Nedergaard M, Fowell DJ, Friedl P, Ji N. Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy for in vivo imaging. Cell 2024; 187:4458-4487. [PMID: 39178829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy (MPFM) has been a game-changer for optical imaging, particularly for studying biological tissues deep within living organisms. MPFM overcomes the strong scattering of light in heterogeneous tissue by utilizing nonlinear excitation that confines fluorescence emission mostly to the microscope focal volume. This enables high-resolution imaging deep within intact tissue and has opened new avenues for structural and functional studies. MPFM has found widespread applications and has led to numerous scientific discoveries and insights into complex biological processes. Today, MPFM is an indispensable tool in many research communities. Its versatility and effectiveness make it a go-to technique for researchers investigating biological phenomena at the cellular and subcellular levels in their native environments. In this Review, the principles, implementations, capabilities, and limitations of MPFM are presented. Three application areas of MPFM, neuroscience, cancer biology, and immunology, are reviewed in detail and serve as examples for applying MPFM to biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Rochester Medical School, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, Nijmegen HB 6500, the Netherlands
| | - Na Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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2
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Lang Y, Wang Q, Li R, Zhou X, Lin H, Xie Z, Li M, Su K, Xu J, Wang J, Yang X, Yang G, Teng Y. Generation of the Stmn2-Cre ERT2 mouse line targeting arterial endothelial cells. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00120-6. [PMID: 38825038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Lang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qingye Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuetao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Huisang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhongliang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kecao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Guan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China.
| | - Yan Teng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China.
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3
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Ducza L, Gaál B. The Neglected Sibling: NLRP2 Inflammasome in the Nervous System. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1006-1028. [PMID: 38722788 PMCID: PMC11081174 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While classical NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 1 (NLRP1) and NLRP3 inflammasomal proteins have been extensively investigated, the contribution of NLRP2 is still ill-defined in the nervous system. Given the putative significance of NLRP2 in orchestrating neuroinflammation, further inquiry is needed to gain a better understanding of its connectome, hence its specific targeting may hold a promising therapeutic implication. Therefore, bioinformatical approach for extracting information, specifically in the context of neuropathologies, is also undoubtedly preferred. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review study selectively targeting only NLRP2. Increasing, but still fragmentary evidence should encourage researchers to thoroughly investigate this inflammasome in various animal- and human models. Taken together, herein we aimed to review the current literature focusing on the role of NLRP2 inflammasome in the nervous system and more importantly, we provide an algorithm-based protein network of human NLRP2 for elucidating potentially valuable molecular partnerships that can be the beginning of a new discourse and future therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Ducza
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary, Hungary
| | - Botond Gaál
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary, Hungary
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4
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Lyu QR, Fu K. Tissue-specific Cre driver mice to study vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 153:107241. [PMID: 37923099 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysms, are the primary cause of mortality and morbidity among the elderly worldwide. The life quality of patients is significantly compromised due to inadequate therapeutic approaches and limited drug targets. To expand our comprehension of vascular diseases, gene knockout (KO) mice, especially conditional knockout (cKO) mice, are widely used for investigating gene function and mechanisms of action. The Cre-loxP system is the most common method for generating cKO mice. Numerous Cre driver mice have been established to study the main cell types that compose blood vessels, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. Here, we first discuss the characteristics of each layer of the arterial wall. Next, we provide an overview of the representative Cre driver mice utilized for each of the major cell types in the vessel wall and their most recent applications in vascular biology. We then go over Cre toxicity and discuss the practical methods for minimizing Cre interference in experimental outcomes. Finally, we look into the future of tissue-specific Cre drivers by introducing the revolutionary single-cell RNA sequencing and dual recombinase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Rex Lyu
- Medical Research Center, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Academy of Medical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China.
