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Lynch SM, Zang E. Bayesian Multistate Life Table Methods for Large and Complex State Spaces: Development and Illustration of a New Method. SOCIOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY 2022; 52:254-286. [PMID: 37284595 PMCID: PMC10241463 DOI: 10.1177/00811750221112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multistate life table methods are an important tool for producing easily understood measures of population health. Most contemporary uses of these methods involve sample data, thus requiring techniques for capturing uncertainty in estimates. In recent decades, several methods have been developed to do so. Among these methods, the Bayesian approach proposed by Lynch and Brown has several unique advantages. However, the approach is limited to estimating years to be spent in only two living states, such as "healthy" and "unhealthy." In this article, the authors extend this method to allow for large state spaces with "quasi-absorbing" states. The authors illustrate the new method and show its advantages using data from the Health and Retirement Study to investigate U.S. regional differences in years of remaining life to be spent with diabetes, chronic conditions, and disabilities. The method works well and yields rich output for reporting and subsequent analyses. The expanded method also should facilitate the use of multi-state life tables to address a wider array of social science research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Lynch
- Department of Sociology, Duke University Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emma Zang
- Department of Sociology and of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Voss JD, Goodson MS, Leon JC. Phenotype diffusion and one health: A proposed framework for investigating the plurality of obesity epidemics across many species. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:279-290. [PMID: 29430857 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose the idea of "phenotype diffusion," which is a rapid convergence of an observed trait in some human and animal populations. The words phenotype and diffusion both imply observations independent of mechanism as phenotypes are observed traits with multiple possible genetic mechanisms and diffusion is an observed state of being widely distributed. Recognizing shared changes in phenotype in multiple species does not by itself reveal a particular mechanism such as a shared exposure, shared adaptive need, particular stochastic process or a transmission pathway. Instead, identifying phenotype diffusion suggests the mechanism should be explored to help illuminate the ways human and animal health are connected and new opportunities for optimizing these links. Using the plurality of obesity epidemics across multiple species as a prototype for shared changes in phenotype, the goal of this review was to explore eco-evolutionary theories that could inform further investigation. First, evolutionary changes described by hologenome evolution, pawnobe evolution, transposable element (TE) thrust and the drifty gene hypothesis will be discussed within the context of the selection asymmetries among human and animal populations. Secondly, the ecology of common source exposures (bovine milk, xenohormesis and "obesogens"), niche evolution and the hygiene hypothesis will be summarized. Finally, we synthesize these considerations. For example, many agricultural breeds have been aggressively selected for weight gain, microbiota (e.g., adenovirus 36, toxoplasmosis) associated with (or infecting) these breeds cause experimental weight gain in other animals, and these same microbes are associated with human obesity. We propose applications of phenotype diffusion could include zoonotic biosurveillance, biocontainment, antibiotic stewardship and environmental priorities. The One Health field is focused on the connections between the health of humans, animals and the environment, and so identification of phenotype diffusion is highly relevant for practitioners (public health officials, physicians and veterinarians) in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Voss
- Epidemiology Consult Service Division, United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
| | - M S Goodson
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA.,UES Inc., Dayton, OH, USA
| | - J C Leon
- Epidemiology Consult Service Division, United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA
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DO BIOMARKERS VARY BY SOCIAL CLASS, EDUCATION AND REGION AND IS MIGRATION IMPORTANT? EVIDENCE FROM A COHORT OF BRITISH ADULTS. J Biosoc Sci 2018; 51:95-117. [DOI: 10.1017/s0021932017000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe aim of this study was to test whether Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) and Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) vary in relation to social class at birth and adulthood, educational level and region of residence, and also with inter-generational social, educational and regional mobility/migration. The study used 5702 adults (2894 males and 2718 females) from the longitudinal British National Child Development Study (all children born in England, Scotland and Wales during the first week in March 1958 with follow-up throughout childhood and adulthood, most recently at 55 years of age). In both sexes BMI and waist circumference tended to increase from social classes I+II to IV+V and higher social class was associated with higher mean FEV1 and PEF. Better-educated adults tended to have lower BMI and waist circumference, and higher mean FEV1 and PEF. Women from Wales had the highest mean BMI and waist circumference but the lowest mean PEF, while women in Scotland had the highest mean systolic blood pressure and the lowest mean FEV1. For men only, FEV1 and PEF showed regional variation and the lowest mean FEV1 was in Wales and the lowest PEF in Yorkshire & Humberside. Inter-generational social mobility was not found to be associated with any of the biomarkers, while educational mobility was related only to FEV1 and PEF. In both sexes, in unadjusted regression analysis regional migrant cohort members tended to have a lower mean BMI than sedentes. Regional male migrants also tended to have a lower waist circumference and a higher FEV1 and PEF than sedentes.
