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Cazier EA, Pham TN, Cossus L, Abla M, Ilc T, Lawrence P. Exploring industrial lignocellulosic waste: Sources, types, and potential as high-value molecules. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 188:11-38. [PMID: 39094219 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass has a promising role in a circular bioeconomy and may be used to produce valuable molecules for green chemistry. Lignocellulosic biomass, such as food waste, agricultural waste, wood, paper or cardboard, corresponded to 15.7% of all waste produced in Europe in 2020, and has a high potential as a secondary raw material for industrial processes. This review first presents industrial lignocellulosic waste sources, in terms of their composition, quantities and types of lignocellulosic residues. Secondly, the possible high added-value chemicals obtained from transformation of lignocellulosic waste are detailed, as well as their potential for applications in the food industry, biomedical, energy or chemistry sectors, including as sources of polyphenols, enzymes, bioplastic precursors or biofuels. In a third part, various available transformation treatments, such as physical treatments with ultrasound or heat, chemical treatments with acids or bases, and biological treatments with enzymes or microorganisms, are presented. The last part discusses the perspectives of the use of lignocellulosic waste and the fact that decreasing the cost of transformation is one of the major issues for improving the use of lignocellulosic biomass in a circular economy and green chemistry approach, since it is currently often more expensive than petroleum-based counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Cazier
- UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), ESTBB, Lyon, France; UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UR CONFLUENCE : Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Lyon, France; Nantes Université, Oniris, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F-44600 Saint-Nazaire, France(1).
| | - Thanh-Nhat Pham
- UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), ESTBB, Lyon, France; UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UR CONFLUENCE : Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Lyon, France
| | - Louis Cossus
- UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), ESTBB, Lyon, France; UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UR CONFLUENCE : Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Lyon, France
| | - Maher Abla
- UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), ESTBB, Lyon, France; UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UR CONFLUENCE : Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Lyon, France.
| | - Tina Ilc
- UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), ESTBB, Lyon, France; UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UR CONFLUENCE : Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Lyon, France.
| | - Philip Lawrence
- UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), ESTBB, Lyon, France; UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UR CONFLUENCE : Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Lyon, France.
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2
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Sumranwanich T, Amosu E, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Phetruen T, Loktumraks W, Ounjai P, Harnvoravongchai P. Evaluating lignin degradation under limited oxygen conditions by bacterial isolates from forest soil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13350. [PMID: 38858437 PMCID: PMC11164938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignin, a heterogeneous aromatic polymer present in plant biomass, is intertwined with cellulose and hemicellulose fibrils, posing challenges to its effective utilization due to its phenolic nature and recalcitrance to degradation. In this study, three lignin utilizing bacteria, Klebsiella sp. LEA1, Pseudomonas sp. LEA2, and Burkholderia sp. LEA3, were isolated from deciduous forest soil samples in Nan province, Thailand. These isolates were capable of growing on alkali lignin and various lignin-associated monomers at 40 °C under microaerobic conditions. The presence of Cu2+ significantly enhanced guaiacol oxidation in Klebsiella sp. LEA1 and Pseudomonas sp. LEA2. Lignin-related monomers and intermediates such as 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 4-vinyl guaiacol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, benzoic acid, catechol, and succinic acid were detected mostly during the late stage of incubation of Klebsiella sp. LEA1 and Pseudomonas sp. LEA2 in lignin minimal salt media via GC-MS analysis. The intermediates identified from Klebsiella sp. LEA1 degradation suggested that conversion and utilization occurred through the β-ketoadipate (ortho-cleavage) pathway under limited oxygen conditions. The ability of these bacteria to thrive on alkaline lignin and produce various lignin-related intermediates under limited oxygen conditions suggests their potential utility in oxygen-limited processes and the production of renewable chemicals from plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitinun Sumranwanich
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Esther Amosu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Surang Chankhamhaengdecha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Phetruen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Wethaka Loktumraks
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Phurt Harnvoravongchai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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3
