First year experiences with a palliative out-patients structure for patients with COPD: a qualitative study of health professionals' expectations and experiences

Specialist Palliative Care Referral Practices Among Oncologists, Cardiologists, Respirologists: A Comparison of National Survey Studies

CONTEXT

Although patients with nonmalignant diseases have palliative care needs similar to those of cancer patients, they are less likely to receive specialist palliative care (SPC). Referral practices of oncologists, cardiologists, and respirologists could provide insight into reasons for this difference.

OBJECTIVES

We compared referral practices to SPC among cardiologists, respirologists, and oncologists, discerned from surveys (the Canadian Palliative Cardiology/Respirology/Oncology Surveys).

METHODS

Descriptive comparison of survey studies; multivariable linear regression analysis of association between specialty and referral frequency. Surveys for each specialty were disseminated to physicians across Canada in 2010 (oncologists) and 2018 (cardiologists, respirologists).

RESULTS

The combined response rate of the surveys was 60.9% (1568/2574): 603 oncologists, 534 cardiologists, and 431 respirologists. Perceived availability of SPC services was higher for cancer than for noncancer patients. Oncologists were more likely to make a referral to SPC for a symptomatic patient with a prognosis of

CONCLUSION

For cardiologists and respirologists in 2018, perceived availability of SPC services was poorer, timing of referral later, and frequency of referral lower than among oncologists in 2010. Further research is needed to identify reasons for differences in referral practices and to develop interventions to overcome them.

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Key Words

• Palliative care
• cancer
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• health care disparity
• heart failure
• referral

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MESH Headings

• Humans
• Palliative Care
• Cardiologists
• Attitude of Health Personnel
• Practice Patterns, Physicians'
• Canada
• Neoplasms/therapy
• Referral and Consultation
• Oncologists

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Affiliation(s)

Michael Bonares Division of Palliative Medicine (M.B.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Palliative Medicine (M.B., C.Z.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Lisa W Le Department of Biostatistics (L.W.L.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Camilla Zimmermann Division of Palliative Medicine (M.B., C.Z.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Supportive Care (C.Z., K.W.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Kristen Wentlandt Department of Supportive Care (C.Z., K.W.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Palliative Care (K.W.), Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Development of a systematic multidisciplinary clinical and teaching model for the palliative approaches in patients with severe lung failure

Palliative medicine has traditionally focused on people affected by cancer with rapidly advancing disease progression. However, as more people live longer time with serious illnesses, including lung diseases, the need of palliative care for these patients if also increasing. There is a lack of research and clinical knowledge about what palliative care is for people affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease. The aim of this paper is to describe the development process of an easy to use and clinically relevant model for the palliative care approach in people affected by severe illnesses. The developed model consists of four components, which originated the title” 4,2,4,2 model”. Each number has a specific meaning: the first 4 = the four disease trajectories that patients may experience; 2 = the two forms of knowledge, objective, and intuitive that must be achieved by the health professionals to gain an understanding of the situation; 4 = the four dimensions of suffering physically, mentally, socially and existentially/spiritually; and 2 = the two roles that health-care professionals must be able to take in when treating patients with serious illnesses. The 4-2-4-2 model proposes an easy-to-use and clinically relevant model for palliative approach and integration of PC and pulmonary medicine. Another important purpose of this model is to provide HPs with different educational backgrounds and from different medical fields with a ‘golden standard approach’ to enhance the focus of the palliative approach in both the clinic and teaching. The effect and consequences of the use of the 4-2-4-2 model should be explored in future clinical trials. Furthermore, it should be investigated whether teaching the model creates a change in clinical approach to patients with serious illnesses as well as whether these changes are long-lasting.

