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Kang HS, Grimm SA, Liao XH, Jetten AM. GLIS3 expression in the thyroid gland in relation to TSH signaling and regulation of gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:65. [PMID: 38281222 PMCID: PMC10822819 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Loss of GLI-Similar 3 (GLIS3) function in mice and humans causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH). In this study, we demonstrate that GLIS3 protein is first detectable at E15.5 of murine thyroid development, a time at which GLIS3 target genes, such as Slc5a5 (Nis), become expressed. This, together with observations showing that ubiquitous Glis3KO mice do not display major changes in prenatal thyroid gland morphology, indicated that CH in Glis3KO mice is due to dyshormonogenesis rather than thyroid dysgenesis. Analysis of GLIS3 in postnatal thyroid suggested a link between GLIS3 protein expression and blood TSH levels. This was supported by data showing that treatment with TSH, cAMP, or adenylyl cyclase activators or expression of constitutively active PKA enhanced GLIS3 protein stability and transcriptional activity, indicating that GLIS3 activity is regulated at least in part by TSH/TSHR-mediated activation of PKA. The TSH-dependent increase in GLIS3 transcriptional activity would be critical for the induction of GLIS3 target gene expression, including several thyroid hormone (TH) biosynthetic genes, in thyroid follicular cells of mice fed a low iodine diet (LID) when blood TSH levels are highly elevated. Like TH biosynthetic genes, the expression of cell cycle genes is suppressed in ubiquitous Glis3KO mice fed a LID; however, in thyroid-specific Glis3 knockout mice, the expression of cell cycle genes was not repressed, in contrast to TH biosynthetic genes. This indicated that the inhibition of cell cycle genes in ubiquitous Glis3KO mice is dependent on changes in gene expression in GLIS3 target tissues other than the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sara A Grimm
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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2
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Kang HS, Grimm SA, Liao XH, Jetten AM. Role of GLIS3 in thyroid development and in the regulation of gene expression in thyroid specific Glis3KO mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3044388. [PMID: 37461635 PMCID: PMC10350233 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3044388/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Loss of GLI-Similar 3 (GLIS3) function in mice and humans causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH). In this study, we demonstrate that GLIS3 protein is first detectable at E15.5 of murine thyroid development, a time when GLIS3 target genes, such as Slc5a5 (Nis), become also expressed. We further show that Glis3KO mice do not display any major changes in prenatal thyroid gland morphology indicating that CH in Glis3KO mice is due to dyshormonogenesis rather than thyroid dysgenesis. Analysis of thyroid-specific Glis3 knockout (Glis3-Pax8Cre) mice fed either a normal or low-iodine diet (ND or LID) revealed that, in contrast to ubiquitous Glis3KO mice, thyroid follicular cell proliferation and the expression of cell cycle genes were not repressed suggesting that the inhibition of thyroid follicular cell proliferation in ubiquitous Glis3KO mice is related to loss of GLIS3 function in other cell types. However, the expression of several thyroid hormone biosynthesis-, extracellular matrix (ECM)-, and inflammation-related genes was still suppressed in Glis3-Pax8Cre mice particularly under conditions of high blood levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). We further demonstrate that treatment with TSH, protein kinase A (PKA) or adenylyl cyclase activators or expression of constitutively active PKA enhances GLIS3 protein and activity, suggesting that GLIS3 transcriptional activity is regulated in part by TSH/TSHR-mediated activation of the PKA pathway. This mechanism of regulation provides an explanation for the dramatic increase in GLIS3 protein expression and the subsequent induction of GLIS3 target genes, including several thyroid hormone biosynthetic genes, in thyroid follicular cells of mice fed a LID.