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Zhao S, Li Y, Liu F, Song Z, Yang W, Lei Y, Tian P, Zhao M. Dynamic changes in fungal communities and functions in different air-curing stages of cigar tobacco leaves. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1361649. [PMID: 38567079 PMCID: PMC10985334 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1361649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Air curing (AC) plays a crucial role in cigar tobacco leaf production. The AC environment is relatively mild, contributing to a diverse microbiome. Fungi are important components of the tobacco and environmental microbiota. However, our understanding of the composition and function of fungal communities in AC remains limited. Methods In this study, changes in the chemical constituents and fungal community composition of cigar tobacco leaves during AC were evaluated using flow analysis and high-throughput sequencing. Results The moisture, water-soluble sugar, starch, total nitrogen, and protein contents of tobacco leaves exhibited decreasing trends, whereas nicotine showed an initial increase, followed by a decline. As determined by high-throughput sequencing, fungal taxa differed among all stages of AC. Functional prediction showed that saprophytic fungi were the most prevalent type during the AC process and that the chemical composition of tobacco leaves is significantly correlated with saprophytic fungi. Conclusion This study provides a deeper understanding of the dynamic changes in fungal communities during the AC process in cigar tobacco leaves and offers theoretical guidance for the application of microorganisms during the AC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songchao Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhaopeng Song
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Dazhou City Branch of Sichuan Province Tobacco Company, Dazhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunkang Lei
- Deyang City Branch of Sichuan Province Tobacco Company, Deyang, Sichaun, China
| | - Pei Tian
- China Tobacco Jiangshu Industry Co., Ltd., Xuzhou Cigarette Factory, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingqin Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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4
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Shamshitov A, Kadžienė G, Supronienė S. The Role of Soil Microbial Consortia in Sustainable Cereal Crop Residue Management. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:766. [PMID: 38592825 PMCID: PMC10974107 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The global escalation in cereal production, essential to meet growing population demands, simultaneously augments the generation of cereal crop residues, estimated annually at approximately 3107 × 106 Mg/year. Among different crop residue management approaches, returning them to the soil can be essential for various ecological benefits, including nutrient recycling and soil carbon sequestration. However, the recalcitrant characteristics of cereal crop residues pose significant challenges in their management, particularly in the decomposition rate. Therefore, in this review, we aim to summarize the influence of different agricultural practices on enhancing soil microbial decomposer communities, thereby effectively managing cereal crop residues. Moreover, this manuscript provides indirect estimates of cereal crop residue production in Northern Europe and Lithuania, and highlights the diverse roles of lignocellulolytic microorganisms in the decomposition process, with a particular focus on enzymatic activities. This review bridges the knowledge gap and indicates future research directions concerning the influence of agricultural practices on cereal crop residue-associated microbial consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Shamshitov
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT-58344 Kedainiai, Lithuania;
| | - Gražina Kadžienė
- Department of Soil and Crop Management, Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT-58344 Kedainiai, Lithuania
| | - Skaidrė Supronienė
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT-58344 Kedainiai, Lithuania;
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Zhang Q, Kong G, Zhao G, Liu J, Jin H, Li Z, Zhang G, Liu T. Microbial and enzymatic changes in cigar tobacco leaves during air-curing and fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5789-5801. [PMID: 37458766 PMCID: PMC10439857 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic enzyme activity and microbial composition of the air-curing and fermentation processes determine the quality of cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs). In this study, we reveal the evolution of the dominant microorganisms and microbial community structure at different stages of the air-curing and fermentation processes of CTLs. The results showed that the changes in metabolic enzymes occurred mainly during the air-curing phase, with polyphenol oxidase (PPO) being the most active at the browning phase. Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, Vibrio, Monographella, Bipolaris, and Aspergillus were the key microorganisms in the air-curing and fermentation processes. Principal coordinate analysis revealed significant separation of microbial communities between the air-curing and fermentation phases. Redundancy analysis showed that bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Acidobacteriota and fungi such as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were correlated with enzyme activity and temperature and humidity. Bacteria mainly act in sugar metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, while fungi mainly degrade lignin, cellulose, and pectin through saprophytic action. Spearman correlation network analysis showed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the key bacterial taxa, while Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes were the key fungal taxa. This research provides the basis for improving the quality of cigars by improving the air-curing and fermentation processes. KEY POINTS: • Changes in POD and PPO activity control the color change of CTLs at the air-curing stage. • Monographella, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio play an important role in air-curing and fermentation. • Environmental temperature and humidity mainly affect the fermentation process, whereas bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Acidobacteriota and fungi such as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are associated with enzyme activity and temperature and humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, China