| | - Kailong Fu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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5
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The apelin/APJ signaling system and cytoprotection: Role of its cross-talk with kappa opioid receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 936:175353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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The essential role for endothelial cell sprouting in coronary collateral growth. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 165:158-171. [PMID: 35074317 PMCID: PMC8940680 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Coronary collateral growth is a natural bypass for ischemic heart diseases. It offers tremendous therapeutic benefit, but the process of coronary collateral growth isincompletely understood due to limited preclinical murine models that would enable interrogation of its mechanisms and processes via genetic modification and lineage tracing. Understanding the processes by which coronary collaterals develop can unlock new therapeutic strategies for ischemic heart disease. OBJECTIVE To develop a murine model of coronary collateral growth by repetitive ischemia and investigate whether capillary endothelial cells could contribute to the coronary collateral formation in an adult mouse heart after repetitive ischemia by lineage tracing. METHODS AND RESULTS A murine model of coronary collateral growth was developed using short episodes of repetitive ischemia. Repetitive ischemia stimulation resulted in robust collateral growth in adult mouse hearts, validated by high-resolution micro-computed tomography. Repetitive ischemia-induced collateral formation compensated ischemia caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. Cardiac function improved during ischemia after repetitive ischemia, suggesting the improvement of coronary blood flow. A capillary-specific Cre driver (Apln-CreER) was used for lineage tracing capillary endothelial cells. ROSA mT/mG reporter mice crossed with the Apln-CreER transgene mice underwent a 17 days' repetitive ischemia protocol for coronary collateral growth. Two-photon and confocal microscopy imaging of heart slices revealed repetitive ischemia-induced coronary collateral growth initiated from sprouting Apelin+ endothelial cells. Newly formed capillaries in the collateral-dependent zone expanded in diameter upon repetitive ischemia stimulation and arterialized with smooth muscle cell recruitment, forming mature coronary arteries. Notably, pre-existing coronary arteries and arterioles were not Apelin+, and all Apelin+ collaterals arose from sprouting capillaries. Cxcr4, Vegfr2, Jag1, Mcp1, and Hif1⍺ mRNA levels in the repetitive ischemia-induced hearts were also upregulated at the early stage of coronary collateral growth, suggesting angiogenic signaling pathways are activated for coronary collaterals formation during repetitive ischemia. CONCLUSIONS We developed a murine model of coronary collateral growth induced by repetitive ischemia. Our lineage tracing study shows that sprouting endothelial cells contribute to coronary collateral growth in adult mouse hearts. For the first time, sprouting angiogenesis is shown to give rise to mature coronary arteries in response to repetitive ischemia in the adult mouse hearts.
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7
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Propson NE, Roy ER, Litvinchuk A, Köhl J, Zheng H. Endothelial C3a receptor mediates vascular inflammation and blood-brain barrier permeability during aging. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140966. [PMID: 32990682 DOI: 10.1172/jci140966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of immune and vascular systems has been implicated in aging and Alzheimer disease; however, their interrelatedness remains poorly understood. The complement pathway is a well-established regulator of innate immunity in the brain. Here, we report robust age-dependent increases in vascular inflammation, peripheral lymphocyte infiltration, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. These phenotypes were subdued by global inactivation and by endothelial cell-specific ablation of C3ar1. Using an in vitro model of the BBB, we identified intracellular Ca2+ as a downstream effector of C3a/C3aR signaling and a functional mediator of vascular endothelial cadherin junction and barrier integrity. Endothelial C3ar1 inactivation also dampened microglia reactivity and improved hippocampal and cortical volumes in the aging brain, demonstrating a crosstalk between brain vasculature dysfunction and immune cell activation and neurodegeneration. Further, prominent C3aR-dependent vascular inflammation was also observed in a tau-transgenic mouse model. Our studies suggest that heightened C3a/C3aR signaling through endothelial cells promotes vascular inflammation and BBB dysfunction and contributes to overall neuroinflammation in aging and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Propson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and.,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ethan R Roy