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3
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Couper MR, Brown RM, Gupte G, Perera MTPR, Kelgeri C. Liver Disease in GLIS3 Mutations: Transplant Considerations and Bile Duct Paucity on Explant Histology. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 77:110-114. [PMID: 36917836 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
GLI-similar 3 (GLIS3) gene mutation heterozygosity is characterized by neonatal diabetes and hypothyroidism. It has wide phenotypic variability. Liver disease is prevalent, and its complications in some phenotypes are life-limiting. Transplantation and the pathogenesis of GLIS3 liver disease are not well explored in the literature. We report 2 cases of children with GLIS3 mutations with chronic liver disease who required liver transplantation and we present a literature review discussing the pathogenic mechanisms and liver histology. Histology demonstrated predominantly biliary cirrhosis consistent with abnormal bile duct development. Both patients were considered for multi-organ transplantation (liver, pancreas with or without kidney) before receiving a liver transplant alone. Postoperative management can be challenging due to infection, renal disease, and brittle diabetes. GLIS3 mutations need to be added to the list of non-syndromic causes of bile duct paucity in the liver. Liver transplantation should be considered in patients with life-limiting complications related to liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Couper
- From the Liver Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M Brown
- the Anatomical Pathology, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Girish Gupte
- From the Liver Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M Thamara P R Perera
- From the Liver Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chayarani Kelgeri
- From the Liver Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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4
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Hashemipour M, Mostofizadeh N, Ghasemi M, Behnam M, Rostampour N, Dehkordi EH, Hovsepian S. Molecular genetic analysis of the insulin gene variants in Iranian patients with permanent neonatal diabetes. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-022-01152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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5
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Sterenborg RBTM, Galesloot TE, Teumer A, Netea-Maier RT, Speed D, Meima ME, Visser WE, Smit JWA, Peeters RP, Medici M. The Effects of Common Genetic Variation in 96 Genes Involved in Thyroid Hormone Regulation on TSH and FT4 Concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2276-e2283. [PMID: 35262175 PMCID: PMC9315164 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While most of the variation in thyroid function is determined by genetic factors, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified via genome-wide association analyses have only explained ~5% to 9% of this variance so far. Most SNPs were in or nearby genes with no known role in thyroid hormone (TH) regulation. Therefore, we performed a large-scale candidate gene study investigating the effect of common genetic variation in established TH regulating genes on serum thyrotropin [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)] and thyroxine (FT4) concentrations. METHODS SNPs in or within 10 kb of 96 TH regulating genes were included (30 031 TSH SNPs, and 29 962 FT4 SNPs). Associations were studied in 54 288 individuals from the ThyroidOmics Consortium. Linkage disequilibrium-based clumping was used to identify independently associated SNPs. SNP-based explained variances were calculated using SumHer software. RESULTS We identified 23 novel TSH-associated SNPs in predominantly hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis genes and 25 novel FT4-associated SNPs in mainly peripheral metabolism and transport genes. Genome-wide SNP variation explained ~21% (SD 1.7) of the total variation in both TSH and FT4 concentrations, whereas SNPs in the 96 TH regulating genes explained 1.9% to 2.6% (SD 0.4). CONCLUSION Here we report the largest candidate gene analysis on thyroid function, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of genetic variants determining TSH and FT4 concentrations. Interestingly, these candidate gene SNPs explain only a minor part of the variation in TSH and FT4 concentrations, which substantiates the need for large genetic studies including common and rare variants to unravel novel, yet unknown, pathways in TH regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie B T M Sterenborg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Doug Speed
- Department of Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Medici
- Correspondence: Marco Medici, MD, PhD, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Scoville DW, Jetten AM. GLIS3: A Critical Transcription Factor in Islet β-Cell Generation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123471. [PMID: 34943978 PMCID: PMC8700524 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of pancreatic islet biology has greatly increased over the past few decades based in part on an increased understanding of the transcription factors that guide this process. One such transcription factor that has been increasingly tied to both β-cell development and the development of diabetes in humans is GLIS3. Genetic deletion of GLIS3 in mice and humans induces neonatal diabetes, while single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GLIS3 have been associated with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. As a significant progress has been made in understanding some of GLIS3’s roles in pancreas development and diabetes, we sought to compare current knowledge on GLIS3 within the pancreas to that of other islet enriched transcription factors. While GLIS3 appears to regulate similar genes and pathways to other transcription factors, its unique roles in β-cell development and maturation make it a key target for future studies and therapy.