| | - Gaokun Zhao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Raw Materials Department of HongYun HongHe Tobacco (Group) Limited Liability Company, Kunming, 650221, Yunnan, China
| | - Honggang Jin
- Raw Materials Department of HongYun HongHe Tobacco (Group) Limited Liability Company, Kunming, 650221, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Raw Materials Department of HongYun HongHe Tobacco (Group) Limited Liability Company, Kunming, 650221, Yunnan, China
| | - Guanghai Zhang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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6
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Wen Z, Gu X, Tang X, Li X, Pang Y, Hu Q, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang W. Time-resolved online analysis of the gas- and particulate-phase of cigarette smoke generated by a heated tobacco product using vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 238:123062. [PMID: 34801915 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp-based photoionization time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer coupled with a capillary inlet and an aerodynamic lens to online analyze the chemical compositions of the gas- and particulate-phase of cigarette smoke of a heated tobacco product (HTP). Both phase compositions of the fresh cigarette smoke, without dilution and pretreatment, are softly photoionized and their mass spectra are measured with a time resolution of 1 s. It is shown that the gas-phase compositions with low mass are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the particulate-phase compositions are also clearly identified and cover the full mass range of the mass spectrometer. The time- or puff-by-puff resolved dynamic data are obtained for each species and provide abundant information to unravel the chemistry of the HTP smoke. In addition, the present results show that besides thermal vaporization, a couple of chemical reactions including pyrolysis and degradation have also occurred in the HTP smoking process, although its operation temperature is less than 350 °C. Even if not done here, this study paves the way to analyze the gas- and particulate-phase chemical compositions of a complex system in real time, like the cigarette smoke presented here, by using advanced soft ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoying Wen
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xuejun Gu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiangyu Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yongqiang Pang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combustion and Pyrolysis, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei, 230088, Anhui, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
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7
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Recent Advances in Synthesis and Degradation of Lignin and Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Emerging Applications in Nanotechnology. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030953. [PMID: 35160893 PMCID: PMC8838035 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an important commercially produced polymeric material. It is used extensively in both industrial and agricultural activities. Recently, it has drawn much attention from the scientific community. It is abundantly present in nature and has significant application in the production of biodegradable materials. Its wide usage includes drug delivery, polymers and several forms of emerging lignin nanoparticles. The synthesis of lignin nanoparticles is carried out in a controlled manner. The traditional manufacturing techniques are costly and often toxic and hazardous to the environment. This review article highlights simple, safe, climate-friendly and ecological approaches to the synthesis of lignin nanoparticles. The changeable, complex structure and recalcitrant nature of lignin makes it challenging to degrade. Researchers have discovered a small number of microorganisms that have developed enzymatic and non-enzymatic metabolic pathways to use lignin as a carbon source. These microbes show promising potential for the biodegradation of lignin. The degradation pathways of these microbes are also described, which makes the study of biological synthesis much easier. However, surface modification of lignin nanoparticles is something that is yet to be explored. This review elucidates the recent advances in the biodegradation of lignin in the ecological system. It includes the current approaches, methods for modification, new applications and research for the synthesis of lignin and lignin nanoparticles. Additionally, the intricacy of lignin’s structure, along with its chemical nature, is well-described. This article will help increase the understanding of the utilization of lignin as an economical and alternative-resource material. It will also aid in the minimization of solid waste arising from lignin.
