1
|
Karmann J, Handlovsky I, Moullec G, Frohlich KL, Hébert R, Ferlatte O. Understanding the Experiences of COVID-19 Public Health Measures and Well-Being: A Qualitative Study Among Older Adults in Quebec, Canada. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:10497323241232928. [PMID: 38442373 DOI: 10.1177/10497323241232928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
This interpretative descriptive study explores how public health measures implemented during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec, Canada, affected the well-being of older adults. Twenty-six participants aged 60-81 took photographs to depict how COVID-19 public health measures affected their well-being and were invited to discuss their photographs in virtual focus groups. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The impacts of health measures on the well-being of participants were framed according to three overarching themes. First, participants endured an intensification of ageism, feeling diminished and excluded from their social spheres. Second, they faced a burden of loneliness due to the loss of connections with their communities, particularly for those who were single and without children. Third, participants highlighted navigating a degradation of social cohesion. This manifested through tensions and distrust in both the public and private spheres, as well as acts of resistance in response to rules deemed unjust. While public health measures were essential to prevent onward transmission of COVID-19 and mortality, they negatively impacted older adults' self-image, loneliness, and trust in society. This study argues for a rethinking of public health norms specific to older adults to address potential sources of inequality. In particular, a greater emphasis is needed on social connectedness and addressing the unique needs of older adults during pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Karmann
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Gregory Moullec
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine L Frohlich
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Réjean Hébert
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Ferlatte
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Booth L, Santos JA, Hoek AC, Webster J, Pettigrew S. Population Subgroups at Risk of Unhealthy Changes in Food and Beverage Consumption During COVID-19 Lockdowns. Int J Behav Med 2024; 31:163-168. [PMID: 36879051 PMCID: PMC9988201 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-023-10165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding health behaviour changes during the COVID-19 pandemic can assist in developing strategies to promote healthy lifestyles at such times. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine whether the frequency of consuming unhealthy foods and beverages changed during lockdown and whether certain population subgroups were more likely to make such changes. METHOD An online survey was administered to a national sample of 4022 Australian adults (51% female, mean age 48 years). Generalised linear models with generalised estimating equations were used to identify whether demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, presence of children in the household, number of people in the household) and beliefs related to COVID-19 were associated with changes in the frequency of consuming alcohol, sweet snacks, salty snacks, and sugary beverages from pre to during lockdown. RESULTS Overall, the frequency of consuming the four assessed unhealthy products did not change during lockdown. However, being male and having children at home were consistently associated with unhealthy changes, whereas believing that alcohol or unhealthy diets would exacerbate COVID-19 severity was linked to a decreased frequency of consuming these products respectively. Age, education, and living with more people were also associated with changes in the frequency of consuming some product categories. CONCLUSION During lockdown, certain population subgroups appeared to be at increased risk of more frequent consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages. Believing certain consumption habits are linked to adverse health impacts of COVID was found to reduce frequency of consumption of related products, presenting a potential focus for future public health actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Booth
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, 1 King St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
- UNSW Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Joseph Alvin Santos
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, 1 King St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Annet C Hoek
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, 1 King St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, 1 King St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, 1 King St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mackay CA, Gray C, Campbell C, Sharp MJ. Young adult outcomes following premature birth: A Western Australian experience. Early Hum Dev 2024; 188:105920. [PMID: 38128445 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood outcomes following preterm birth are widely published, however long-term adult outcomes are less well described. We aimed to determine the quality of life and burden of co-morbidities experienced by preterm-born young adults in Western Australia. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted. Participants born at 23-33 weeks gestation cared for at King Edward Memorial Hospital during 1990 and 1991 were recruited from a historical birth cohort. Participants completed general, medical and reproductive health questionnaires. Results were compared with contemporaneous cohort data and/or population statistics. RESULTS Questionnaires were received from 73 young adults aged 28 to 30 years. The majority of respondents completed high school (94.5 %), were employed fulltime (74.0 %) and had close friends and family relationships. Almost all the participants considered their health to be good (94.0 %) and participated in light exercise (90.0 %). Increased hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, asthma, neuropsychiatric conditions and visual impairment were reported. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) scoring identified increased mild anxiety. Increased consultation with healthcare workers and use of prescription medications were reported. CONCLUSION The group of preterm-born adults surveyed reported a good quality of life, supportive interpersonal relationships and they provided significant contributions to society. They did report increased medical and psychological conditions than the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Mackay