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Andrea SB, Hooker ER, Messer LC, Tandy T, Boone-Heinonen J. Does the association between early life growth and later obesity differ by race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status? A systematic review. Ann Epidemiol 2017; 27:583-592.e5. [PMID: 28911983 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rapid growth during infancy predicts higher risk of obesity later in childhood. The association between patterns of early life growth and later obesity may differ by race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status (SES), but prior evidence syntheses do not consider vulnerable subpopulations. METHODS We systemically reviewed published studies that explored patterns of early life growth (0-24 months of age) as predictors of later obesity (>24 months) that were either conducted in racial/ethnic minority or low-SES study populations or assessed effect modification of this association by race/ethnicity or SES. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed and SocINDEX. RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Faster growth during the first 2 years of life was consistently associated with later obesity irrespective of definition and timing of exposure and outcome measures. Associations were strongest in populations composed of greater proportions of racial/ethnic minority and/or low-SES children. For example, ORs ranged from 1.17 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.24) in a heterogeneous population to 9.24 (95% CI: 3.73, 22.9) in an entirely low-SES nonwhite population. CONCLUSIONS The impact of rapid growth in infancy on later obesity may differ by social stratification factors such as race/ethnicity and family income. More robust and inclusive studies examining these associations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Andrea
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Elizabeth R Hooker
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Lynne C Messer
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Thomas Tandy
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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Bernardi JR, Goldani MZ, Pinheiro TV, Guimarães LSP, Bettiol H, da Silva AAM, Barbieri MA. Gender and social mobility modify the effect of birth weight on total and central obesity. Nutr J 2017. [PMID: 28651584 PMCID: PMC5485694 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the interaction between gender and low birth weight (LBW) and lifelong social mobility as an explanation of the etiology of obesity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate total and central obesity according to gender, LBW and social mobility, within the context of the epidemiological transition in middle-income countries. We hypothesize that there are more pronounced metabolic consequences of social mobility for women born with LBW. METHODS We used data from a birth cohort study conducted in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Data regarding anthropometric measurements, schooling and smoking status were collected at 23-25 years of age. Social mobility was determined based on maternal and adult offspring schooling and categorized as Low-Low, Low-High and High-High. Analysis of covariance was performed to assess the association between social mobility and body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) in adulthood, stratified by LBW and gender. RESULTS Data on 6827 singleton pregnancies were collected at birth in 1978/79 and a sample was followed up in 2002/04. A total of 2063 subjects were included in the study. Mean age was 23.9 ± 0.7 years, 51.8% (n = 1068) were female and the LBW was 6.2% (n = 128). There was a triple interaction between social mobility, LBW and gender. Among women born without LBW, BMI and WC were higher in the Low-Low group compared to High-High schooling group. Among LBW women, BMI and WC were higher in the Low-Low group compared to the Low-High group. CONCLUSIONS Women born with LBW belonging to the low schooling group in early adulthood had high BMI and WC, compared to the Low-High social mobility group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Jerônimo de Ornelas, 721 - Santana, 90040-341, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,Departamento de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santana, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Zubaran Goldani
- Departamento de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santana, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tanara Vogel Pinheiro
- Departamento de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santana, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciano Santos Pinto Guimarães
- Unidade de Bioestatística, Grupo de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Santa Cecilia, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Bettiol
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966 - Vila Bacanga, MA, 65085-580, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Barbieri
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
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Yang T, Yu L, Barnett R, Jiang S, Peng S, Fan Y, Li L. Contextual influences affecting patterns of overweight and obesity among university students: a 50 universities population-based study in China. Int J Health Geogr 2017; 16:18. [PMID: 28482842 PMCID: PMC5423012 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-017-0092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have examined childhood and adolescent obesity, but few have examined young adults and the effect of their home and current living environments on prevalence rates. The present study explores contextual factors affecting overweight and obesity among university students in China and, in particular, focuses on how the SES–obesity relationship varies across different geographical contexts. Methods Participants were 11,673 students, who were identified through a multistage survey sampling process conducted in 50 universities. Individual data was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire, and contextual variables were retrieved from a national database. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine urban and regional variations in overweight and obesity. Results Overall the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the study sample was 9.5% (95% CI 7.7, 11.3%). After controlling for individual factors, both attributes of the home location (regional GDP <gross domestic product> per capita and rurality) and the current university location (city population) were found to be important, thus suggesting that the different origins of students affect current levels of obesity. At the individual level, while students with more financial resources were more likely to be obese, the extent of this relationship was highly dependent upon area income and city size. Conclusion The results of this study add important insights about the role of contextual factors affecting overweight and obesity among young adults and indicate a need to take into account both past as well as present environmental influences when considering the role of contextual factors in models of the nutrition transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhong Yang