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8
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Atiwesh G, Parrish CC, Banoub J, Le TAT. Lignin degradation by microorganisms: A review. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 38:e3226. [PMID: 34854261 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant plant-based biopolymer that has found applications in a variety of industries from construction to bioethanol production. This recalcitrant branched polymer is naturally degraded by many different species of microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria. These microbial lignin degradation mechanisms provide a host of possibilities to overcome the challenges of using harmful chemicals to degrade lignin biowaste in many industries. The classes and mechanisms of different microbial lignin degradation options available in nature form the primary focus of the present review. This review first discusses the chemical building blocks of lignin and the industrial sources and applications of this multifaceted polymer. The review further places emphasis on the degradation of lignin by natural means, discussing in detail the lignin degradation activities of various fungal and bacterial species. The lignin-degrading enzymes produced by various microbial species, specifically white-rot fungi, brown-rot fungi, and bacteria, are described. In the end, possible directions for future lignin biodegradation applications and research investigations have been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Atiwesh
- Environmental Science Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland. St. John's, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Christopher C Parrish
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Joseph Banoub
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Special Projects, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Tuyet-Anh T Le
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Environmental Policy Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Forestry Economics Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
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9
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Zhang H, Fu C, Ren T, Xie H, Mao G, Wang Z, Wang F, Song A. Improvement of Nicotine Removal and Ethanol Fermentability From Tobacco Stalk by Integration of Dilute Sulfuric Acid Presoak and Instant Catapult Steam Explosion Pretreatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:763549. [PMID: 34778234 PMCID: PMC8585754 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.763549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nicotine from tobacco stalk showed obvious inhibitory effect on the activity of cellulase and fermentability of microorganisms, which seriously hinders the utilization of tobacco stalk. Dilute sulfuric acid presoak of tobacco stalk was used to enhance the performance of instant catapult steam explosion (ICSE) for tobacco stalk pretreatment. The presoak was beneficial to break the recalcitrant structure of tobacco stalk, reduce nicotine content to relieve the inhibition on the activity of cellulase and metabolism of microorganisms, and promote the performance of enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation. The optimized 0.8% sulfuric acid (w/w) presoak-integrated ICSE pretreatment resulted in 85.54% nicotine removal from tobacco stalk; meanwhile, the total sugar concentration from enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated tobacco stalk increased from 33.40 to 53.81 g/L (the ratio of dry tobacco stalk to water was 1:8, w/w), ethanol concentration increased 103.36% from 5.95 to 12.10 g/L in flask, compared with separate ICSE pretreatment. Finally, the ethanol concentration achieved the highest 23.53 g/L in a 5-L fermenter with the ethanol yield from the glucose of tobacco stalk hydrolysate achieving 71.40% by increasing the solid loading of the tobacco stalk in the enzymatic hydrolysis process (the ratio of dry tobacco stalk to water was 1:4, w/w). These results achieved the expected purpose of efficient utilization of discarded tobacco stalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenqing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianbao Ren
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guotao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Andong Song
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Indira TI, Burhan KH, Manurung R, Widiana A. Enhancement of Essential Oil Yield from Melaleuca Leucadendra L. Leaves by Lignocellulose Degradation Pre-Treatment Using Filamentous Fungi. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Zhou J, Yu L, Zhang J, Liu J, Zou X. Dynamic characteristics and co-occurrence patterns of microbial community in tobacco leaves during the 24-month aging process. ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Microorganisms are important in tobacco aging. These are used to improve the quality of tobacco leaves after threshing and redrying. However, the response of microbial community to the storage environment and time during the tobacco aging process has been less explored. This study aimed to characterize the dynamic changes in microbial community composition and diversity in tobacco leaf samples.
Methods
In this study, 16S and ITS rRNA gene amplicon sequencing techniques were used to characterize the composition, diversity, and co-occurrence of the microbial community in tobacco leaves stored in two different cities during the 24-month aging. Furthermore, the activities of several enzymes were measured spectrophotometrically, and the correlation between the microbiota and enzyme activity was analyzed by network analysis.
