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Minutillo A, Di Trana A, Aquilina V, Ciancio GM, Berretta P, La Maida N. Recent insights in the correlation between social media use, personality traits and exercise addiction: a literature review. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1392317. [PMID: 38800058 PMCID: PMC11116774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1392317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction and aim The excessive involvement in physical activity without stopping in between sessions despite injuries, the continuous thinking to exercise feeling insane thoughts and experiencing withdrawal symptoms are all characteristics of the Exercise Addiction (EA), an addictive behavior. While the primary exercise addiction is directly caused by compulsive exercise, many studies highlighted the relationship between Eating Disorders (ED) and EA, defining the secondary EA. The correlation between EA, social media use (SMU) and other individual traits remains a relatively underexplored domain. Therefore, this review aimed to examine the latest evidence on the relationship between EA, SMU, and some personality traits such as perfectionism and body image. Methods Electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, PsycARTICLES, Embase, Web of Science were searched from January 2019 to October 2023, following the PRISMA guidelines. Results A total of 15 articles were examined and consolidated in this review. EA was found to be related to different individual traits such perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, depression, obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. While controversial results were found regarding the relationship between EA and SMU. Conclusion The interaction between mental health, exercise addiction and social media use is complex. Excessive engagement in these latter may result in negative mental health consequences despite their potential benefits. Understanding individual differences and developing effective interventions is crucial to promoting healthy habits and mitigating the EA risks, ultimately enhancing mental well-being. Further research should focus on the identification of risks and protective factors with the eventual aim of developing and implementing effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Minutillo
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Annagiulia Di Trana
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gerolama Maria Ciancio
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Berretta
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Nunzia La Maida
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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Wodarz R, Rogowska AM. The Moderating Effect of Body Appreciation on the Relationship between Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2024; 14:870-887. [PMID: 38667811 PMCID: PMC11049024 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although positive associations between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body image have previously been established, differences in these variables by gender and age have yielded mixed results. Moreover, little is known about the interplay between self-esteem and body appreciation on life satisfaction. This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of body appreciation on the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction, considering disparities between females and males and also between emerging adults (before the age of thirty) and older adults. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was performed in Poland with a sample of 449 adults aged between 18 and 75 (M = 30.41, SD = 12.72), including 68% of women. The survey included the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2). RESULTS Men scored higher than women in terms of life satisfaction and self-esteem, while older participants (age > 30) scored higher than younger individuals (age ≤ 30) in terms of life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body appreciation. The study confirmed positive and moderate correlations between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body appreciation. The interactive effect of self-esteem and body appreciation on life satisfaction was also found by controlling for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS Some intervention programs focused on increasing levels of self-esteem and body appreciation should be implemented, especially among women and emerging adults, to improve their well-being.