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Shi D, Motamed M, Mejía-Benítez A, Li L, Lin E, Budhram D, Kaur Y, Meyre D. Genetic syndromes with diabetes: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13303. [PMID: 34268868 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous reviews and clinical guidelines have identified 10-20 genetic syndromes associated with diabetes, but no systematic review has been conducted to date. We provide the first comprehensive catalog for syndromes with diabetes mellitus. We conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, PubMed, OMIM, and Orphanet databases for case reports, case series, and observational studies published between 1946 and January 15, 2020, that described diabetes mellitus in adults and children with monogenic or chromosomal syndromes. Our literature search identified 7,122 studies, of which 160 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Our analysis of these studies found 69 distinct diabetes syndromes. Thirty (43.5%) syndromes included diabetes mellitus as a cardinal clinical feature, and 56 (81.2%) were fully genetically elucidated. Sixty-three syndromes (91.3%) were described more than once in independent case reports, of which 59 (93.7%) demonstrated clinical heterogeneity. Syndromes associated with diabetes mellitus are more numerous and diverse than previously anticipated. While knowledge of the syndromes is limited by their low prevalence, future reviews will be needed as more cases are identified. The genetic etiologies of these syndromes are well elucidated and provide potential avenues for future gene identification efforts, aid in diagnosis and management, gene therapy research, and developing personalized medicine treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehras Motamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aurora Mejía-Benítez
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leon Li
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ethan Lin
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dalton Budhram
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuvreet Kaur
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Nutrition, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France.,Faculty of Medicine of Nancy INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
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8
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London S, De Franco E, Elias-Assad G, Barhoum MN, Felszer C, Paniakov M, Weiner SA, Tenenbaum-Rakover Y. Case Report: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus Caused by a Novel GLIS3 Mutation in Twins. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:673755. [PMID: 34093443 PMCID: PMC8169976 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.673755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in GLIS3 cause a rare syndrome characterized by neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), congenital hypothyroidism, congenital glaucoma and cystic kidneys. To date, 14 mutations in GLIS3 have been reported, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. GLIS3 is a key transcription factor involved in β-cell development, insulin expression, and development of the thyroid, eyes, liver and kidneys. Cases We describe non-identical twins born to consanguineous parents presenting with NDM, congenital hypothyroidism, congenital glaucoma, hepatic cholestasis, cystic kidney and delayed psychomotor development. Sequence analysis of GLIS3 identified a novel homozygous nonsense mutation, c.2392C>T, p.Gln798Ter (p.Q798*), which results in an early stop codon. The diabetes was treated with a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump and continuous glucose monitoring. Fluctuating blood glucose and intermittent hypoglycemia were observed on follow-up. Conclusions This report highlights the importance of early molecular diagnosis for appropriate management of NDM. We describe a novel nonsense mutation of GLIS3 causing NDM, extend the phenotype, and discuss the challenges in clinical management. Our findings provide new areas for further investigation into the roles of GLIS3 in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira London
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ghadir Elias-Assad
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marie Noufi Barhoum
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Clalit Health Services, Children Health Center, Naharia, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Zeffat, Israel
| | - Clari Felszer
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Marina Paniakov
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Scott A. Weiner
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Yardena Tenenbaum-Rakover
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Zhang RJ, Zhang JX, Du WH, Sun F, Fang Y, Zhang CX, Wang Z, Wu FY, Han B, Liu W, Zhao SX, Liang J, Song HD. Molecular and clinical genetics of the transcription factor GLIS3 in Chinese congenital hypothyroidism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111223. [PMID: 33667596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor GLIS3 is an important factor in hormone biosynthesis and thyroid development, and mutations in GLIS3 are relatively rare. Deletions of more than one of the 11 exons of GLIS3 occur in most patients with various extrathyroidal abnormalities and congenital hypothyroidism (CH), and only 18 missense variants of GLIS3 related to thyroid disease have been reported. The aim of this study was to report the family history and molecular basis of patients with CH who carry GLIS3 variants. Three hundred and fifty-three non-consanguineous infants with CH were recruited and subjected to targeted exome sequencing of CH-related genes. The transcriptional activity and cellular localization of the variants in GLIS3 were investigated in vitro. We identified 20 heterozygous GLIS3 exonic missense variants, including eight novel sites, in 19 patients with CH. One patient carried compound heterozygous GLIS3 variants (p.His34Arg and p.Pro835Leu). None of the variants affected the nuclear localization. However, three variants (p.His34Arg, p.Pro835Leu, and p.Ser893Phe) located in the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of the GLIS3 protein downregulated the transcriptional activation of several genes required for thyroid hormone (TH) biosynthesis. This study of patients with CH extends the current knowledge surrounding the spectrum of GLIS3 variants and the mechanisms by which they cause TH biosynthesis defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jia Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun-Xiu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Maternal and Child Health Institute of Bozhou, Bozhou, 236800, China