Results
Shannon diversity and Chao richness of bacterial communities gradually increased during the first 18 months, whereas those of the fungal community decreased. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased, whereas that of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased. The proportion of Ascomycota gradually increased during the first 18 months and then rapidly decreased, whereas the proportion of Basidiomycota exhibited a completely opposite pattern. The change in the composition of bacterial community and dominant genera in leaves was not significant between Guiyang city and Maotai city storerooms, but that in the fungal community was significant. The network analysis revealed that fungal networks were more complex and compact than bacterial networks, and a strong negative correlation existed between bacteria and fungi. Moreover, the bacterial microbiome showed a strong positive association with amylase activity, while the fungal microbiome positively correlated with cellulase activity.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated a significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the composition of the microbial community during tobacco aging and highlighted the possible influence of the interactions and enzyme activity on microbial diversity and composition. The findings provided a scientific basis for using microorganisms to regulate and control tobacco aging.
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Shi Y, Zhu K, Dai Y, Zhang C, Jia H. Evolution and stabilization of environmental persistent free radicals during the decomposition of lignin by laccase. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125931. [PMID: 32000035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial enzymes may induce lignin decomposition, accompanied by generation of free radicals. The evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during laccase-catalyzed lignin decomposition remains unclear. Characterization by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed gradually increased concentration of EPFRs, with maximum levels within 6 h that remained constant, accompanied by the increase in g-factor from 2.0037 to 2.0041. The results suggested the generation of oxygen-centered radicals on lignin. The EPFRs produced on solid samples slowly decreased by 17.2% over 17 d. ROS were also detected to have a similar trend as that of the evolution of EPFRs. Scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses suggested the demethylation and oxidation of lignin. We clarify the biogeochemical transformation of lignin and potential contributions to the generation of EPFRs and ROS in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Shi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yunchao Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Biocomposite Fabrication from Enzymatically Treated Nanocellulosic Fibers and Recycled Polylactic Acid. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recycled polylactic acid (PLAr) was reinforced with treated nanocellulosic hemp fibers for biocomposite fabrication. Cellulosic fibers were extracted from hemp fibers chemically and treated enzymatically. Treated nanocellulosic fibers (NCF) were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Biocomposite fabrication was done with PLAr and three concentrations of treated NCF (0.1%, 0.25%, and 1% (v/v)) and then studied for thermal stability and mechanical properties. Increased thermal stability was observed with increasing NCF concentrations. The highest value for Young’s modulus was for PLAr + 0.25% (v/v) NCF (250.28 ± 5.47 MPa), which was significantly increased compared to PLAr (p = 0.022). There was a significant decrease in the tensile stress at break point for PLAr + 0.25% (v/v) NCF and PLAr + 1% (v/v) NCF as compared to control (p = 0.006 and 0.002, respectively). No significant difference was observed between treatments for tensile stress at yield.
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Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain B-22, a nematophagous fungus parasitizing Meloidogyne incognita. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0216688. [PMID: 31931510 PMCID: PMC6957339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita has a wide host range and it is one of the most economically important crop parasites worldwide. Biological control has been a good approach for reducing M. incognita infection, for which many nematophagous fungi are reportedly applicable. However, the controlling effects of Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain B-22 are still unclear. In the present study we characterized the parasitism of this strain on M. incognita eggs, second-stage juveniles (J2), and adult females. The highest corrected mortality was 71.9% at 3 × 108 colony forming units (CFU) mL-1 and the estimated median lethal concentration of the fungus was 0.96 × 108 CFU mL-1. Two days after treatment with Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain B-22 eggshells were dissolved. A strong lethal effect was noted against J2, as the fungal spores developed in their body walls, germinated, and the resulting hyphae crossed the juvenile cuticle to dissolve it, thereby causing shrinkage and deformation of the juvenile body wall. The spores and hyphae also attacked adult females, causing the shrinkage and dissolution of their bodies and leakage of contents after five days. Greenhouse experiments revealed that different concentrations of the fungal spores effectively controlled M. incognita. In the roots, the highest inhibition rate for adult females, juveniles, egg mass, and gall index was 84.61%, 78.91%, 84.25%, and 79.48%, respectively. The highest juvenile inhibition rate was 89.18% in the soil. Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain B-22 also improved tomato plant growth, therefore being safe for tomato plants while effectively parasitizing M. incognita. This strain is thus a promising biocontrol agent against M. incognita.