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Sundgot-Borgen C, Wisting L, Sundgot-Borgen J, Steenbuch K, Skrede JV, Nilsen K, Stice E, Mathisen TF. The "Young Athlete Body Project"-A pilot study evaluating the acceptability of and results from an eating disorder prevention program for adolescent athletes. Int J Eat Disord 2024; 57:568-580. [PMID: 38238966 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high frequency of eating disorders (EDs) in sports speaks of a need for early-stage preventive measures. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the acceptability of an age, sex, and sports adapted version of the "Body Project" and changes in mental health symptoms. METHODS This noncontrolled pilot study included a class of athletes from 18 sports (N = 73, 13-14 years) at a sport-specialized junior high school in six small-group workshops. We interviewed 34 athletes on program acceptability, and all athletes responded to questionnaires at pretest, posttest, and 6-month follow-up including the Body Appreciation Scale 2-Children, Social Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 revised, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short form-12 modified, and questions about body appearance pressure (BAP). RESULTS Athletes found the program acceptable and beneficial, but some missed physically oriented activities or did not identify with the focus, particularly boys. There were acceptable levels in mental health constructs before the workshops. There were temporary changes in the percentage of boys experiencing "BAP in society" by -14.8% points (95% CI: -.6 to .0, p = .04), % in total group experiencing "BAP at school" by +11% points (95% CI: .0-.2, p = .05), thinness idealization by girls (g = .6, p = .002) and total group (g = .4, p = .006), and muscularity idealization by boys (g = .3, p = .05) and total group (g = .23, p = .04). DISCUSSION Athletes experienced benefits from the Young Athlete Body Project. Seeing stabilization in outcomes may mean a dampening of the otherwise expected worsening in body appreciation and ED symptoms over time. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Adolescent athletes are at risk for developing EDs. Due to lack of prevention programs for this group, we adapted and evaluated a well-documented effective program, the Body Project, to fit male and female athletes <15 years. The athletes accepted the program and experienced participation benefits, with stronger acceptance among girls. Our promising findings encourage larger scaled randomized controlled trials to further evaluate a refined version this program among very young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sundgot-Borgen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Wisting
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Karoline Steenbuch
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Vik Skrede
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karoline Nilsen
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Dahlgren CL, Sundgot-Borgen C, Kvalem IL, Wennersberg AL, Wisting L. Further evidence of the association between social media use, eating disorder pathology and appearance ideals and pressure: a cross-sectional study in Norwegian adolescents. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:34. [PMID: 38424579 PMCID: PMC10905800 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-00992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated how the plethora of contemporary social media (SM) platforms relate to, and influence eating disorder (ED) pathology, appearance ideals and pressure to conform to these ideals in youth. METHODS In this study, 1558 girls (53%) and boys (47%), predominantly within the 16-19 age range, completed an online questionnaire assessing SM use and perceived influence on appearance, ED pathology, internalization of appearance ideals and perceived appearance pressure. RESULTS Results showed that ED pathology was common, particularly in girls, and that internalization of body ideals was gender specific, a thin ideal being more prevalent in girls, and a muscular ideal being more common in boys. Results also showed a strong association between ED pathology and perceived pressure to conform to these appearance ideals. One fourth of the participants reported spending four hours or more on SM daily, and 80% of girls reported that SM, particularly Instagram and TikTok, had a negative influence on how they felt about their appearance. These girls had significantly higher levels of ED pathology and reported higher levels of appearance pressure from the media. CONCLUSION A clear pattern of associations between photo- and video specific SM platforms, ED pathology, internalization of body ideals and perceived pressure was found in this study. Adolescent girls appeared to be particularly at risk. The results illustrate an imperative need to keep addressing the potential risks of SM use in adolescents, and to continue monitoring the effect of SM on young people's view of themselves, their appearance, and their eating habits. Future studies should attempt to identify aspects of SM use that may be particularly detrimental for girls and boys in their formative years, but also those that may enhance adolescents' satisfaction and appreciation of their body and appearance. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered in the Open Science Framework (Identifier: 10.17605/OSF.IO/5RB6P https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5RB6P ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lindvall Dahlgren
- Department of Psychology, Oslo New University College, Lovisenberggata 13, 0456, Oslo, Norway.