- Neonatal Directorate, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Caitlin Gray
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Campbell
- Neonatal Directorate, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mary J Sharp
- Neonatal Directorate, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; University of Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith S, Tallon M, Smith J, Jones L, Mörelius E. COVID-19 in Western Australia: 'The last straw' and hopes for a 'new normal' for parents of children with long-term conditions. Health Expect 2023; 26:1863-1873. [PMID: 37309296 PMCID: PMC10485346 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with long-term conditions are vulnerable due to the treatments required for their conditions. Since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Western Australians experienced restrictions that changed daily life activities but were able to return to some of their previous routines due to the restrictions. AIM The study explored the stress experiences of parents caring for children with long-term conditions during COVID-19 in Western Australia. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS The study was codesigned with a parent representative caring for children with long-term conditions to ensure essential questions were targeted. Twelve parents of children with various long-term conditions were recruited. Ten parents completed the qualitative proforma, and two parents were interviewed in November 2020. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were anonymised and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. FINDINGS Two themes were produced: (1) 'Keep my child safe' describes the children's vulnerabilities due to their long-term conditions, the adjustments parents' made to keep their children safe and the various consequences faced. (2) 'COVID-19's silver lining' covers the positives of the COVID-19 pandemic, including their children having fewer infections, the availability of telehealth appointments, relationship improvements and the parent's hopes for a new normal where behaviours prevent transmission of infectious (e.g., hand sanitising). CONCLUSION Western Australia provided a unique context for the COVID-19 pandemic due to no transmission of the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at the time of the study. The tend and befriend theory aids in explaining the parents' stress experiences, and the application highlights a unique aspect of this theory. Parents tended to their children during COVID-19, but many could no longer rely on others for connection, support and respite, and became further isolated in attempting to protect their children due to COVID-19 consequences. The findings highlight that some parents of children with long-term conditions need specific attention during times of pandemics. Further review is recommended to support parents through the impact of COVID-19 and similar crises. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION This study was codesigned with an experienced parent representative who was part of the research team and involved throughout the research process to ensure meaningful end-user engagement and ensure essential questions and priorities were addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Smith
- School of Nursing and MidwiferyEdith Cowan UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Curtin Medical SchoolCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Telethon Kids InstitutePerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Mary Tallon
- School of NursingCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Child and Adolescent Health ServicePerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - James Smith
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Medical and Health SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lauren Jones
- Parent RepresentativeBunburyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Evalotte Mörelius
- School of Nursing and MidwiferyEdith Cowan UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lindgren I, Trulsson Schouenborg A, Larsson C, Stigmar K. Perceptions of everyday life during lenient COVID-19 restrictions in Sweden- an interview study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1743. [PMID: 37679662 PMCID: PMC10483720 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both COVID-19 and its associated societal restrictions have affected individuals' health and everyday life. In Sweden, more lenient public health restrictions were implemented, with individuals asked to act responsibly in terms of reducing spread of disease. The majority of studies reporting on experiences of Covid-19 restrictions have been in the context of more substantial mandatory rules aimed at reducing social contact, therefore it is important to describe how more lenient restrictions have impacted individuals' well-being. This study aims to describe perceptions of everyday life during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, perceived by individuals with no underlying medical condition, and living with more lenient public health restrictions in Sweden. METHOD The participants were recruited from individuals who originally had participated in an online survey about life satisfaction, health, and physical activity. Fifteen individuals (median age 49, range 26-76 years, seven women) in various social situations, such as living alone/cohabiting, having children at home, geographical area and size of city were interviewed. Qualitative content analysis was applied to the data. RESULTS An overall theme "Both hindrances and opportunities in important life domains were experienced within the same person during lenient Covid-19 restrictions" was derived and covered three categories: "New possibilities of flexibility in work and better health", "Life went on as usual with minor adjustments" and "Everyday life changed and became more difficult" together with eight subcategories. For most participants, both facilitating and hindering important domains in life were described. Unexpected findings were positive experiences regarding working from home, physical activities, leisure time activities and the balance between work and leisure time. In areas where only minor adjustments were made, life was perceived as going on as before. On the other hand, restrictions increased worries and were perceived to have negative effects on social participation. CONCLUSION The impact of the pandemic and lenient restrictions in Sweden on the participants´ everyday life was multifaceted. Both hindrances and opportunities in important life domains were experienced within the same person. An increased flexibility in work- and leisure activities were perceived having positive effects for health and wellbeing and led to a better balance in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Lindgren