- Department of Social Medicine/Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Lingwei Yu
- Department of Social Medicine/Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ross Barnett
- Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Shuhan Jiang
- Department of Social Medicine/Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sihui Peng
- Department of Social Medicine/Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yafeng Fan
- Department of Nursing, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Family and Social Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Elgar FJ, Gariépy G, Torsheim T, Currie C. Early-life income inequality and adolescent health and well-being. Soc Sci Med 2016; 174:197-208. [PMID: 27986310 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A prevailing hypothesis about the association between income inequality and poor health is that inequality intensifies social hierarchies, increases stress, erodes social and material resources that support health, and subsequently harms health. However, the evidence in support of this hypothesis is limited by cross-sectional, ecological studies and a scarcity of developmental studies. To address this limitation, we used pooled, multilevel data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study to examine lagged, cumulative, and trajectory associations between early-life income inequality and adolescent health and well-being. Psychosomatic symptoms and life satisfaction were assessed in surveys of 11- to 15-year-olds in 40 countries between 1994 and 2014. We linked these data to national Gini indices of income inequality for every life year from 1979 to 2014. The results showed that exposure to income inequality from 0 to 4 years predicted psychosomatic symptoms and lower life satisfaction in females after controlling lifetime mean income inequality, national per capita income, family affluence, age, and cohort and period effects. The cumulative income inequality exposure in infancy and childhood (i.e., average Gini index from birth to age 10) related to lower life satisfaction in female adolescents but not to symptoms. Finally, individual trajectories in early-life inequality (i.e., linear slopes in Gini indices from birth to 10 years) related to fewer symptoms and higher life satisfaction in females, indicating that earlier exposures mattered more to predicting health and wellbeing. No such associations with early-life income inequality were found in males. These results help to establish the antecedent-consequence conditions in the association between income inequality and health and suggest that both the magnitude and timing of income inequality in early life have developmental consequences that manifest in reduced health and well-being in adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Elgar
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Geneviève Gariépy
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Torbjørn Torsheim
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Candace Currie
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Stroup AM, Herget KA, Hanson HA, Reed DL, Butler JT, Henry KA, Harrell CJ, Sweeney C, Smith KR. Baby Boomers and Birth Certificates: Early-Life Socioeconomic Status and Cancer Risk in Adulthood. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 26:75-84. [PMID: 27655898 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life socioeconomic status (SES) may play a role in cancer risk in adulthood. However, measuring SES retrospectively presents challenges. Parental occupation on the birth certificate is a novel method of ascertaining early-life SES that has not been applied in cancer epidemiology. METHODS For a Baby-Boom cohort born from 1945-1959 in two Utah counties, individual-level Nam-Powers SES (Np-SES) was derived from parental industry/occupation reported on birth certificates. Neighborhood SES was estimated from average household income of census tract at birth. Cancer incidence was determined by linkage to Utah Cancer Registry records through the Utah Population Database. Hazard ratios (HR) for cancer risk by SES quartile were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Females with low Np-SES at birth had lower risk of breast cancer compared with those in the highest Np-SES group [HRQ1/Q4 = 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.72-0.97; HRQ2/Q4 = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69-0.96]. Np-SES was inversely associated with melanoma (HRQ1/Q4 = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.98) and prostate cancer (HRQ1/Q4 = 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56-0.88). Women born into lower SES neighborhoods had significantly increased risk for invasive cervical cancer (HRQ1/Q4 = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.12-1.85; HRQ2/Q4 = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.04-1.72). Neighborhood SES had similar effects for melanoma and prostate cancers, but was not associated with female breast cancer. We found no association with SES for pancreas, lung, and colon and rectal cancers. CONCLUSIONS Individual SES derived from parental occupation at birth was associated with altered risk for several cancer sites. IMPACT This novel methodology can contribute to improved understanding of the role of early-life SES on cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(1); 75-84. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette M Stroup
- Utah Cancer Registry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. .,Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | - Heidi A Hanson
- Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Diana Lane Reed
- Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jared T Butler
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kevin A Henry
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - C Janna Harrell
- Utah Cancer Registry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Carol Sweeney
- Utah Cancer Registry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ken R Smith
- Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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