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Regional Department of Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christine Sundgot-Borgen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Regional Department of Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingela Lundin Kvalem
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Louise Wennersberg
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Regional Department of Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Wisting
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Regional Department of Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
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Jakobek V, Kranjčev M, Barić R. Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in kinesiology students. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1322553. [PMID: 38379844 PMCID: PMC10878395 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1322553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This research aimed to examine predictors of discrepancies between actual and ideal body images, specifically body fat and muscularity discrepancies, in kinesiology students. Methods Volunteer participants (N = 174, men = 112, women = 62) filled out the sex-specific Somatomorphic Matrices (NSM-M and SM-F) as well as The Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PNPS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSE), and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) using paper and pencil tools. Results The median and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine sex differences, and regression analyses were used to determine the contribution of sex, perfectionism, self-esteem, and eating attitudes in explaining the variances in body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction. The results showed no sex differences in body fat discrepancy, while men showed more discrepancy between actual and ideal muscularity than women. In regression analyses, sex was the only significant predictor of muscularity discrepancy, while disordered eating attitudes were a positive, and positive perfectionism was a negative predictor of body fat discrepancy. Discussion This study showed that while muscularity dissatisfaction is linked to the male sex, body fat dissatisfaction is not related to sex but to psychological variables of disordered eating attitudes and positive perfectionism in a population of youths that may be above average when it comes to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Jakobek
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Renata Barić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abu Alwafa R, Badrasawi M. Factors associated with positive body image among Palestinian university female students, cross-sectional study. Health Psychol Behav Med 2023; 11:2278289. [PMID: 38532892 PMCID: PMC10964829 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2023.2278289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Studies suggested that body image is influenced by biological, psychological, historical, individual, cultural, and social factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body image, lifestyle, social pressure, and social media in Palestinian female university students. Method A sample of 905 female undergraduate students (mean age: 20 ± 1.55 years old) from Palestinian universities were included in this cross-sectional study. In this study, the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2) was used for measuring body appreciation. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28. One-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Cohen's d and Partial Eta Square, Pearson's correlation, and simple linear regression tests were performed. In addition, a mixed regression model was used to identify the predictors of Body Appreciation. Results It was found that higher BMI, following models and celebrities on social media, following models/celebrities' nutritional advice, self-perceived family and friends pressure, previous dieting, and longer daily phone time were associated with lower body appreciation among female university students. While physical activity was associated with higher body appreciation. Conclusion Body appreciation was significantly associated to lifestyle, social pressure, and social media use in the study sample. A higher BMI, following models and celebrities on social media, family and friend pressure, dieting, and daily phone use time decreased body appreciation. While being more physically active was linked to a higher body appreciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Abu Alwafa
- Nutrition and Food technology department, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Manal Badrasawi
- Nutrition and Food technology department, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Wang X, Lu C, Niu L. Body image construction and mental health levels among college students: a data survey of Chinese university students. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1268775. [PMID: 37869184 PMCID: PMC10585169 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1268775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the rapid changes in body image construction brought about by the upgrading of consumption in China, trend-seeking college students are faced with mental health problems brought about by the pursuit of the "ideal body type," which cannot be ignored. This study aims to explore the relationship between body image construction and mental health among college students. This study utilized data from the Survey on Physical Activity and Mental Health of College Students. A total of 1,192 students were randomly selected as the survey sample, and 1,044 valid samples were obtained. The mean age of the respondents was 19.34 years. Methods First, we categorized body image constructs into three categories based on the differences between subjective and objective body image: high acceptance, low acceptance, and consistency. Second, to ensure analytical rigor and minimize potential confounders, we used a generalized propensity score weighting model. Finally, we used a causal mediation framework to investigate the potential causal mechanisms between