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Orikpete OF, Dennis NM, Kikanme KN, Ewim DRE. Advancing noise management in aviation: Strategic approaches for preventing noise-induced hearing loss. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121413. [PMID: 38850921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
As urbanization and population growth escalate, the challenge of noise pollution intensifies, particularly within the aviation industry. This review examines current insights into noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in aviation, highlighting the risks to pilots, cabin crew, aircraft maintenance engineers, and ground staff from continuous exposure to high-level noise. It evaluates existing noise management and hearing conservation strategies, identifying key obstacles and exploring new technological solutions. While progress in developing protective devices and noise control technologies is evident, gaps in their widespread implementation persist. The study underscores the need for an integrated strategy combining regulatory compliance, technological advances, and targeted educational efforts. It advocates for global collaboration and policy development to safeguard the auditory health of aviation workers and proposes a strategic framework to enhance hearing conservation practices within the unique challenges of the aviation sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko Felix Orikpete
- Centre for Occupational Health, Safety and Environment (COHSE), University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Nicole M Dennis
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, USA
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Bramati L, Allenstein Gondim LM, Schmidt L, Lüders D, Veríssimo Meira Taveira K, Néron N, Miranda de Araujo C, Bender Moreira de Lacerda A. Effectiveness of educational programs in hearing health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Audiol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38411141 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2024.2313025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of hearing health education programs aimed at preventing noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), of recreational and occupational origin, by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis. DESIGN The search strategy was carried out in on five electronic databases, as well as referrals from experts. The risk of bias was judged, and the random effects meta-analysis was performed. The certainty of the evidence was assessed. STUDY SAMPLE Effectiveness studies that used educational intervention in hearing health and prevention of NIHL were included. RESULTS 42 studies were included. The Dangerous Decibels program was the only one that could be quantitatively analysed and showed improvement in the post-intervention period of up to one week [SMD = 0.60; CI95% = 0.38-0.82; I2 = 92.5%) and after eight weeks [SMD = 0.45; CI95% = 0.26-0.63; I2 = 81.6%) compared to the baseline. The certainty of evidence was judged as very low. CONCLUSIONS The Dangerous Decibels program is effective after eight weeks of intervention. The other programs cannot be quantified. They still present uncertainty about their effectiveness. The level of certainty is still low for this assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Bramati
- Postgraduate Program in Communication Disorders, Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná - UTP- UTP, Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lys Maria Allenstein Gondim
- Postgraduate Program in Communication Disorders, Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná - UTP- UTP, Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucas Schmidt
- Postgraduate Program in Communication Disorders, Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná - UTP- UTP, Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora Lüders
- Postgraduate Program in Communication Disorders, Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná - UTP- UTP, Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karinna Veríssimo Meira Taveira
- Department of Morphology- Center of Biosciences, Associated Postgraduate Program in Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Center for Advanced Studies in Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - NARSM; NARSM, Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
| | - Noémi Néron
- Postgraduate Program in Science of Speech-Language and Hearing, École d'Orthophonie et Audiologie, Université de Montreal - UdeM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cristiano Miranda de Araujo
- Postgraduate Program in Communication Disorders, Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná - UTP- UTP, Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
- Center for Advanced Studies in Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - NARSM; NARSM, Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bender Moreira de Lacerda
- Postgraduate Program in Communication Disorders, Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná - UTP- UTP, Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Science of Speech-Language and Hearing, École d'Orthophonie et Audiologie, Université de Montreal - UdeM, Montreal, Canada
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Thulin A, Kähäri K, Malmberg M. The development and evaluation of an online hearing loss prevention program. Prev Med Rep 2023; 35:102298. [PMID: 37455754 PMCID: PMC10338358 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies underline the need for research on approaches to encouraging healthy listening habits. This study aims to develop and evaluate an online hearing loss prevention program; and examine its influence on the participants' use of hearing protection, hearing loss prevention knowledge, attitude towards noise, and program useability and adherence. The study was conducted in the county of Västra Götaland, Sweden, from March through October 2021. The program included four modules focused on hearing and hearing loss prevention and was accessible to the participants for four weeks. In total, 75 participants completed the program which was evaluated using the Youth Attitude to Noise Scale and four additional self-designed questionnaires. The questionnaires were deployed before and immediately after program completion. The findings indicate that the program may influence the participants' attitudes toward noise and the use of hearing protection. The participants who completed the program perceived high useability and increased hearing loss prevention knowledge. This program is most needed to promote healthy hearing. Future studies should target specific groups with this program and evaluate its long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thulin