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Li X, Zheng Y. Biotransformation of lignin: Mechanisms, applications and future work. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2922. [PMID: 31587530 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant polymers in biosphere, lignin has attracted extensive attention as a kind of promising feedstock for biofuel and bio-based products. However, the utilization of lignin presents various challenges in that its complex composition and structure and high resistance to degradation. Lignin conversion through biological platform harnesses the catalytic power of microorganisms to decompose complex lignin molecules and obtain value-added products through biosynthesis. Given the heterogeneity of lignin, various microbial metabolic pathways are involved in lignin bioconversion processes, which has been characterized in extensive research work. With different types of lignin substrates (e.g., model compounds, technical lignin, and lignocellulosic biomass), several bacterial and fungal species have been proved to own lignin-degrading abilities and accumulate microbial products (e.g., lipid and polyhydroxyalkanoates), while the lignin conversion efficiencies are still relatively low. Genetic and metabolic strategies have been developed to enhance lignin biodegradation by reprogramming microbial metabolism, and diverse products, such as vanillin and dicarboxylic acids were also produced from lignin. This article aims at presenting a comprehensive review on lignin bioconversion including lignin degradation mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and applications for the production of value-added bioproducts. Advanced techniques on genetic and metabolic engineering are also covered in the recent development of biological platforms for lignin utilization. To conclude this article, the existing challenges for efficient lignin bioprocessing are analyzed and possible directions for future work are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Zhang G, Li S, Xu Y, Wang J, Wang F, Xin Y, Shen Z, Zhang H, Ma M, Liu H. Production of alkaline pectinase: a case study investigating the use of tobacco stalk with the newly isolated strain Bacillus tequilensis CAS-MEI-2-33. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:45. [PMID: 31299949 PMCID: PMC6624900 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco stalk (TS), a major agricultural waste abundant in pectin, has resulted in concerns about the need for its reuse. The nicotine in TS is considered a chemical that is to\xic and hazardous to the environment. RESULTS In this study, Bacillus tequilensis CAS-MEI-2-33 was isolated from cigar wrappers to produce alkaline pectinase using TS. Subsequently, the medium and fermentation conditions for the production of pectinase by B. tequilensis CAS-MEI-2-33 were optimized. The optimal fermentation period, pH of the initial fermentation medium, concentration of TS, and inoculum amount for B. tequilensis CAS-MEI-2-33 were 40 h, 40 g/L, 7.0, and 3%, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the pectinase activity was 1370 U/mL. Then, the enzymatic properties, such as the optimum pH, reaction temperature, temperature stability, and effects of metal ions, were studied. The optimal pH was determined to be 10.0, indicating that the enzyme was an alkaline pectinase. The optimal temperature was 40 °C, and pectinase activity was stable at 40 °C. The Ag+ metal ions were shown to remarkably promote enzyme activity. The pectinase was partly purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and Sephacryl S-100 chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and LC-MS/MS analyses were utilized to analyze the pectinase. CONCLUSIONS This study provided a new alkaline pectinase candidate and a new strategy for the use of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
- Haikou Cigar Research Institute, Hainan Provincial Branch of CNTC, Haikou, 571100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shugui Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingbo Xu
- Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230088 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Haikou Cigar Research Institute, Hainan Provincial Branch of CNTC, Haikou, 571100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Xin
- Haikou Cigar Research Institute, Hainan Provincial Branch of CNTC, Haikou, 571100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Shen
- Haikou Cigar Research Institute, Hainan Provincial Branch of CNTC, Haikou, 571100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Ma
- China Tobacco Standardization Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haobao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
- Haikou Cigar Research Institute, Hainan Provincial Branch of CNTC, Haikou, 571100 People’s Republic of China