the independent variable (perceived body image bias) and the dependent variable (mental health) in order to better understand the "net effect." Results (1) There is a significant correlation between college students' body image perceptual bias and mental health, i.e., the higher the individual's acceptance of his/her own body image, the higher the level of mental health, and vice versa. (2) Students in humanities and social sciences are more likely to have increased psychological burden due to poor negative body image. (3) In the mediation analysis, although the causal mediating effect of physical exercise was not significant, family and peer support in physical exercise played an important mediating role, especially the influence of peers was more significant. Conclusion The construction of body image is a double-edged sword that can either promote positive individual development or lead to self-depreciation. Creating a positive climate for physical activity has a positive impact on college students' mental health compared to participation in physical activity behaviors. While improving students' media literacy on college campuses, it is important to enhance adaptive guidance to promote their physical and mental health and personal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- School of Sports Economics and Management, Xi’an Physical Education University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chuntian Lu
- Department of Sociology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Long Niu
- Department of Sociology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Azevedo A, Azevedo ÂS. Implications of Socio-Cultural Pressure for a Thin Body Image on Avoidance of Social Interaction and on Corrective, Compensatory or Compulsive Shopping Behaviour. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3567. [PMID: 36834261 PMCID: PMC9959199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to discuss the implications of body talk and socio-cultural pressure for the internalisation of a thin body image in purchase decisions, shopping habits and other outcomes of body dissatisfaction, in particular the proneness to avoid human/social interaction in retail contexts and proneness to engage in corrective, compensatory or compulsive shopping behaviour. This paper conducted an online questionnaire that measured the following constructs: body mass index; Socio-cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale-4 (SATAQ-4), Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2), Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS), Compulsive Buying Follow-up Scale (CBFS), proneness to avoid social interaction in retail contexts, and the intention to purchase a list of products and services as a compensation for body dissatisfaction. A structural equations model supported the hypotheses proposing the influence of BAS-2 and SATAQ-4 (the internalisation of thin/athletic body and the social comparison induced by family, peers and media) upon the outcomes of social-interaction avoidance, ACSS and CBFS. Nevertheless, BAS-2 only influences social-interaction avoidance. This paper provides several recommendations to brand managers highlighting the social responsibility role of brand advertising in enhancing positive body appreciation, mitigating the psychological damage caused by socio-cultural pressure and preventing the stigmatisation bias against obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Azevedo
- Lab2PT, Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory Research Unit, School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ângela Sá Azevedo
- Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4710-297 Braga, Portugal
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Zhang T, Su D, Li S, Yang Y, Li H. Person-centered evaluation of positive body image among Chinese nursing students: Associations with body appreciation, self-concept clarity, and negative affect. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1088702. [PMID: 36687896 PMCID: PMC9859627 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1088702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, the effect of body image (BI) on negative affect among nursing college students has been ignored. This study used person-centered methods to evaluate the profiles of body appreciation (BA) among Chinese nursing students. We explored the predictive factors of these profiles and examined the difference in negative affect among the profiles. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in a university in Anhui province, China. Five hundred and forty-one Chinese nursing students from a nursing college of a larger university completed this survey. Participants completed the Sociodemographic Characteristics Questionnaire, the Self-concept Clarity Scale, the Body Appreciation Scale-2, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Latent profile analysis was employed to classify the BA profiles, and multinomial logistic regression analysis were conducted using the three-step regression and Bolck-Croon- Hagenaars method to test the relationship between the latent profiles of BA, several covariates (including gender, age, year of schooling, residence, academic achievement level, interpersonal relationship status, whether the student is an only child, duration of use of social media platforms, body mass index (BMI), and self-concept clarity (SCC)), and negative affect. Results Analysis resulted in a four-profile model that included a "low BA" group (14.42%), an "upper medium BA" group (36.41%), a "lower medium BA" group (36.97%), and a "high BA" group (12.20%). SCC, years of schooling, interpersonal relationship status, and BMI were found to be the predictive factors of BA profiles. The four profiles differed in levels of stress, depression, and anxiety. Conclusion Our study showed that more than half of nursing students were dissatisfied with their BI and the predictive factors evaluated and negative affect were associated with the profiles of BA. Nursing faculties should take measures to help students develop a more appropriate awareness of nursing aesthetics, a healthier lifestyle, a better interpersonal relationship with family members and peers, and a clearer self-concept to promote body appreciation and reduce negative affect related to BI.