- Rehabilitation and Sustainable Health, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Neurology, Rehabilitation Medicine, Memory Disorders and Geriatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anna Trulsson Schouenborg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pain Rehabilitation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Human Movement: health and rehabilitation, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Larsson
- Human Movement: health and rehabilitation, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kjerstin Stigmar
- Human Movement: health and rehabilitation, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sarasjärvi KK, Chivers P, Bhoyroo R, Codde J. Bouncing back from COVID-19: a Western Australian community perspective. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1216027. [PMID: 37601213 PMCID: PMC10436488 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1216027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study explored the behavioral profiles of residing Western Australians during a COVID-19 lockdown period and transitions in behavior post-lockdown. Methods A total of 313 participants (76% female, age: M = 50.1, SD = 15.7 years) completed behavioral and mental health questionnaire items ~2 months after a 3-month COVID-19 lockdown in October 2020, using a retrospective recall to assess their experience during the lockdown period. Latent transition analysis (LTA) was used to identify behavioral profiles and transitions. Indicators were identified by assessing during-post-lockdown group differences (Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square tests) and profiles described using qualitative open-ended questions. Results Significant indicators included changes in physical activity, leisure screen time, alcohol intake, psychological distress, and loneliness, but not fast food consumption. The significant indicators were used to form LTA models. The five latent class model showed the best model fit (Log-likelihood = -1301.66, AIC = 426.12, BIC = 609.68). Approximately one in four participants reported a change in their behavior profiles after the lockdown ceased. Key differences between the profiles were age, household income, education, resilience, sense of control, existing mental health issues, and social relations. Washing hands and social distancing were the most recalled and effective health campaigns across the classes, with health campaigns encompassing physical activity/alcohol consumption, or domestic violence having the least attention. Discussion Overall, while most participants recovered relatively well after the lockdown period, LTA did identify subgroups such as those who were inactive and lonely experienced more difficulties than other groups, and engagement with public health campaigns differed. The results provide important insights for future public health campaigns on how these campaigns might be diversified to effectively target more people and particular groups to maximize engagement for maintaining people's mental health with additional focus on physical activity, alcohol consumption, and domestic violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiira Karoliina Sarasjärvi
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paola Chivers
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ranila Bhoyroo
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Jim Codde
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Piggott B, Chivers P, Sarasjärvi KK, Bhoyroo R, Lambert M, Millar L, Bulsara C, Codde J. Life in a time of COVID: retrospective examination of the association between physical activity and mental well-being in western Australians during and after lockdown. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:701. [PMID: 37060048 PMCID: PMC10103040 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine physical activity and sedentary behaviours during Western Australia's COVID-19 lockdown and their association with mental well-being. METHODS Participants completed activity related questions approximately two months after a three-month lockdown (which formed part of a larger cross-sectional study from August to October 2020) as part of a 25-minute questionnaire adapted from the Western Australia Health and Well-being Surveillance system. Open-ended questions explored key issues relating to physical activity behaviours. RESULTS During the lockdown period, 463 participants (female, n = 347; 75.3%) reported lower number of active days (W = 4.47 p < .001), higher non-work-related screen hours per week (W = 11.8 p < .001), and higher levels of sitting time (χ2=28.4 p < .001). Post lockdown body mass index was higher (U = 3.0 p = .003), with obese individuals reporting the highest non-work-related screen hours per week (Wald χ2= 8.9 p = .012). Inverse associations were found for mental well-being where higher lockdown scores of Kessler-10 (p = .011), Dass-21 anxiety (p = .027) and Dass-21 depression (p = .011) were associated with lower physical activity levels. A key qualitative message from participants was wanting to know how to stay healthy during lockdown. CONCLUSIONS Lockdown was associated with lower physical activity, higher non-work-related screen time and more sitting time compared to post lockdown which also reported higher body mass index. Lower levels of mental well-being were associated with lower physical activity levels during lockdown. Given the known positive affect of physical activity on mental well-being and obesity, and the detrimental associations shown in this study, a key public health message should be considered in an attempt to maintain healthy activity behaviours in future lockdowns and similar emergency situations to promote and maintain positive well-being. Furthermore, consideration should be given to the isolation of a community due to infectious disease outbreaks and to recognise the important role physical activity plays in maintaining weight and supporting good mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Piggott
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Midwifery & Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Nursing, Fremantle, Australia.
