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Mori K, Odagami K, Inagaki M, Moriya K, Fujiwara H, Eguchi H. Work engagement among older workers: a systematic review. J Occup Health 2024; 66:uiad008. [PMID: 38258939 DOI: 10.1093/joccuh/uiad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given current labor force conditions, including population aging, keeping older workers engaged in work and motivated is important. Aging may alter the effects that psychological and environmental factors have on work engagement. We conducted a systematic review to understand the features of work engagement among older workers. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in July 2022 using 4 databases. The review included relevant articles that focused on participants aged 40 years and older. RESULTS Fifty articles were selected for our review, which were grouped into 5 categories: (1) studies examining the relationship between chronological age and work engagement, (2) studies investigating the moderating effects of age on the relationship between job-related psychological factors and work environment factors and work engagement, (3) studies comparing the relationship of job-related psychological factors and work environment factors with work engagement across different age groups, (4) studies exploring the relationship between work engagement and retirement intentions or continued employment beyond retirement age, and (5) other studies discussing work engagement in the context of older workers. Most articles focused on workers in Europe and the United States and used observational study designs. CONCLUSIONS Work engagement increases with age, and is mainly mediated by increased emotional regulation. In addition, age moderates the relationships between various job-related psychological and work-environmental factors and work engagement. Work engagement is associated with working beyond retirement age. Organizations should understand the characteristics of work engagement among older workers and make age-conscious efforts to support them in adapting to social changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Mori
- Department of Occupational Health Practice and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kiminori Odagami
- Department of Occupational Health Practice and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Mizuho Inagaki
- Department of Occupational Health Practice and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kenta Moriya
- Department of Occupational Health Practice and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hidenori Fujiwara
- Department of Occupational Health Practice and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Eguchi
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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Akkaya V, Picakciefe M, Ilhan MN. Comparison of Older Primary Healthcare Workers with Non-Older Workers in Terms of Working Life, Quality of Life and Health Problems in Turkey. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057022020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Systematic Review of Intervention Studies to Foster Sustainable Employability Core Components: Implications for Workplace Promotion. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to outline the effectiveness of employer-initiated workplace interventions in promoting sustainable employability (SE), which means developing workers’ capabilities to foster productivity, health, and valuable work in the long term. A systematic search of the literature is performed in three databases covering the period from January 1999 to February 2022. Fourteen studies are included. Considering SE core components, all interventions cover the valuable work component in terms of content, and the majority also cover the health component. Interventions addressing at least three SE components have more positive effects on SE outcomes. More positive effects are found for valuable work outcomes. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of developing workplace interventions considering a comprehensive model of SE and promoting an organizational culture for SE. Future directions and limits are discussed.
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Yan Q, Donaldson SI. What are the differences between flow and work engagement? A systematic review of positive intervention research. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2022.2036798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- Claremont Graduate University, Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont, California, United States
| | - Stewart I. Donaldson
- Claremont Graduate University, Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont, California, United States
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Vîrgă D, Maricuţoiu LP, Iancu A. The efficacy of work engagement interventions: A meta-analysis of controlled trials. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Alcover CM, Mazzetti G, Vignoli M. Sustainable Employability in the Mid and Late Career: An Integrative Review. REVISTA DE PSICOLOGÍA DEL TRABAJO Y DE LAS ORGANIZACIONES 2021. [DOI: 10.5093/jwop2021a16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sippli K, Schmalzried P, Rieger MA, Voelter-Mahlknecht S. Challenges arising for older workers from participating in a workplace intervention addressing work ability: a qualitative study from Germany. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:919-933. [PMID: 33491100 PMCID: PMC8238737 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies examining what renders workplace interventions to sustain and promote work ability of older workers successful have largely neglected older workers´ perspective. This paper outlines the results of a study with regard to older workers´ experiences and expectations of a workplace intervention. Based on these findings, some reflections on how to improve the design and the implementation of workplace interventions for older workers are provided. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with older workers (N = 8) participating in a workplace intervention undertaken at one production site of a large manufacturing company in Baden-Wurttemberg/Germany. The interview guide included questions on participants´ experiences with and expectations of the intervention. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring (2014). RESULTS Older workers´ reported some challenges they face due to their participation in the workplace intervention. These resulted from the work environment (physical challenges), the work process design (new long work cycle), the work organization (tight time allowances, little job rotation, change of teams, age stereotypes) and the management of the workplace intervention (bad information, feeling of occupational insecurity and lack of being valued). CONCLUSIONS The study shows that challenges arising for older workers from their participation in the workplace intervention may have counteracted the promotion of work ability. As findings suggest, some of these challenges might have been avoided either by considering workers´ perspective during design and implementation of an intervention or by referring to evidence on aging and work ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khira Sippli
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tuebingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Applied Economic Research at the University Tuebingen, Schaffhausenstr. 73, 72072, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Pia Schmalzried