| | - Wen-Hua Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, 276000, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ya Fang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Cao-Xu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Feng-Yao Wu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shuang-Xia Zhao
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Xuzhou Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221109, China
| | - Huai-Dong Song
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Sanchez Caballero L, Gorgogietas V, Arroyo MN, Igoillo-Esteve M. Molecular mechanisms of β-cell dysfunction and death in monogenic forms of diabetes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 359:139-256. [PMID: 33832649 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monogenetic forms of diabetes represent 1%-5% of all diabetes cases and are caused by mutations in a single gene. These mutations, that affect genes involved in pancreatic β-cell development, function and survival, or insulin regulation, may be dominant or recessive, inherited or de novo. Most patients with monogenic diabetes are very commonly misdiagnosed as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The severity of their symptoms depends on the nature of the mutation, the function of the affected gene and, in some cases, the influence of additional genetic or environmental factors that modulate severity and penetrance. In some patients, diabetes is accompanied by other syndromic features such as deafness, blindness, microcephaly, liver and intestinal defects, among others. The age of diabetes onset may also vary from neonatal until early adulthood manifestations. Since the different mutations result in diverse clinical presentations, patients usually need different treatments that range from just diet and exercise, to the requirement of exogenous insulin or other hypoglycemic drugs, e.g., sulfonylureas or glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs to control their glycemia. As a consequence, awareness and correct diagnosis are crucial for the proper management and treatment of monogenic diabetes patients. In this chapter, we describe mutations causing different monogenic forms of diabetes associated with inadequate pancreas development or impaired β-cell function and survival, and discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in β-cell demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanchez Caballero
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/
| | - Vyron Gorgogietas
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/
| | - Maria Nicol Arroyo
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/
| | - Mariana Igoillo-Esteve
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/.
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11
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Zhang H, Colclough K, Gloyn AL, Pollin TI. Monogenic diabetes: a gateway to precision medicine in diabetes. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142244. [PMID: 33529164 PMCID: PMC7843214 DOI: 10.1172/jci142244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Monogenic diabetes refers to diabetes mellitus (DM) caused by a mutation in a single gene and accounts for approximately 1%-5% of diabetes. Correct diagnosis is clinically critical for certain types of monogenic diabetes, since the appropriate treatment is determined by the etiology of the disease (e.g., oral sulfonylurea treatment of HNF1A/HNF4A-diabetes vs. insulin injections in type 1 diabetes). However, achieving a correct diagnosis requires genetic testing, and the overlapping of the clinical features of monogenic diabetes with those of type 1 and type 2 diabetes has frequently led to misdiagnosis. Improvements in sequencing technology are increasing opportunities to diagnose monogenic diabetes, but challenges remain. In this Review, we describe the types of monogenic diabetes, including common and uncommon types of maturity-onset diabetes of the young, multiple causes of neonatal DM, and syndromic diabetes such as Wolfram syndrome and lipodystrophy. We also review methods of prioritizing patients undergoing genetic testing, and highlight existing challenges facing sequence data interpretation that can be addressed by forming collaborations of expertise and by pooling cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichen Zhang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Colclough
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, and,Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Toni I. Pollin
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Splittstoesser V, Vollbach H, Plamper M, Garbe W, De Franco E, Houghton JAL, Dueker G, Ganschow R, Gohlke B, Schreiner F. Case Report: Extended Clinical Spectrum of the Neonatal Diabetes With Congenital Hypothyroidism Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:665336. [PMID: 33935973 PMCID: PMC8087289 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.665336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal diabetes with congenital hypothyroidism (NDH) syndrome is a rare condition caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the GLI-similar 3 coding gene GLIS3. Almost 20 patients have been reported to date, with significant phenotypic variability. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a boy with a homozygous deletion (exons 5-9) in the GLIS3 gene, who presents novel clinical aspects not reported previously. In addition to neonatal diabetes, congenital hypothyroidism and other known multi-organ manifestations such as cholestasis and renal cysts, he suffered from hyporegenerative anemia during the first four months of life and presents megalocornea in the absence of elevated intraocular pressure. Compensation of partial exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and deficiencies in antioxidative vitamins seemed to have exerted marked beneficial impact on several disease symptoms including cholestasis and TSH resistance, although a causal relation is difficult to prove. Considering reports on persistent fetal hemoglobin detected in a few children with GLIS3 mutations, the transient anemia seen in our patient may represent a further symptom associated with either the GLIS3 defect itself or, secondarily, micronutrient deficiency related to exocrine pancreatic deficiency or cholestasis. CONCLUSIONS Our report expands the phenotypic spectrum of patients with GLIS3 mutations and adds important information on the clinical course, highlighting the possible beneficial effects of pancreatic enzyme and antioxidative vitamin substitutions on characteristic NDH syndrome manifestations such as TSH resistance and cholestasis. We recommend to carefully screen infants with GLIS3 mutations for subtle biochemical signs of partial exocrine pancreatic deficiency or to discuss exploratory administration of pancreatic enzymes and antioxidative vitamins, even in case of good weight gain and fecal elastase concentrations in the low-to-normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Splittstoesser
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Vollbach
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michaela Plamper
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Werner Garbe
- Department of Neonatology, St. Marien-Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gesche Dueker
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Ganschow
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Gohlke
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Schreiner
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Felix Schreiner,
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13
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Scoville DW, Kang HS, Jetten AM. Transcription factor GLIS3: Critical roles in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, hypothyroidism, pancreatic beta cells and diabetes. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107632. [PMID: 32693112 PMCID: PMC7606550 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GLI-Similar 3 (GLIS3) is a member of the GLIS subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors that functions as an activator or repressor of gene expression. Study of GLIS3-deficiency in mice and humans revealed that GLIS3 plays a critical role in the regulation of several biological processes and is implicated in the development of various diseases, including hypothyroidism and diabetes. This was supported by genome-wide association studies that identified significant associations of common variants in GLIS3 with increased risk of these pathologies. To obtain insights into the causal mechanisms underlying these diseases, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms by which this protein regulates the development of these pathologies. Recent studies of genes regulated by GLIS3 led to the identification of a number of target genes and have provided important molecular insights by which GLIS3 controls cellular processes. These studies revealed that GLIS3 is essential for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and identified a critical function for GLIS3 in the generation of pancreatic β cells and insulin gene transcription. These observations raised the possibility that the GLIS3 signaling pathway might provide a potential therapeutic target in the management of diabetes, hypothyroidism, and other diseases. To develop such strategies, it will be critical to understand the upstream signaling pathways that regulate the activity, expression and function of GLIS3. Here, we review the recent progress on the molecular mechanisms by which GLIS3 controls key functions in thyroid follicular and pancreatic β cells and how this causally relates to the development of hypothyroidism and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Scoville
- Cell Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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14
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Schneeberger PE, Kortüm F, Korenke GC, Alawi M, Santer R, Woidy M, Buhas D, Fox S, Juusola J, Alfadhel M, Webb BD, Coci EG, Abou Jamra R, Siekmeyer M, Biskup S, Heller C, Maier EM, Javaher-Haghighi P, Bedeschi MF, Ajmone PF, Iascone M, Peeters H, Ballon K, Jaeken J, Rodríguez Alonso A, Palomares-Bralo M, Santos-Simarro F, Meuwissen MEC, Beysen D, Kooy RF, Houlden H, Murphy D, Doosti M, Karimiani EG, Mojarrad M, Maroofian R, Noskova L, Kmoch S, Honzik T, Cope H, Sanchez-Valle A, Gelb BD, Kurth I, Hempel M, Kutsche K. Biallelic MADD variants cause a phenotypic spectrum ranging from developmental delay to a multisystem disorder. Brain 2020; 143:2437-2453. [PMID: 32761064 PMCID: PMC7447524 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In pleiotropic diseases, multiple organ systems are affected causing a variety of clinical manifestations. Here, we report a pleiotropic disorder with a unique constellation of neurological, endocrine, exocrine, and haematological findings that is caused by biallelic MADD variants. MADD, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activating death domain protein, regulates various cellular functions, such as vesicle trafficking, activity of the Rab3 and Rab27 small GTPases, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced signalling and prevention of cell death. Through national collaboration and GeneMatcher, we collected 23 patients with 21 different pathogenic MADD variants identified by next-generation sequencing. We clinically evaluated the series of patients and categorized the phenotypes in two groups. Group 1 consists of 14 patients with severe developmental delay, endo- and exocrine dysfunction, impairment of the sensory and autonomic nervous system, and haematological anomalies. The clinical course during the first years of life can be potentially fatal. The nine patients in Group 2 have a predominant