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Goicochea EA, Coloma-Naldos B, Moya-Salazar J, Rojas-Zumaran V, Moya-Espinoza JG, Contreras-Pulache H. Physical Activity and Body Image Perceived by University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16498. [PMID: 36554379 PMCID: PMC9778664 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to assess the perception of body image and physical activity in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of 74,270 papers found on 13 search engines between 12 August 2020, and 2 November 2021, we identified six studies (n = 1392 and 1097 were women). We found several results on the perception of both variables during the pandemic. First, physical activity tended to decrease or have negative changes, either because they dedicated less time to it, decreased the type of intensity or because they dedicated more time to sedentary activities. In addition, women were more physically active than men, since men perceived a decrease in their levels of physical activity. Secondly, there were also slight changes in the perception of body image; several students perceived that they gained weight and others had an increase in their BMI. It is even noted that those who were physically active or who were older in the population studied had a better perception of their actual physical condition. Similarly, we found that a concern for body image and even negative changes in the perception of appearance during confinement were reported. In conclusion, we found changes in the perception of physical activity and body image in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane A. Goicochea
- School of Medical Technologist, Faculties of Health Science, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima 51001, Peru
| | - Bruno Coloma-Naldos
- School of Medical Technologist, Faculties of Health Science, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima 51001, Peru
| | - Jeel Moya-Salazar
- School of Biomedicine, Faculties of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima 51001, Peru
- South American Center for Research in Public Health and Education, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima 51001, Peru
| | - Víctor Rojas-Zumaran
- Pathology Department, Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé, Lima 51001, Peru
- Qualitative Unit, Nesh Hubbs, Lima 51001, Peru
| | | | - Hans Contreras-Pulache
- South American Center for Research in Public Health and Education, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima 51001, Peru
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Sundgot-Borgen C, Trangsrud LKJ, Otterbring T, Bratland-Sanda S. Hiking, indoor biking, and body liking: a cross-sectional study examining the link between physical activity arenas and adults' body appreciation. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:183. [PMID: 36434702 PMCID: PMC9701012 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body appreciation might serve as a protective factor for developing eating disorders and is associated with participation in physical activity. Less is known about whether various arenas for physical activity may be linked to body appreciation. Therefore, the current study sought to (1) identify potential associations between physical activity level and arenas for physical activity, connectedness with nature, self-compassion, and body appreciation in adults, and (2) explore physical activity level and arenas, connectedness with nature, and self-compassion as explanatory factors for body appreciation. METHODS A total of 360 adult Norwegian inhabitants (75% women, mean (SD) age 42.58 (12.30) yrs) responded to an online questionnaire. Instruments included the Body Appreciation Scale, the Connectedness with Nature Scale, and the Self-Compassion Scale. RESULTS The percentage of participants who engaged in various physical activity arenas were 98.5% for nature, 57.5% for fitness centers, and 43.0% for organized sports. Small, positive associations were found between body appreciation and the frequency of using fitness centers and nature as physical activity arenas. Self-compassion, connectedness with nature, and frequency of using fitness centers and nature as physical activity arenas explained 39% of the variance in body appreciation. DISCUSSION The importance of both fitness centers and nature as arenas for physical activity to explain body appreciation was surprising and might reflect different use of fitness centers among adults compared to younger age groups. CONCLUSION Physical activity at fitness centers and in nature were positively associated with body appreciation in adults. Self-compassion, connectedness with nature, and using fitness centers and nature as arenas for physical activity, were found to explain variation in body appreciation in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sundgot-Borgen
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4956, 0424, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud
- Department of Health, Social and Welfare Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, P.O. Box 235, 3603, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Tobias Otterbring
- Department of Management, University of Agder, Postboks 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, P.O. Box 235, 3603, Kongsberg, Norway