| | - Paola Chivers
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- DATaR Consulting, Bridgetown, Australia
| | - Kiira Karoliina Sarasjärvi
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral Programme in Population Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ranila Bhoyroo
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
- Discipline of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Michelle Lambert
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Lynne Millar
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Caroline Bulsara
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Jim Codde
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Laddu DR, Biggs E, Kaar J, Khadanga S, Alman R, Arena R. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular health behaviors and risk factors: A new troubling normal that may be here to stay. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 76:38-43. [PMID: 36481209 PMCID: PMC9722238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In March 2020, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was officially declared a global pandemic, leading to closure of public facilities, enforced social distancing and stay-at-home mandates to limit exposures and reduce transmission rates. While the severity of this "lockdown" period varied by country, the disruptions of the pandemic on multiple facets of life (e.g., daily activities, education, the workplace) as well as the social, economic, and healthcare systems impacts were unprecedented. These disruptions and impacts are having a profound negative effect on multiple facets of behavioral health and psychosocial wellbeing that are inextricably linked to cardiometabolic health and associated with adverse outcomes of COVID-19. For example, adoption of various cardiometabolic risk behavior behaviors observed during the pandemic contributed to irretractable trends in weight gain and poor mental health, raising concerns on the possible long-term consequences of the pandemic on cardiometabolic disease risk, and vulnerabilities to future viral pandemics. The purpose of this review is to summarize the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic on cardiometabolic health risk behaviors, particularly related to poor diet quality, physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors, smoking, sleep patterns and mental health. Additional insights into how the pandemic has amplified cardiovascular risk behaviors, particularly in our most vulnerable populations, and the potential implications for the future if these modifiable risk behaviors do not become better controlled, are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika R Laddu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| | - Elisabeth Biggs
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jill Kaar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Sherrie Khadanga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Rocio Alman
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lupton D, Lewis S. Australians' experiences of COVID-19 during the early months of the crisis: A qualitative interview study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1092322. [PMID: 36908481 PMCID: PMC9995885 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1092322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 crisis has wrought major changes to people's lives across the globe since the beginning of the outbreak in early 2020. The "Australians' Experiences of COVID-19" qualitative descriptive study was established to explore how Australians from different geographical areas and social groups experienced the COVID-19 crisis. Methods Three sets of semi-structured interviews, each with a diverse group of 40 adults across Australia, were completed between 2020 and 2022. This article reports findings from the first set of interviews, conducted by telephone in mid-2020. Results The participants discussed their experiences of living through this period, which was characterized by strong public health measures to contain the spread of COVID, including a national lockdown and border closures. Interview fieldnotes and verbatim transcripts were used to conduct an interpretive thematic analysis. The analysis is structured around the following five themes covering the quotidian and affective aspects of participants' lives in the early months of the COVID crisis: "disruption to routines;" "habituating to preventive measures;" "social isolation and loneliness;" "changes to work and education;" and "little change to life." A sixth theme concerns how participants responded to our question about what they imagined their lives would be like after the pandemic: "imagining post-COVID life." Discussion The crisis affected participants' experience of daily life variously according to such factors as their social circumstances and obligations as well as their histories of illness, making visible some of the unequal social and economic effects of the pandemic across different genders, ages, localities and socioeconomic groups. Our participants fell into three roughly equal groups: (i) those who found the lockdown and associated restrictions very difficult; (ii) those who reported feeling barely affected by these conditions; and (iii) those who found benefits to the "slowing down" of life during this period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Lupton
- Vitalities Lab, Centre for Social Research in Health, Social Policy Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophie Lewis
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tolhurst T, Princehorn E, Loxton D, Mishra G, Mate K, Byles J. Changes in the food and drink consumption patterns of Australian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aust N Z J Public Health 2022; 46:704-709. [PMID: 36047855 PMCID: PMC9539230 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper uses data from the seventh fortnightly Coronavirus (COVID-19) Survey sent to women in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health to investigate the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the food and drink consumption of women born in 1946-51, 1973-78 and 1989-95. METHODS A survey about changes in fruit, vegetable, discretionary food, takeaway and sugary drink consumption during the pandemic was emailed on 22 July 2020 to 28,709 women in three cohorts of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Thematic qualitative analysis was conducted on comments about changes in consumption, and basic quantitative analysis was included for context. RESULTS There were significant associations between age and all categories of food and drink consumption. Women wrote of lifestyle changes and choices during lockdowns, comfort and emotional eating, and access to food and drink changing their consumption behaviours. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic and interventions had both positive and negative impacts on the food and drink consumption behaviours of Australian women. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH These findings can be used to directly influence practice around healthy food and drink consumption, highlighting enablers, including being at home, and barriers, including mental health, that should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Tolhurst