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tuebingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika A Rieger
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tuebingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Voelter-Mahlknecht
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tuebingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Hazelzet E, Houkes I, Bosma H, de Rijk A. Using intervention mapping to develop 'Healthy HR' aimed at improving sustainable employability of low-educated employees. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1259. [PMID: 34187445 PMCID: PMC8240435 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The perspectives of low-educated employees are often neglected when designing sustainable employability (SE) interventions. As a result, the interventions offered by the employer do often not align with the needs of low-educated employees. This particular group should therefore be actively involved in the process of developing and implementing SE interventions in their work organizations. The current paper describes the development process of a web-based intervention for HR managers and direct supervisors aimed at improving the SE of low-educated employees. This intervention is specifically designed to involve low-educated employees. METHODS The first four steps of the Intervention Mapping (IM) approach were used to systematically develop the intervention with the active involvement of stakeholders. Step 1 comprised a needs assessment including a literature review, empirical evidence, scoping search and several focus group interviews with employees and with representatives of employers. Step 2 formulated the intervention objective. During step 3, suitable theoretical methods were selected and translated to practical applications. Step 4 involved the development of a web-based intervention by integrating all information from the preceding steps. RESULTS The needs assessment indicated that the employees' active involvement and employees-employer genuine dialogue should be essential characteristics of an SE intervention for low-educated employees. The online toolkit 'Healthy HR' (HHR) was developed, which contains eight steps. Each step consists of one or more tasks helping the employer and employees with developing and implementing SE interventions themselves. One or more dialogue-based tools support each task. The leading principle providing structure within HHR was Adapted Intervention Mapping. CONCLUSION Principles of IM appeared to be useful to develop the intervention HHR systematically. This development process resulted in a practical online toolkit that supports employers in the development and implementation of local SE interventions tailored to the needs of low-educated employees. These employees should be actively involved in the process through a dialogue-based approach. By using IM principles, HHR is expected to increase the effectiveness in bettering the health and well-being of low-educated employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmelie Hazelzet
- Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Inge Houkes
- Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Bosma
- Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Angelique de Rijk
- Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Houkes I, Miglioretti M, Picco E, De Rijk AE. Tapping the Employee Perspective on the Improvement of Sustainable Employability (SE): Validation of the MAastricht Instrument for SE (MAISE-NL). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072211. [PMID: 32218382 PMCID: PMC7177710 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sustainable employability (SE) is top priority for employers. Measures based on the employee perspective of SE that would give direction to interventions to be initiated by employers currently fall short. This study aims to develop and validate an instrument that captures these issues: the MAastricht Instrument for Sustainable Employability (MAISE). Methods: MAISE items were generated from an extensive literature review and interviews with employers and employees. A questionnaire containing these items as well as proxy variables (health and vitality) and demographics was answered online by 632 employees (response rate 50.3%). Construct validity, reliability, and criterion validity were tested through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Cronbach’s alpha, and correlational analyses. Results: The MAISE comprises 12 scales divided over five areas: (1) Meaning of SE; (2) Level of SE; (3) Factors affecting my SE; (4) Overall responsibility for SE; and (5) Responsibility for factors affecting my SE. Reliability, construct, and criterion validity were adequate to good. SE of the employees was relatively high, and SE was considered a shared responsibility of the employee and employer. Conclusions: This study showed the MAISE to be reliable and valid in various employee groups. More validation studies are needed. We recommend that employers use the MAISE as a needs assessment in order to develop SE interventions that will be readily accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Houkes
- Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-3882878
| | - Massimo Miglioretti
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- BiCApP, Bicocca Center for Applied Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Picco
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Angelique Eveline De Rijk
- Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Pak K, Kooij DT, De Lange AH, Van Veldhoven MJ. Human Resource Management and the ability, motivation and opportunity to continue working: A review of quantitative studies. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hazelzet E, Picco E, Houkes I, Bosma H, de Rijk A. Effectiveness of Interventions to Promote Sustainable Employability: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111985. [PMID: 31167462 PMCID: PMC6604015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Despite growing interest in sustainable employability (SE), studies on the effectiveness of interventions aimed at employees’ SE are scarce. In this review, SE is defined by four core components: health, productivity, valuable work, and long-term perspective. The aim of this review is to summarize the effectiveness of employer-initiated SE interventions and to analyze whether their content and outcome measures addressed these SE components. Methods: A systematic search was performed in six databases for the period January 1997 to June 2018. The methodological quality of each included study was assessed. A customized form was used to extract data and categorize interventions according to SE components. Results: The initial search identified 596 articles and 7 studies were included. Methodological quality ranged from moderate to weak. All interventions addressed the components ‘health’ and ‘valuable work’. Positive effects were found for ‘valuable work’ outcomes. Conclusions: The quality of evidence was moderate to weak. The ‘valuable work’ component appeared essential for the effectiveness of SE interventions. Higher-quality evaluation studies are needed, as are interventions that effectively integrate all SE core components in their content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmelie Hazelzet
- Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eleonora Picco
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Inge Houkes
- Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Bosma
- Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Angelique de Rijk
- Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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van Holland BJ, Reneman MF, Soer R, Brouwer S, de Boer MR. Effectiveness and Cost-benefit Evaluation of a Comprehensive Workers' Health Surveillance Program for Sustainable Employability of Meat Processing Workers. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2018; 28:107-120. [PMID: 28341910 PMCID: PMC5820399 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-017-9699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive workers' health surveillance (WHS) program on aspects of sustainable employability and cost-benefit. Methods A cluster randomized stepped wedge trial was performed in a Dutch meat processing company from february 2012 until march 2015. In total 305 workers participated in the trial. Outcomes were retrieved during a WHS program, by multiple questionnaires, and from company registries. Primary outcomes were sickness absence, work ability, and productivity. Secondary outcomes were health, vitality, and psychosocial workload. Data were analyzed with linear and logistic multilevel models. Cost-benefit analyses from the employer's perspective were performed as well. Results Primary outcomes sickness absence (OR = 1.40), work ability (B = -0.63) and productivity (OR = 0.71) were better in the control condition. Secondary outcomes did not or minimally differ between conditions. Of the 12 secondary outcomes, the only outcome that scored better in the experimental condition was meaning of work (B = 0.18). Controlling for confounders did not or minimally change the results. However, our stepped wedge design did not enable adjustment for confounding in the last two periods of the trial. The WHS program resulted in higher costs for the employer on the short and middle term. Conclusions Primary outcomes did not improve after program implementation and secondary outcomes remained equal after implementation. The program was not cost-beneficial after 1-3 year follow-up. Main limitation that may have contributed to absence of positive effects may be program failure, because interventions were not deployed as intended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berry J van Holland
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Michiel F Reneman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Groningen,, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remko Soer
- Expertise Center of Health, Social Care and Technology, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Spine Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Brouwer
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel R de Boer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Institute for Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine three-way interactions among career control, career dialogue and managerial position in predicting perceived employability. The authors expected that participation in career dialogue strengthens the positive relationship between career control and employability. Furthermore, the authors expected that managers benefit more from career dialogue than employees. Hence, the relationship between career control and employability was expected to be strongest when employees engage in career dialogue and hold a managerial position.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected in 2014 conducting a cross-sectional survey among managers (n=206) and employees (n=254) at a Dutch location of a large science-based multinational. Moderated regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses.
Findings
Career control was positively related to perceived employability. This relationship was significantly stronger for the managerial group that did participate in a career dialogue than for the managerial group that did not engage in a career dialogue. For the non-managerial group of employees participation in a career dialogue did not strengthen the relationship between career control and perceived employability.
Practical implications
Career control is beneficial for enhancing perceived employability among employees regardless of their position in the organization. Hence, training employees to master this competency may be a fruitful starting point for enhancing employability.
Originality/value
This is the first study to investigate whether the relation between career control, career dialogue and employability differs for employees with a managerial and a non-managerial role.
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Poscia A, Moscato U, La Milia DI, Milovanovic S, Stojanovic J, Borghini A, Collamati A, Ricciardi W, Magnavita N. Workplace health promotion for older workers: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16 Suppl 5:329. [PMID: 27609070 PMCID: PMC5016729 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging of the workforce is a growing problem. As workers age, their physical, physiological and psychosocial capabilities change. Keeping older workers healthy and productive is a key goal of European labor policy and health promotion is a key to achieve this result. Previous studies about workplace health promotion (WHP) programs are usually focused on the entire workforce or to a specific topic. Within the framework of the EU-CHAFEA ProHealth65+ project, this paper aims to systematically review the literature on WHP interventions specifically targeted to older workers (OWs). METHODS This systematic review was conducted by making a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, SCOPUS, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL and PsychINFO databases. Search terms included ageing (and synonyms), worker (and synonyms), intervention (and synonyms), and health (and synonyms). The search was limited to papers in English or Italian published between January, 1(st) 2000 and May, 31(st) 2015. Relevant references in the selected articles were also analyzed. RESULTS Of the 299 articles initially identified as relating to the topic, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria. The type, methods and outcome of interventions in the WHP programs retrieved were heterogenous, as was the definition of the age at which a worker is considered to be 'older'. Most of the available studies had been conducted on small samples for a limited period of time. CONCLUSION Our review shows that, although this issue is of great importance, studies addressing WHP actions for OWs are few and generally of poor quality. Current evidence fails to show that WHP programs improve the work ability, productivity or job retention of older workers. In addition, there is limited evidence that WHP programs are effective in improving lifestyles and concur to maintain the health and well-being of older workers. There is a need for future WHP programs to be well-designed so that the effectiveness and cost-benefit of workplace interventions can be properly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poscia
- Department of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Umberto Moscato
- Department of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sonja Milovanovic
- Department of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Jovana Stojanovic
- Department of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Borghini
- Department of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Collamati
- Department of Gerontology, Orthopedics and Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Ricciardi
- Department of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Magnavita
- Department of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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