- Region Västra Götaland, Habilitation & Health, Hearing Organization, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kim Kähäri
- Region Västra Götaland, Habilitation & Health, Hearing Organization, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milijana Malmberg
- Region Västra Götaland, Habilitation & Health, Hearing Organization, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Stroh O, Thomas G, Peters TM, Tatum M. Design and testing of a personalized noise monitoring system. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2023; 20:120-128. [PMID: 36445186 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2152036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural workers are more prone to noise-induced hearing loss than are many other workers. Hearing protection device use among agricultural workers is low, but training can increase hearing protection device use. This work proposes a system designed to automatically inform agricultural workers when they were exposed to noises that exceed the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure level. The smartphone-based system worn on the arm uses a noise dosimeter to measure noise exposures throughout the day to within ±2 A-weighted decibels of a Class 2 sound level meter. The device collects location and audio data, which are transferred to a server and presented to the worker on a locally hosted website. The website details noise exposure and helps the worker identify where exposure occurred and what specific tasks exceed NIOSH's recommended exposure limit, putting them at higher risk of noise-induced hearing loss. With this understanding, the worker is expected to adopt behavior changes and better hearing protection use at critical places and times. This pilot study evaluates the accuracy of the noise dosimeter and GPS relative to gold-standard instruments. The system was tested on a farm with outputs compared with gold-standard instruments. A-weighted, 1-sec averaged sound pressure levels and position data were collected while users were performing a variety of tasks indoors and outdoors. The smartphone's external noise dosimeter read within ±2 A-weighted decibels of the Class 2 reference dosimeter 59% of the time. The positioning devices had an average error of sub-4 m. While not perfectly matching gold-standard instruments, the device is capable of identifying and collecting information relative to loud noise events that promote noise-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stroh
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Geb Thomas
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas M Peters
- Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Marcus Tatum
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Deshpande SB. Online, Asynchronous Hearing Education and Research Project for Ethnically Diverse Adolescents via Interprofessional Collaboration and Electronic Service-Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pilot Study on the Needs and Challenges. Am J Audiol 2021; 30:505-517. [PMID: 34157242 DOI: 10.1044/2021_aja-20-00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study discusses the creation of an online, asynchronous presentation to educate adolescents about prevention of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) through interprofessional collaborations and electronic service-learning (eSL) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method The Hearing Education and Research (HEAR) presentation, which included activities and videos to educate a group of ethnically diverse adolescents (n = 100) on NIHL, was created by 11 doctor of audiology (AuD) students through online collaborations toward course-related eSL requirements. Adolescents responded to a baseline survey to assess hearing health-related behaviors prior to reviewing the presentation. A postprogram survey was administered 1 week after the presentation to assess change in knowledge and attitudes toward NIHL prevention. Online collaborations with schoolteachers helped with project implementation. Postreflection papers written by AuD students regarding the eSL activities were analyzed. Lastly, suggestions from a focus group of educators were included that highlight the role of interprofessional collaborations to enhance school-based hearing conservation opportunities. Results The HEAR presentation resulted in changes in knowledge about NIHL among the adolescents. Postreflection papers by the AuD students indicated that the eSL activity served as a high-impact pedagogical assignment, especially during the academic challenges of the pandemic. Feedback from a focus group of schoolteachers helped outline ideas for future implementation of sustainable hearing conservation programs in school settings. Conclusion The pilot data collected in this study serve as a proof of concept for future hearing conservation projects in school-based settings via interprofessional collaborations and by engaging university students via eSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Balvalli Deshpande
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, St. John's University, Queens, NY
- Long Island Doctor of Audiology Consortium (Adelphi, Hofstra, and St. John's Universities), Garden City, NY