- Centre for Women's Health Research, The University of Newcastle,Correspondence to: Tara Tolhurst, Centre for Women's Health Research, Level 4 HMRI Building, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308
| | | | - Deb Loxton
- Centre for Women's Health Research, The University of Newcastle
| | - Gita Mishra
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Karen Mate
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle
| | - Julie Byles
- Centre for Women's Health Research, The University of Newcastle
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Quality of Life, Mental Health, and Level of Physical Activity in Colombian University Workers: A Longitudinal Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144104. [PMID: 35887867 PMCID: PMC9322187 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong influence on people’s quality of life, and the different restrictive measures during the phases of the pandemic have had consequences for physical and mental health. This study determined the changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL), sleep quality, depression symptoms (DS), and physical activity (PA) level of middle-aged Colombian university personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis was performed following a longitudinal design on a sample of 354 people at four points before and during the pandemic. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the SF-12v2, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS) were included in an online survey. The measurements showed a decrease in quality of life with respect to PCS from 91.66 ± 10.78 to 83.64 ± 17.22 (p = 0.000) and MCS from 87.57 ± 12.23 to 80.90 ± 17.31, while poor sleep quality increased from 25.99% to 47.46% (p = 0.000), with DS reaching the peak during mandatory confinement (14.69%). Regarding the level of physical activity, the period of mandatory confinement inverted the proportion, highlighting active people as a minority (32.2%). In the multivariate analysis, we adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and socioeconomic level, discarding confounding effects and their interactions with the results obtained. In conclusion, this study showed that the pandemic has had a negative impact on sleep quality, HRQoL, DS, and PA level.
Collapse
|
12
|
Moreira S, Criado MB, Ferreira MS, Machado J, Gonçalves C, Mesquita C, Lopes S, Santos PC. The Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Perception of Physical Activity and on the Perception of Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Computer Workers: Comparative Longitudinal Study Design. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127311. [PMID: 35742554 PMCID: PMC9223672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lockdown resulting from the pandemic led to a change in the health habits of the computer workers community. Sedentary work, together with less active lifestyles, aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic leads to impacts on physical activity (PA) and can contribute to the development of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS). Aim(s): Understand the effects of lockdown on the perception of physical activity levels and on the perception of frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms, over periods of 12 months and 7 days, in computer workers. Methods: Longitudinal comparative study between 2019 (M1) and 2021 (M2), over 18 months, in 40 volunteer participants. The inclusion criteria were full-time workers aged between 18 and 65 and the exclusion criteria included diagnosis of non-work-related medical conditions. In addition to a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ) was used to evaluate the MSS and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), was used to analyse the perception of the level of PA. These questionnaires were used in two assessment stages (M1 and M2). McNemar test and Wilcoxon paired test were used to evaluate the effect of lockdown on the perception of PA, and on the perception of frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms. Results: The MSS prevalence in the previous 12 months increased significantly in the neck (M1: 45.0%, M2: 62.5%, p = 0.046), in the shoulders (M1: 37.5%, M2: 55.0%, p = 0.033), and in the hands/wrists (M1: 25.0%, M2: 45.0%, p = 0.019). The mean pain score increased in the shoulders (1.43 ± 2.24, 2.35 ± 2.55, p = 0.003) and in the elbows (0.18 ± 0.59, 0.60 ± 1.34, p = 0.015). No differences were found in the PA between M1 and M2, but the weekly mean sitting time increased from 4.75 ± 2.26 to 6.26 ± 2.65 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: After 18 months it became clear that MSS perception increased mainly in the neck, shoulders and hands/wrists with a significant increase in pain intensity in the shoulder and elbow regions. The weekly sitting time increased significantly. Further studies are needed in order to determine the impact of teleworking in a pandemic context. But multifactor behind these results should be taken into account by health institutions and those responsible for the Prevention of Occupational Risks in Computer Workers in order to adopt educational strategies for the promotion of Physical activity (PA), in these workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moreira
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- ESS IPVC, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-314 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- CBSin—Center of BioSciences in Integrative Health, 4000-105 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-914796967
| | - Maria Begoña Criado
- CBSin—Center of BioSciences in Integrative Health, 4000-105 Porto, Portugal;
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Maria Salomé Ferreira
- ESS IPVC, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-314 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- UICISA: E—Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Portugal School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, 4900-314 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Jorge Machado
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- CBSin—Center of BioSciences in Integrative Health, 4000-105 Porto, Portugal;
- LABIOMEP—Laboratório de Biomecânica do Porto, Universidade do Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- ESDL IPVC, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Cristina Mesquita
- ESS PPorto—Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (S.L.); (P.C.S.)