neurological phenotype comprising mild-to-severe developmental delay, hypotonia, speech impairment, and seizures. Analysis of mRNA revealed multiple aberrant MADD transcripts in two patient-derived fibroblast cell lines. Relative quantification of MADD mRNA and protein in fibroblasts of five affected individuals showed a drastic reduction or loss of MADD. We conducted functional tests to determine the impact of the variants on different pathways. Treatment of patient-derived fibroblasts with TNF-α resulted in reduced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, enhanced activation of the pro-apoptotic enzymes caspase-3 and -7 and increased apoptosis compared to control cells. We analysed internalization of epidermal growth factor in patient cells and identified a defect in endocytosis of epidermal growth factor. We conclude that MADD deficiency underlies multiple cellular defects that can be attributed to alterations of TNF-α-dependent signalling pathways and defects in vesicular trafficking. Our data highlight the multifaceted role of MADD as a signalling molecule in different organs and reveal its physiological role in regulating the function of the sensory and autonomic nervous system and endo- and exocrine glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline E Schneeberger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fanny Kortüm
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg Christoph Korenke
- Klinik für Neuropädiatrie und angeborene Stoffwechselerkrankungen, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - René Santer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Woidy
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Buhas
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Human Genetics Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephanie Fox
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Human Genetics Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bryn D Webb
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Emanuele G Coci
- Department for Neuropediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Prignitz Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Siekmeyer
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig - AöR, University of Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corina Heller
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Esther M Maier
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Maria F Bedeschi
- Medical Genetic Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola F Ajmone
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katleen Ballon
- Centre for Developmental Disabilities, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aroa Rodríguez Alonso
- Unidad de Patología Compleja, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Palomares-Bralo
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Simarro
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Diane Beysen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | | | - Ehsan G Karimiani
- Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University, London, UK
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Genetic Center of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Lenka Noskova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Heidi Cope
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amarilis Sanchez-Valle
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Fu C, Luo S, Zhang Y, Fan X, D'Gama AM, Zhang X, Zheng H, Su J, Li C, Luo J, Agrawal PB, Li Q, Chen S. Chromosomal microarray and whole exome sequencing identify genetic causes of congenital hypothyroidism with extra-thyroidal congenital malformations. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 489:103-108. [PMID: 30508507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder. Although most patients present with isolated CH, some patients present with CH and extra-thyroidal congenital malformations (ECMs), for which less is known about the underlying genetics. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic mechanisms in patients with CH and ECMs using chromosomal microarray (CMA) and whole exome sequencing (WES). METHODS Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from 16 patients with CH and ECMs. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. CMA and WES were performed to detect copy number and single nucleotide variants. RESULTS CMA identified clinically significant copy number variants in 7 patients consistent with their phenotypes. For 6 of them, the genotype and phenotype suggested a syndromic diagnosis, and the remaining patient carried a pathogenic microdeletion and microduplication including GLIS3. WES analysis identified 9 different variants in 7 additional patients. The variants included 2 known mutations (c.1096C>T (p.Arg366Trp) in KCNQ1 and c.848C>A (p.Pro283Gln) in NKX2-5) and 7 novel variants: one nonsense mutation (c.4330C>T (p.Arg1444*) in ASXL3), one frameshift mutation (c.1253_1259delACTCTGG (p.Asp418fs) in TG), three missense variants (c.1472C>T (p.Thr491Ile) in TG, c.4604A>G (p.Asp1535Gly) in TG, and c.2139G>T (p.Glu713Asp) in DUOX2, and two splice site variants (c.944-1G>C and c.3693 + 1G>T) in DUOX2. CONCLUSIONS We report the first genetic study of CH patients with ECMs using CMA and WES. Overall, our detection rate for pathogenic and possibly pathogenic variants was 87.5% (14/16). We report 7 novel variants, expanding the mutational spectrum of TG, DUOX2, and ASXL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyun Fu
- Medical Science Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China; Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China
| | - Alissa M D'Gama
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Zheng
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasun Su
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsi Luo
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Qifei Li
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Shaoke Chen