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Wright TA, Page RC, Konkolewicz D. Polymer conjugation of proteins as a synthetic post-translational modification to impact their stability and activity. Polym Chem 2019; 10:434-454. [PMID: 31249635 PMCID: PMC6596429 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For more than 40 years, protein-polymer conjugates have been widely used for many applications, industrially and biomedically. These bioconjugates have been shown to modulate the activity and stability of various proteins while introducing reusability and new activities that can be used for drug delivery, improve pharmacokinetic ability, and stimuli-responsiveness. Techniques such as RDRP, ROMP and "click" have routinely been utilized for development of well-defined bioconjugate and polymeric materials. Synthesis of bioconjugate materials often take advantage of natural amino acids present within protein and peptide structures for a host of coupling chemistries. Polymer modification may elicit increased or decreased activity, activity retention under harsh conditions, prolonged activity in vivo and in vitro, and introduce stimuli responsiveness. Bioconjugation has resulted to modulated thermal stability, chemical stability, storage stability, half-life and reusability. In this review we aim to provide a brief state of the field, highlight a wide range of behaviors caused by polymer conjugation, and provide areas of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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Hasanin MS, Darwesh OM, Matter IA, El-Saied H. Isolation and characterization of non-cellulolytic Aspergillus flavus EGYPTA5 exhibiting selective ligninolytic potential. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Preparation and Optimisation of Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates Using Native Isolate White Rot Fungi Trametes versicolor and Fomes fomentarius for the Decolourisation of Synthetic Dyes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:ijerph15010023. [PMID: 29295505 PMCID: PMC5800123 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The key to obtaining an optimum performance of an enzyme is often a question of devising a suitable enzyme and optimisation of conditions for its immobilization. In this study, laccases from the native isolates of white rot fungi Fomes fomentarius and/or Trametes versicolor, obtained from Czech forests, were used. From these, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) were prepared and characterised when the experimental conditions were optimized. Based on the optimization steps, saturated ammonium sulphate solution (75 wt.%) was used as the precipitating agent, and different concentrations of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent were investigated. CLEA aggregates formed under the optimal conditions showed higher catalytic efficiency and stabilities (thermal, pH, and storage, against denaturation) as well as high reusability compared to free laccase for both fungal strains. The best concentration of glutaraldehyde seemed to be 50 mM and higher efficiency of cross-linking was observed at a low temperature 4 °C. An insignificant increase in optimum pH for CLEA laccases with respect to free laccases for both fungi was observed. The results show that the optimum temperature for both free laccase and CLEA laccase was 35 °C for T. versicolor and 30 °C for F. fomentarius. The CLEAs retained 80% of their initial activity for Trametes and 74% for Fomes after 70 days of cultivation. Prepared cross-linked enzyme aggregates were also investigated for their decolourisation activity on malachite green, bromothymol blue, and methyl red dyes. Immobilised CLEA laccase from Trametes versicolor showed 95% decolourisation potential and CLEA from Fomes fomentarius demonstrated 90% decolourisation efficiency within 10 h for all dyes used. These results suggest that these CLEAs have promising potential in dye decolourisation.
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Chatterjee S, Sarma MK, Deb U, Steinhauser G, Walther C, Gupta DK. Mushrooms: from nutrition to mycoremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19480-19493. [PMID: 28770504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are well known as important food items. The uses of mushrooms in the cuisine are manifolds and are being utilized for thousands of years in both Oriental and Occidental cultures. Medicinal properties of mushrooms show an immense potential as drugs for the treatment of various diseases as they are rich in a great variety of phytochemicals. In this review, we attempted to encompass the recent knowledge and scientific advancement about mushrooms and their utilization as food or curative properties, along with their natural ability to accumulate (heavy) metals/radionuclides, which leads to an important aspect of bioremediation. However, accumulation of heavy metals and radionuclides from natural or anthropogenic sources also involves potential nutritional hazards upon consumption. These hazards have been pointed out in this review incorporating a selection of the most recently published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Chatterjee
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Mukul K Sarma
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Utsab Deb
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Walther
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dharmendra K Gupta
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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