- CIR—Centro de Investigação e Reabilitação, ESS P, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Lopes
- ESS PPorto—Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (S.L.); (P.C.S.)
- CIR—Centro de Investigação e Reabilitação, ESS P, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- CESPU—Departamento de Tecnologias de Diagnóstico e Terapêutica, Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Sousa, Instituto Politécnico de Saúde do Norte (IPSN), 4585-116 Paredes, Portugal
| | - Paula Clara Santos
- ESS PPorto—Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (S.L.); (P.C.S.)
- CIR—Centro de Investigação e Reabilitação, ESS P, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- CESPU—Departamento de Tecnologias de Diagnóstico e Terapêutica, Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Sousa, Instituto Politécnico de Saúde do Norte (IPSN), 4585-116 Paredes, Portugal
- CIAFEL—Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto (FADEUP), Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Behavioral and Emotional Changes One Year after the First Lockdown Induced by COVID-19 in a French Adult Population. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10061042. [PMID: 35742093 PMCID: PMC9222852 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The lockdown had various consequences on physical activity and food consumption behaviors. The post-lockdown has been much less studied. The aim of this study is to compare behaviors one year after the first lockdown in a group of normal-weight (NW) or overweight French adults (OW). (2) Methods: Over a period of 4 days, both at the beginning of May 2020 (lockdown) and in June 2021 (free living post-lockdown), the same French adults used the WellBeNet smartphone application to record their sedentary behavior, physical activity (PA), food consumption and emotions. (3) Results: One year post first lockdown, the weight and body mass index increased (+1.1 kg; +0.4 kg.m−2, p < 0.01), and sedentary behaviors increased (+5.5%, p < 0.01) to the detriment of light-intensity activities (−3.3%, p = 0.10) in the whole group. Some food categories, such as alcohol, tended to be consumed more (+0.15 portion/day, p = 0.09), while fatty, salty and sugary products decreased (−0.25 portion/d, p = 0.02) but without a change in the food balance score. A higher number of both positive and negative emotions were scored per day (+9.5, p < 0.0001; +2.9, p = 0.03), and the positive ones were perceived stronger (+0.23, p = 0.09). Simultaneously, the desire to eat was lower (−11.6/100, p < 0.0001), and the desire to move remained constant. Sedentary/active behaviors and the desire to eat changed differently in NW and OW adults after the lockdown. (4) Conclusions: In general, the post-lockdown period was less favorable for physical activity practice and resulted in a similar food balance score but was more conducive to mental wellbeing.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zysset A, Volken T, Amendola S, von Wyl A, Dratva J. Change in Alcohol Consumption and Binge Drinking in University Students During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:854350. [PMID: 35570889 PMCID: PMC9092343 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.854350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Young adults have been overly affected by the containment measures against COVID-19 and, consequently, worsening in mental health and change in health behavior have been reported. Because the life phase of emerging adulthood is crucial for developing health behaviors, this study aims to examine increase in alcohol consumption, single and multiple binge drinking, and associated factors in students during lockdown and post-lockdown periods. Methods A prospective open cohort study design with nine survey time points between April 2020 and June 2021 was conducted. The present study uses pooled data from the first survey T0 (3 April to 14 April) and follow-ups at T1 (30 April to 11 May 2020) and T2 (28 May to 8 June 2020). Students from all faculties of the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) (N = 12'431) were invited. Of the 1,300 students who participated at baseline and in at least one follow-up, 1,278 (98.3%) completed the questionnaires, final net sample size was 947. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models were used to investigate the factors associated with increases in alcohol consumption based on number of occasions/last 30 days; drinks/week, and binge drinking at T0, and respective changes at T1 and T2 (increases, decreases, no change). Results Overall, 20% of Swiss university students reported an increased alcohol consumption and 26% engaged in binge drinking. Number of drinks at baseline was associated with a higher probability of increased alcohol consumption, as well as engaging in single and multiple binge drinking events. Higher anxiety scores were associated with a higher probability to increase the alcohol consumption and engaging at least once in binge drinking. Additional factors associated with any binge drinking were male gender, younger age and not living with parents. Higher perceived social support was only associated with engaging in heavy binge drinking. Conclusions A substantial number of students developed a more risky health behavior regarding alcohol consumption. It is important to identify at risk students and design target prevention including factors such as age, gender and social norms. Further, health behavior and determinants of health behaviors of students should be carefully monitored during the further course of the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annina Zysset