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530003, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Jetten AM. GLIS1-3 transcription factors: critical roles in the regulation of multiple physiological processes and diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3473-3494. [PMID: 29779043 PMCID: PMC6123274 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins form one of the largest families of transcription factors. They function as key regulators of embryonic development and a wide range of other physiological processes, and are implicated in a variety of pathologies. GLI-similar 1-3 (GLIS1-3) constitute a subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins that act either as activators or repressors of gene transcription. GLIS3 plays a critical role in the regulation of multiple biological processes and is a key regulator of pancreatic β cell generation and maturation, insulin gene expression, thyroid hormone biosynthesis, spermatogenesis, and the maintenance of normal kidney functions. Loss of GLIS3 function in humans and mice leads to the development of several pathologies, including neonatal diabetes and congenital hypothyroidism, polycystic kidney disease, and infertility. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in GLIS3 genes have been associated with increased risk of several diseases, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, glaucoma, and neurological disorders. GLIS2 plays a critical role in the kidney and GLIS2 dysfunction leads to nephronophthisis, an end-stage, cystic renal disease. In addition, GLIS1-3 have regulatory functions in several stem/progenitor cell populations. GLIS1 and GLIS3 greatly enhance reprogramming efficiency of somatic cells into induced embryonic stem cells, while GLIS2 inhibits reprogramming. Recent studies have obtained substantial mechanistic insights into several physiological processes regulated by GLIS2 and GLIS3, while a little is still known about the physiological functions of GLIS1. The localization of some GLIS proteins to the primary cilium suggests that their activity may be regulated by a downstream primary cilium-associated signaling pathway. Insights into the upstream GLIS signaling pathway may provide opportunities for the development of new therapeutic strategies for diabetes, hypothyroidism, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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17
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Fu C, Luo S, Long X, Li Y, She S, Hu X, Mo M, Wang Z, Chen Y, He C, Su J, Zhang Y, Lin F, Xie B, Li Q, Chen S. Mutation screening of the GLIS3 gene in a cohort of 592 Chinese patients with congenital hypothyroidism. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 476:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Cherella CE, Wassner AJ. Congenital hypothyroidism: insights into pathogenesis and treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2017; 2017:11. [PMID: 29026407 PMCID: PMC5625825 DOI: 10.1186/s13633-017-0051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in approximately 1 in 2000 newborns and can have devastating neurodevelopmental consequences if not detected and treated promptly. While newborn screening has virtually eradicated intellectual disability due to severe congenital hypothyroidism in the developed world, more stringent screening strategies have resulted in increased detection of mild congenital hypothyroidism. Recent studies provide conflicting evidence about the potential neurodevelopmental risks posed by mild congenital hypothyroidism, highlighting the need for additional research to further define what risks these patients face and whether they are likely to benefit from treatment. Moreover, while the apparent incidence of congenital hypothyroidism has increased in recent decades, the underlying cause remains obscure in most cases. However, ongoing research into genetic causes of congenital hypothyroidism continues to shed new light on the development and physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. The identification of IGSF1 as a cause of central congenital hypothyroidism has uncovered potential new regulatory pathways in both pituitary thyrotropes and gonadotropes, while mounting evidence suggests that a significant proportion of primary congenital hypothyroidism may be caused by combinations of rare genetic variants in multiple genes involved in thyroid development and function. Much remains to be learned about the origins of this common disorder and about the optimal management of less severely-affected infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Cherella
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ari J Wassner
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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19
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Scoville DW, Kang HS, Jetten AM. GLIS1-3: emerging roles in reprogramming, stem and progenitor cell differentiation and maintenance. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:80. [PMID: 29057252 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided evidence for a regulatory role of GLI-similar (GLIS) transcription factors in reprogramming, maintenance and differentiation of several stem and progenitor cell populations. GLIS1, in conjunction with several other reprogramming factors, was shown to markedly increase the efficiency of generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from somatic cells. GLIS2 has been reported to contribute to the maintenance of the pluripotent state in hPSCs. In addition, GLIS2 has a function in regulating self-renewal of hematopoietic progenitors and megakaryocytic differentiation. GLIS3 plays a critical role during the development of several tissues. GLIS3 is able to promote reprogramming of human fibroblasts into retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. Moreover, GLIS3 is essential for spermatogonial stem cell renewal and spermatogonial progenitor cell differentiation. During pancreas development, GLIS3 protein is first detectable in bipotent pancreatic progenitors and pro-endocrine progenitors and plays a critical role in the generation of pancreatic beta cells. Here, we review the current status of the roles of GLIS proteins in the maintenance and differentiation of these different stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Scoville
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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