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Sound-level Monitoring Earphones With Smartphone Feedback as an Intervention to Promote Healthy Listening Behaviors in Young Adults. Ear Hear 2021; 42:1173-1182. [PMID: 33974781 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES More than a billion adolescents and youngsters are estimated to be at risk of acquiring recreational noise-induced hearing loss (RNIHL) due to the unsafe use of personal audio systems. RNIHL is preventable; therefore, the present study aimed to determine (i) the accuracy and reliability of dbTrack (Westone) sound-level monitoring earphones and (ii) the effect of sound-level monitoring earphones with smartphone feedback and hearing-health information as an intervention to promote healthy listening behaviors in young adults. DESIGN The study consisted of two phases: the first phase investigated the accuracy and reliability of dbTrack sound-level monitoring earphones. Accuracy was determined by comparing earphone measurements to sound level meter measurements. Intradevice reliability was determined by comparing earphone measurements during test-retest conditions. Nineteen participants were recruited through convenience sampling to determine within-subject reliability by comparing in-ear sound levels measured by the earphones during test-retest conditions. For the second phase of the study, a single-group pretest-posttest design was utilized. Forty participants, recruited through snowball sampling, utilized the sound-level monitoring earphones with the accompanying dbTrack smartphone application for 4 weeks. The application's smartphone feedback was disabled during the first 2 weeks (pretest condition) and enabled during the last 2 weeks (posttest condition). Average daily intensities, durations, and sound dosages measured during pre- and posttest conditions were compared. RESULTS Phase 1 dbTrack earphone measurements were within 1 dB when compared with sound level meter measurements. Earphones were also within 1 dB in repeated measures across earphones and across participants. Phase 2 posttest average daily intensity decreased by 8.7 dB (18.3 SD), duration decreased by 7.6 minutes (46.6 SD), and sound dose decreased by 4128.4% (24965.5% SD). Differences in intensity and sound dose were significantly lower with a small and medium effect size, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study's preliminary data indicate that dbTrack (Westone) sound-level monitoring earphones with a calibrated in-ear microphone can reliably and accurately measure personal audio systems sound exposure. Preliminary results also suggest that feedback on sound exposure using the accurate sound-level monitoring earphones with the accompanying dbTrack application can potentially promote safe listening behavior in young adults and reduce the risk of acquiring an RNIHL.
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Liebenberg A, Brichta AM, Nie VM, Ahmadi S, James CL. Hearing threshold levels of Australian coal mine workers: a retrospective cross-sectional study of 64196 audiograms. Int J Audiol 2021; 60:808-819. [PMID: 33612050 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2021.1884908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the hearing threshold levels (HTL) of workers commencing employment in Australian coal mines in the State of New South Wales (NSW). The aim was to establish if some degree of hearing loss was identifiable in the mandatory pre-employment audiograms of workers. DESIGN This was an observational, retrospective, repeated cross-sectional study. STUDY SAMPLE De-identified audiometric records of 64196 employees entering NSW coal mining in three representative five-year periods between 1991-2015 were utilised. RESULTS Although HTLs were lower (better) in more recent years, the results showed clinically significant hearing loss (≥25dBHL) for older workers, 45-60 years. Pure tone average (PTA) hearing losses were greater at the higher frequencies associated with excessive noise exposure (3-6 kHz), than at the speech frequencies (0.5-4 kHz). Hearing loss in the left ears were higher compared to the right ears, with higher prevalence of audiometric notches in males. CONCLUSION Almost a fifth (14.8-20.1%) of male workers commencing work in NSW coal mines presented with an audiometric notch at 4 kHz. Further research is required to determine if these notches represent true NIHL, and how the residual hearing of workers may be conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelle Liebenberg
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Alan M Brichta
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Valerie M Nie
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Sima Ahmadi
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Carole L James
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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Health Education Intervention on Hearing Health Risk Behaviors in College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041560. [PMID: 33562129 PMCID: PMC7914527 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Young people, like college students, are at risk of hearing loss from prolonged and excessive exposure to loud sounds. However, behavioral interventional studies on them are inadequate. This study explored the application of a health belief model to the health education intervention on college students for improving hearing health knowledge, health belief, and hearing behaviors. From November 2017 to September 2018, a cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted, enrolling 830 college students, with 419 in the intervention group and 411 in the control group. The intervention group received a 3-month hearing health education, while the control group received no intervention. The information of hearing health knowledge, health belief, and hearing behaviors were collected using hearing health questionnaires before the intervention, after the intervention, and 3 months after the intervention cessation. The intervention significantly improved hearing health knowledge, health belief, perceived severity, and self-efficacy in female students, and effectively reduced the frequency of using headphones per day, duration of using headphones each time, and proportion of using headphones at high volume in female students, and reduced the behaviors of sleeping with headphones listening in females and males. Therefore, this study confirms the effectiveness of health belief model-based intervention for changing hearing loss-related risk behaviors.