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, Center for Infectiology and Inflammation Research Lübeck, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and.,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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Wang C, Gong Y, Wei A, Huang T, Hou S, Du J, Li Z, Wang J, Liu B, Lan Y. Adult-repopulating lymphoid potential of yolk sac blood vessels is not confined to arterial endothelial cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:2073-2087. [PMID: 34181164 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) are believed to be derived from hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs). Moreover, arterial feature is proposed to be a prerequisite for HECs to generate HSPCs with lymphoid potential. Although the molecular basis of hematopoietic stem cell-competent HECs has been delicately elucidated within the embryo proper, the functional and molecular characteristics of HECs in the extraembryonic yolk sac (YS) remain largely unresolved. In this study, we initially identified six molecularly different endothelial populations in the midgestational YS through integrated analysis of several single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets and validated the arterial vasculature distribution of Gja5+ ECs using a Gja5-EGFP reporter mouse model. Further, we explored the hemogenic potential of different EC populations based on their Gja5-EGFP and CD44 expression levels. The hemogenic potential was ubiquitously detected in spatiotemporally different vascular beds on embryonic days (E)8.5-E9.5 and gradually concentrated in CD44-positive ECs from E10.0. Unexpectedly, B-lymphoid potential was detected in the YS ECs as early as E8.5 regardless of their arterial features. Furthermore, the capacity for generating hematopoietic progenitors with in vivo lymphoid potential was found in nonarterial as well as arterial YS ECs on E10.0-E10.5. Importantly, the distinct identities of E10.0-E10.5 HECs between YS and intraembryonic caudal region were revealed by further scRNA-seq analysis. Cumulatively, these findings extend our knowledge regarding the hemogenic potential of ECs from anatomically and molecularly different vascular beds, providing a theoretical basis for better understanding the sources of HSPCs during mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yandong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Anbang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Siyuan Hou
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Junjie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zongcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Junliang Wang
- Department of radiotherapy, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yu Lan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Mehrabadi ME, Hemmati R, Tashakor A, Homaei A, Yousefzadeh M, Hemati K, Hosseinkhani S. Induced dysregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 severity. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111363. [PMID: 33582450 PMCID: PMC7862910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19, is reported to increase the rate of mortality worldwide. COVID-19 is associated with acute respiratory symptoms as well as blood coagulation in the vessels (thrombosis), heart attack and stroke. Given the requirement of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, here we discuss how the downregulation of ACE2 in the COVID-19 patients and virus-induced shift in ACE2 catalytic equilibrium, change the concentrations of substrates such as angiotensin II, apelin-13, dynorphin-13, and products such as angiotensin (1–7), angiotensin (1–9), apelin-12, dynorphin-12 in the human body. Substrates accumulation ultimately induces inflammation, angiogenesis, thrombosis, neuronal and tissue damage while diminished products lead to the loss of the anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-angiogenic responses. In this review, we focus on the viral-induced imbalance between ACE2 substrates and products which exacerbates the severity of COVID-19. Considering the roadmap, we propose multiple therapeutic strategies aiming to rebalance the products of ACE2 and to ameliorate the symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roohullah Hemmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Sharekord, Iran; Biotechnology Research Institute, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; COVID-19 research group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Univesity, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Amin Tashakor
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Karim Hemati
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Relationship between Apelin/APJ Signaling, Oxidative Stress, and Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8866725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, a peptide hormone, is an endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled receptor and has been shown to be widely expressed in human and animal tissues, such as the central nervous system and adipose tissue. Recent studies indicate that the apelin/APJ system is involved in the regulation of multiple physiological and pathological processes, and it is associated with cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, neurological diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, aging, eclampsia, deafness, and tumors. The occurrence and development of these diseases are closely related to the local inflammatory response. Oxidative stress is that the balance between oxidation and antioxidant is broken, and reactive oxygen species are produced in large quantities, causing cell or molecular damage, which leads to vascular damage and a series of inflammatory reactions. Hence, this article reviewed recent advances in the relationship between apelin/APJ and oxidative stress, and inflammation-related diseases, and highlights them as potential therapeutic targets for oxidative stress-related inflammatory diseases.