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Mathisen TF, Sundgot-Borgen C, Anstensrud B, Sundgot-Borgen J. Intervention in professional dance students to increase mental health- and nutrition literacy: A controlled trial with follow up. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:727048. [PMID: 36213449 PMCID: PMC9532567 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.727048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThere is a need to change the culture within the art of dance, as it has been associated with injuries and mental health consequences. This study evaluates an intervention designed to increase mental health literacy, enhance nutritional knowledge, reduce symptoms and effects of low energy availability, and strengthen understanding of sports nutrition and recovery strategies, in dance students of mixed genders.Material and methodsA total of 125 dance students received three workshops, with 39 arts and crafts students serving as references. The results were evaluated by the Eating Disorder Examination questionnaire, the Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire, the Hopkins Symptom Check List, and questions on mental health literacy, sports nutrition, and recovery knowledge.ResultsDance students achieved sustained improvements in mental health and nutrition knowledge and temporary improvements in driven exercise (i.e., performing exercise because of a compulsive drive). No other benefits were identified from the intervention.ConclusionOur findings indicate the need for an ongoing education program to reduce the occurrence and development of negative mental health outcomes and low energy availability in professional dance students. Such approaches may not only improve the mental health of dance students but also potentially prevent the high frequency of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Fostervold Mathisen
- Department of Health, Welfare and Organisation, Østfold University College, Fredrikstad, Norway
- *Correspondence: Therese Fostervold Mathisen
| | - Christine Sundgot-Borgen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Mathisen TF, Kumar RS, Svantorp-Tveiten KME, Sundgot-Borgen J. Empowered, Yet Vulnerable: Motives for Sport Participation, Health Correlates, and Experience of Sexual Harassment in Female Combat-Sport Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10050068. [PMID: 35622477 PMCID: PMC9145297 DOI: 10.3390/sports10050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To explore motives for combat sport participation, weight regulation practices, symptoms of low energy availability (LEA), disordered eating (DE) or eating disorders (ED), and any experiences with sexual harassment (SH) among female combat-sport athletes. Methods: In total, 29 athletes were recruited by social media and in clubs. Participants responded to a questionnaire on health behavior and mental health and completed diet registration and a DXA-scan. Results: Most athletes started combat sports to feel empowered and experienced an inclusive milieu, but the frequency of health issues was high. A total of 21−67% had symptoms of ED, suffered from injuries, had low site-specific BMD, and/or symptoms of LEA. Athletes had insufficient intake of energy and nutrients, and <50% received any dietary information or guidance from their clubs. Most athletes complied with favorable weight-loss strategies; still, >20% used unfavorable methods and rapid weight-loss periods. A total of 70% of the athletes had experienced SH, of which 41% experienced SH within the combat-sport context. Conclusion: Combat sport offers an inclusive milieu, which may increase women’s health and confidence; still, our results indicates a need for actions to safeguard female combat-sport athletes’ mental and physical health, implying a cultural change within the community of combat sport and a need for increased health and nutrition literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Fostervold Mathisen
- Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organization, Østfold University College, 1671 Fredrikstad, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Radhika Singh Kumar
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | | | - Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.E.S.-T.); (J.S.-B.)
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14
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Sundgot-Borgen C, Mathisen TF, Torstveit MK, Sundgot-Borgen J. Explanations for use of dietary- and muscle enhancing dietary supplements among university students: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:17. [PMID: 35209960 PMCID: PMC8867755 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Use of dietary supplements (DS) and muscle enhancing dietary supplements (MEDS) is frequent among students despite the lack of evidence of effects and health risks related to consumption. We need to increase our understanding of students’ motivation, examine potential gender differences, and explore explanatory factors, to address preventive measures related to use. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the frequency of, and the reasons for, DS use among university students, as well as explanatory factors for use of MEDS. Method Male and female students from nine Norwegian universities participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants responded to questions about demographics, DS and MEDS use, internalization of body ideals, physical activity- and exercise level, motives for exercise, and exercise context. Independent t-test, Chi-square test, Pearson’s correlation, and logistic regression were used to investigate between group differences, associations, and explanatory factors for use, respectively. P-values ≤ 0.05 were defined as significant. Results A total of 1001 males (34%) and females, with a mean(sd) age of 24.21(4.76) years, participated. The frequency of DS use was 42% and 40% (p = .414) in males and females, respectively, in which more males than females used DS to improve physical or mental performance (p = < .001), increase muscle mass (p = < .001) and weight for health (p = .014), and improve appearance (p = < .001). In males and females, respectively, 25% and 10% used MEDS (p = < .001). In males, being a fitness center member (OR:3.80), exercising to improve muscle mass (OR:1.96), and a higher physical activity level (OR:1.09) positively explained MEDS use, while exercising to increase endurance (OR:0.49) and being an exercise science student (OR:0.47) negatively explained MEDS use. In females, internalizing the athletic body ideal (OR:1.78) and exercising to improve muscle mass (OR:1.74) positively explained MEDS use. Conclusions Our main findings indicate that a surprisingly high percentage of male and female Norwegian students use DS and MEDS, and that reasons for use, and variables explaining the variability in frequency of use, differ between genders. Longitudinal studies to investigate direction of associations are needed in future research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00510-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sundgot-Borgen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, N-0806, Oslo, Norway. .,Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | - Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Liu ZH, Cai H, Bai W, Liu S, Liu H, Chen X, Qi H, Cheung T, Jackson T, Liu R, Xiang YT. Gender Differences in Body Appreciation and Its Associations With Psychiatric Symptoms Among Chinese College Students: A Nationwide Survey. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:771398. [PMID: 35250658 PMCID: PMC8892204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.771398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body appreciation (BA hereafter), which reflects approval, acceptance, and respect for one's body while also rejecting media-promoted appearance ideals as the only form of human beauty, is an important aspect of positive body image. Much of the BA literature has been conducted on samples from Western nations but less is known about BA or its correlates in Asian cultural contexts wherein concerns with body image are also common. Toward addressing this gap, we examined gender differences in BA and its associations with common psychiatric symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and suicidality) within a national college student sample from China. METHOD This cross-sectional, nationwide study was conducted between December 27, 2020, and January 18, 2021, based on snowball sampling. Aside from measures of demographics and background factors, Chinese versions of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), and a standard item on suicidal ideation and planning were administered to assess BA, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and suicidality, respectively. RESULTS In total, 2,058 college students (665 men, 1,393 women) in China were assessed. An analysis of covariance revealed that the men had a significantly higher average BA level than did women [F (1,2058) = 13.244, P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.193]. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed BA was negatively associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and suicidality within the entire sample (depressive symptoms, β = -0.129, P < 0.001; anxiety symptoms, β = -0.101, P < 0.001; suicidality, OR = 0.788 P = 0.020) and among women (depressive symptoms, β = -0.172, P < 0.001; anxiety symptoms, β = -0.131, P < 0.001; suicidality, OR = 0.639 P = 0.001) but not men. CONCLUSION Chinese college women reported lower BA than their male peers did. Furthermore, among women but not men, elevations in BA corresponded with protective mental health experiences including lower levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and suicidality. Findings underscore the potential utility of including BA in mental health assessments of Chinese college students, especially women. Findings also provide foundations for continued research on interventions to increase BA among at-risk young women in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Liu
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shou Liu
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Chen
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Qi
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teris Cheung
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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16
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Arslan M, Yabancı Ayhan N, Sarıyer ET, Çolak H, Çevik E. The Effect of Bigorexia Nervosa on Eating Attitudes and Physical Activity: A Study on University Students. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:6325860. [PMID: 36081811 PMCID: PMC9433244 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6325860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to examine the relationship between physical activity, eating attitude, and bigorexia nervosa among university students. METHOD A questionnaire form consisting of sociodemographic characteristics, eating habits, the Eating Attitude Scale (EAT-40), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) was conducted on undergraduate students at Üsküdar University. RESULTS There were 1006 students who participated in this study with a mean age of 22.58 ± 2.87 years. The median "muscle appearance satisfaction" score of the obese students was statistically higher than the normal weight and underweight students. The median score for "Obesity Anxiety" was statistically higher in underweight students than in obese ones. A one-unit increase in IPAQ scores was related to an elevation of 24.9% in the MASS and a decrease of 17.9% in the EAT-40 scores, while a one-unit increase in MASS scores was related to a reduction of 12.5% in the EAT-40 scores. CONCLUSION Eating attitude is associated with bigorexia nervosa, and as MASS scores increase, EAT-40 scores decrease and as IPAQ scores increase, and EAT-40 scores decrease. In other words, as physical activity increases, muscle strength satisfaction elevates, and in parallel with this increase, a positive eating attitude improves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge Arslan
- Üsküdar University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Yabancı Ayhan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Tansu Sarıyer
- Üsküdar University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Çolak
- Üsküdar University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ekin Çevik