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Loughran MT, Lyons S, Plack CJ, Armitage CJ. Which interventions increase hearing protection behaviors during noisy recreational activities? A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1376. [PMID: 32919462 PMCID: PMC7488782 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hearing loss and tinnitus are global concerns that can be reduced through hearing protection behaviors (e.g., earplug use). Little is known about the effectiveness of interventions to increase hearing protection use in recreational domains. For the first time we review systematically the effectiveness of such interventions. Methods Systematic searches of nine databases, as well as grey literature and hand-searching, were conducted. Any study design was included if it assessed quantitatively a purposeful attempt to increase hearing protection in recreational settings. Studies were excluded if they assessed noise exposure from occupational sources and headphones/earphones, as these have been reviewed elsewhere. PROSPERO protocol: CRD42018098573. Results Eight studies were retrieved following the screening of 1908 articles. Two pretest-posttest studies detected a small to medium effect (d ≥ 0·3 ≤ 0·5), one a small effect (d ~ =0·2) and two no real effect. Three posttest experimental studies detected small to medium effects (d ≥ 0·3 ≤ 0·5). Studies were rated as “poor quality” and 17 out of a possible 93 behavior change techniques were coded, with the majority targeting the intervention function ‘education’. Conclusions Hearing loss and tinnitus due to recreational noise exposure are major public health concerns yet very few studies have examined preventive interventions. The present systematic review sets the agenda for the future development and testing of evidence-based interventions designed to prevent future hearing loss and tinnitus caused by noise in recreational settings, by recommending systematic approaches to intervention design, and implementation of intervention functions beyond education, such as incentivization, enablement and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Loughran
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK. .,Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - Stephanie Lyons
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher J Plack
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Christopher J Armitage
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.,Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Mehdi M, Riha C, Neff P, Dode A, Pryss R, Schlee W, Reichert M, Hauck FJ. Smartphone Apps in the Context of Tinnitus: Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1725. [PMID: 32204540 PMCID: PMC7146490 DOI: 10.3390/s20061725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Smartphones containing sophisticated high-end hardware and offering high computational capabilities at extremely manageable costs have become mainstream and an integral part of users' lives. Widespread adoption of smartphone devices has encouraged the development of many smartphone applications, resulting in a well-established ecosystem, which is easily discoverable and accessible via respective marketplaces of differing mobile platforms. These smartphone applications are no longer exclusively limited to entertainment purposes but are increasingly established in the scientific and medical field. In the context of tinnitus, the ringing in the ear, these smartphone apps range from relief, management, self-help, all the way to interfacing external sensors to better understand the phenomenon. In this paper, we aim to bring forth the smartphone applications in and around tinnitus. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically analyze and investigate the current state of smartphone apps, that are directly applied in the context of tinnitus. In particular, we explore Google Scholar, CiteSeerX, Microsoft Academics, Semantic Scholar for the identification of scientific contributions. Additionally, we search and explore Google's Play and Apple's App Stores to identify relevant smartphone apps and their respective properties. This review work gives (1) an up-to-date overview of existing apps, and (2) lists and discusses scientific literature pertaining to the smartphone apps used within the context of tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntazir Mehdi
- Institute of Distributed Systems, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Constanze Riha
- Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Box 1, CH-8050 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Patrick Neff
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (P.N.); (W.S.)
- URPP Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zürich, Box 2, CH-8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Albi Dode
- Institute of Databases and Information Systems, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.D.); (M.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Rüdiger Pryss
- Institute of Databases and Information Systems, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.D.); (M.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Winfried Schlee
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (P.N.); (W.S.)
| | - Manfred Reichert
- Institute of Databases and Information Systems, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.D.); (M.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Franz J. Hauck
- Institute of Distributed Systems, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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