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Public Health, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Volken
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Public Health, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Simone Amendola
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnes von Wyl
- Departement of Applied Psychology, Psychological Institute, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Dratva
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Public Health, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McGuinness SL, Johnson J, Eades O, Cameron PA, Forbes A, Fisher J, Grantham K, Hodgson C, Hunter P, Kasza J, Kelsall HL, Kirkman M, Russell G, Russo PL, Sim MR, Singh KP, Skouteris H, Smith KL, Stuart RL, Teede HJ, Trauer JM, Udy A, Zoungas S, Leder K. Mental Health Outcomes in Australian Healthcare and Aged-Care Workers during the Second Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19094951. [PMID: 35564351 PMCID: PMC9103405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective: the COVID-19 pandemic has incurred psychological risks for healthcare workers (HCWs). We established a Victorian HCW cohort (the Coronavirus in Victorian Healthcare and Aged-Care Workers (COVIC-HA) cohort study) to examine COVID-19 impacts on HCWs and assess organisational responses over time. Methods: mixed-methods cohort study, with baseline data collected via an online survey (7 May–18 July 2021) across four healthcare settings: ambulance, hospitals, primary care, and residential aged-care. Outcomes included self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress (PTS), wellbeing, burnout, and resilience, measured using validated tools. Work and home-related COVID-19 impacts and perceptions of workplace responses were also captured. Results: among 984 HCWs, symptoms of clinically significant depression, anxiety, and PTS were reported by 22.5%, 14.0%, and 20.4%, respectively, highest among paramedics and nurses. Emotional exhaustion reflecting moderate–severe burnout was reported by 65.1%. Concerns about contracting COVID-19 at work and transmitting COVID-19 were common, but 91.2% felt well-informed on workplace changes and 78.3% reported that support services were available. Conclusions: Australian HCWs employed during 2021 experienced adverse mental health outcomes, with prevalence differences observed according to occupation. Longitudinal evidence is needed to inform workplace strategies that support the physical and mental wellbeing of HCWs at organisational and state policy levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. McGuinness
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Josphin Johnson
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Owen Eades
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Peter A. Cameron
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Andrew Forbes
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Jane Fisher
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Kelsey Grantham
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Carol Hodgson
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Peter Hunter
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jessica Kasza
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Helen L. Kelsall
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Maggie Kirkman
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Grant Russell
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Philip L. Russo
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC 3144, Australia
| | - Malcolm R. Sim
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Kasha P. Singh
- Peninsula Health, Melbourne, VIC 3199, Australia;
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Helen Skouteris
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Karen L. Smith
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Ambulance Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3108, Australia
| | - Rhonda L. Stuart
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Helena J. Teede
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - James M. Trauer
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Andrew Udy
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sophia Zoungas
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Karin Leder
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (J.J.); (O.E.); (P.A.C.); (A.F.); (J.F.); (K.G.); (C.H.); (P.H.); (J.K.); (H.L.K.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (M.R.S.); (H.S.); (K.L.S.); (R.L.S.); (H.J.T.); (J.M.T.); (A.U.); (S.Z.); (K.L.)
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|