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11
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Lee H. Rapid Way to Generate Mouse Models for In Vivo Studies of the Endothelium. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 10:24-41. [PMID: 33537251 PMCID: PMC7838514 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2021.10.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A single layer of squamous endothelial cells (ECs), the endothelium, regulates the flow of substance and fluid into and out of a tissue. The endothelium is also involved in vasculogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, which is a crucial process for organ development in the embryo and fetus. Because most murine mutations of genes involved in EC development cause early embryo lethality, EC-specific conditional knockout (cKO) mouse models are indispensable for in vivo studies. cKO mice including the floxed allele can be generated through advanced approaches including embryonic stem cell-mediated gene targeting or the CRISPR/Cas system. EC-specific mouse models can be generated through further breeding of floxed mice with a Cre driver line, the latest information of which is available in the Jackson Cre Repository or the EUCOMMTOOLS project. Because it takes a long time (generally 1-2 years) to generate EC-specific mouse models, researchers must thoroughly design and plan a breeding strategy before full-scale mouse experiments, which saves time and money for in vivo study. In summary, revolutionary technical advances in embryo manipulation and assisted reproduction technologies have made it easier to generate EC-specific mouse models, which have been used as essential resources for in vivo studies of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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12
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Masoud AG, Lin J, Azad AK, Farhan MA, Fischer C, Zhu LF, Zhang H, Sis B, Kassiri Z, Moore RB, Kim D, Anderson CC, Vederas JC, Adam BA, Oudit GY, Murray AG. Apelin directs endothelial cell differentiation and vascular repair following immune-mediated injury. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:94-107. [PMID: 31738185 DOI: 10.1172/jci128469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained, indolent immune injury of the vasculature of a heart transplant limits long-term graft and recipient survival. This injury is mitigated by a poorly characterized, maladaptive repair response. Vascular endothelial cells respond to proangiogenic cues in the embryo by differentiation to specialized phenotypes, associated with expression of apelin. In the adult, the role of developmental proangiogenic cues in repair of the established vasculature is largely unknown. We found that human and minor histocompatibility-mismatched donor mouse heart allografts with alloimmune-mediated vasculopathy upregulated expression of apelin in arteries and myocardial microvessels. In vivo, loss of donor heart expression of apelin facilitated graft immune cell infiltration, blunted vascular repair, and worsened occlusive vasculopathy in mice. In vitro, an apelin receptor agonist analog elicited endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation to promote endothelial monolayer wound repair and reduce immune cell adhesion. Thus, apelin acted as an autocrine growth cue to sustain vascular repair and mitigate the effects of immune injury. Treatment with an apelin receptor agonist after vasculopathy was established markedly reduced progression of arterial occlusion in mice. Together, these initial data identify proangiogenic apelin as a key mediator of coronary vascular repair and a pharmacotherapeutic target for immune-mediated injury of the coronary vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaxin Lin
- Department of Surgery.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | | | | | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Medicine.,Mazankowski Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Banu Sis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Surgery.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine.,Mazankowski Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Abstract
The field of vascular biology has gained enormous insight from the use of Cre and inducible Cre mouse models to temporally and spatially manipulate gene expression within the endothelium. Models are available to constitutively or inducibly modulate gene expression in all or a specified subset of endothelial cells. However, caution should be applied to both the selection of allele and the analysis of resultant phenotype: many similarly named Cre models have divergent activity patterns while ectopic or inconsistent Cre or inducible Cre expression can dramatically affect results. In an effort to disambiguate previous data and to provide a resource to aid appropriate experimental design, here we summarize what is known about Cre recombinase activity in the most widely used endothelial-specific Cre and Cre/ERT2 mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Payne
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Medicine (S.P., S.D.V.),University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah De Val
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Medicine (S.P., S.D.V.),University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (S.D.V., A.N.),University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Neal
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (S.D.V., A.N.),University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Luo H, Han L, Xu J. Apelin/APJ system: A novel promising target for neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:638-657. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiqing Luo
- Department of Physiology Changsha Medical University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Physiology Changsha Medical University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Changsha Medical University Changsha Hunan China
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15
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Cheng J, Luo X, Huang Z, Chen L. Apelin/APJ system: A potential therapeutic target for endothelial dysfunction‐related diseases. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:12149-12160. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Xuling Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China Hengyang China
- Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China Hengyang China
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