- Üsküdar University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Svantorp-Tveiten KME, Friborg O, Torstveit MK, Mathisen TF, Sundgot-Borgen C, Rosenvinge JH, Bratland-Sanda S, Pettersen G, Sundgot-Borgen J. Protein, Creatine, and Dieting Supplements Among Adolescents: Use and Associations With Eating Disorder Risk Factors, Exercise-, and Sports Participation, and Immigrant Status. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:727372. [PMID: 34723179 PMCID: PMC8548763 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.727372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to estimate the number of weekly users of protein, creatine, and dieting supplements and to explore whether weekly use was related to eating disorder (ED) risk factors, exercise, sports participation, and immigrant status. Methods: In total, 629 and 1,060 high school boys and girls, respectively, self-reported weekly frequency of protein, creatine, and dieting supplement use, and weight and shape concerns, appearance internalization and pressure, self-esteem, mental distress, physical activity level, exercise context, and the type and weekly frequency of sport played. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were performed to investigate explanatory factors for supplement use. Results: More boys than girls used protein and creatine supplements. Immigrant boys had more frequent use of all supplements than non-immigrant boys, and immigrant girls used creatine supplements more frequently than non-immigrant girls. In total, 23–40 and 5–6% of the variation in the weekly frequency of supplement use in boys and girls, respectively, was explained by immigrant status, ED risk factors, and exercise and sports participation. More frequent use of protein, creatine and dieting supplements in boys was significantly explained by more weight and shape concerns, fitness center exercise, and weight-sensitive sports participation. Depending on the type of supplement, more frequent use of supplements in girls was significantly explained by lower self-esteem, more engagement in weight-sensitive sports, and less engagement in general sport and exercise activities. Conclusion: Weekly supplement use was common and more frequent among boys than girls. The weekly use of protein, creatine, and dieting supplements was related to ED risk factors, exercise and sports participation, and immigrant status in boys but not in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oddgeir Friborg
- Department of Psychology, UiT -The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Gunn Pettersen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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18
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Urke HB, Holsen I, Larsen T. Positive Youth Development and Mental Well-Being in Late Adolescence: The Role of Body Appreciation. Findings From a Prospective Study in Norway. Front Psychol 2021; 12:696198. [PMID: 34497559 PMCID: PMC8419256 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.696198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a vulnerable period, adolescence is a time of great potential for healthy development. Understanding factors that contribute to mental well-being in this period is of great importance to facilitate for healthy development. During the adolescence period the body goes through rapid and considerable changes, and the focus on body appearance and perfection is substantial at societal, media, and peer level. In this study, we investigated the association between dimensions characterizing positive youth development, and mental well-being among Norwegian adolescents 16-17 years 1 year later, and whether this association was mediated by degree of body appreciation. We further tested whether the indirect and direct paths between positive youth development dimensions and mental well-being were moderated by gender. We used data from the first and second follow-up of the control arm of the COMPLETE study, a cluster randomized controlled trial in upper secondary schools in Norway. Findings showed that positive youth development in grade 1, as measured by both a combined global PYD and the dimensions competence, and connection were significantly associated with mental well-being in grade 2 in models adjusted for mental well-being in grade 1, gender and perceived family affluence. Also, body appreciation in grade 1 significantly predicted mental well-being in grade 2 in models including each of global PYD, competence, connection, character, and caring dimensions. Contrary to our hypothesis, no mediating effects of body appreciation were observed, and no moderation of indirect effects by gender were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Bjørnøy Urke
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Holsen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torill Larsen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Mathisen TF, Sølvberg N, Sundgot-Borgen C, Sundgot-Borgen J. Sexual Harassment in Fitness Instructors: Prevalence, Perpetrators, and Mental Health Correlates. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:735015. [PMID: 34777046 PMCID: PMC8585760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This paper explores frequency of experiences of sexual harassment (SH) among fitness instructors, outlines the typical perpetrator, and explores associated mental health symptoms. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Materials and Methods: A total of 270 Norwegian fitness instructors, recruited in social media, responded to an electronic questionnaire in 2019/2020 on experiences of body appearance pressure, SH, and mental health symptoms. Outcomes included in this publication are experiences of SH, and symptoms of mental health issues based on the Hopkins symptom checklist, SCL-10; Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-1a; and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, EDE-q. Results: The frequencies of SH experiences were 30% among 211 women and 22% among 59 men, respectively, with customers being the most frequent source of such approaches and personal trainers (PTs) more often reporting such experiences compared to group instructors (GIs) and to those operating as both PT and GI. Women having experienced SH had significantly higher scores in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and eating disorders compared to women with no such experience. Conclusion: The high frequency of SH experiences among fitness instructors, with customers emerging as perpetrators and typically in the context of personal training, necessitates increased awareness of SH in the fitness industry. To reduce the occurrence of SH, the fitness centers need to communicate countermeasures with high level of compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Sølvberg
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Sundgot-Borgen
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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