Implementation of an integrated respiratory palliative care service for patients with advanced lung disease

Objectives This study describes the model of care provided by an integrated respiratory and palliative care service for patients with advanced lung disease, and assesses the potential impact of the service on acute hospital utilisation and cost. Methods This study implemented an integrated specialist care service at a single tertiary teaching hospital in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The service provided disease-orientated care, alongside symptom management and advance care planning, and comprised both outpatient clinic (OPC) and home visit (HV) capacity for those with barriers to accessing OPC. Acute hospital utilisation and hospital cost were analysed with a paired t -test 90 days before/after the first physician review. Results Between April 2017 and 2019, 51 patients received 59 HVs, whereas between July 2018 and 2020, 58 patients received 206 OPC reviews. Acute hospital admissions decreased by 51% in the HV cohort (P  < 0.05) and by 46% in the OPC cohort (P  = 0.01); total bed days of acute admissions decreased by 29% in the HV cohort (P  = n.s.), and by 60% in the OPC cohort (P  < 0.05); and specialist outpatient clinic attendances decreased in the OPC cohort by 55% (P  < 0.01). There was a decrease in hospital cost for the HV cohort by 3% (cost savings of A$18 579), and in the OPC cohort by 23% (cost savings of A$109 149). Conclusions This model of care provided specialist respiratory management with seamless integration of palliative care, with the capacity for home visits. There was a decrease in acute hospital utilisation and overall cost savings observed in both HV and OPC cohorts.

Supportive and palliative care for people with chronic respiratory disease and frailty

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Frailty is a multidimensional syndrome associated with increased risk of poor outcomes. It is estimated that at least one in five people with chronic respiratory disease is also living with frailty. In this review, we consider recent advances in how frailty can be recognized, and its associated impact on people with chronic respiratory disease. We then discuss advances in supportive and palliative care for those with both chronic respiratory disease and frailty.

RECENT FINDINGS

The interconnectedness of chronic respiratory disease and frailty is being better understood. An increasing number of factors associated with frailty in respiratory disease have been identified, from increased symptom burden (e.g. breathlessness, fatigue) to increased exacerbations and higher mortality. These contribute to accumulating multidimensional losses in reserve, and unpredictable health. Recent advances in respiratory research, while not always with people with frailty, may inform supportive and palliative care to address frailty in chronic respiratory disease. These include rehabilitation interventions to strengthen reserves, advance care planning interventions to help manage unpredictable trajectories, and integrated models of care (e.g. incorporating respiratory, geriatric, and palliative care) to address multidimensional needs.

SUMMARY

Recent evidence supporting the role of rehabilitation, advance care planning, and early palliative care, may be of benefit to people living with chronic respiratory disease and frailty. Models showing integration across multiple specialities and professionals may have the most potential to meet the multidimensional needs of this group. Future research should develop and test models of care that address frailty and/or explore the role of frailty in triggering integrated multidisciplinary input.

Effectiveness and implementation of palliative care interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Although guidelines recommend palliative care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, there is little evidence for the effectiveness of palliative care interventions for this patient group specifically.

AIM

To describe the characteristics of palliative care interventions for patients with COPD and their informal caregivers and review the available evidence on effectiveness and implementation outcomes.

DESIGN

Systematic review and narrative synthesis (PROSPERO CRD42017079962).

DATA SOURCES

Seven databases were searched for articles reporting on multi-component palliative care interventions for study populations containing ⩾30% patients with COPD. Quantitative as well as qualitative and mixed-method studies were included. Intervention characteristics, effect outcomes, implementation outcomes and barriers and facilitators for successful implementation were extracted and synthesized qualitatively.

RESULTS

Thirty-one articles reporting on twenty unique interventions were included. Only four interventions (20%) were evaluated in an adequately powered controlled trial. Most interventions comprised of longitudinal palliative care, including care coordination and comprehensive needs assessments. Results on effectiveness were mixed and inconclusive. The feasibility level varied and was context-dependent. Acceptability of the interventions was high; having someone to call for support and education about breathlessness were most valued characteristics. Most frequently named barriers were uncertainty about the timing of referral due to the unpredictable disease trajectory (referrers), time availability (providers) and accessibility (patients).

CONCLUSION

Little high-quality evidence is yet available on the effectiveness and implementation of palliative care interventions for patients with COPD. There is a need for well-conducted effectiveness studies and adequate process evaluations using standardized methodologies to create higher-level evidence and inform successful implementation.

Characteristics and health related quality of life in a population with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

It is important to understand the total burden of COPD and thereby be able to identify patients who need more intensive palliative care to avoid deteriorated quality of life. The aim of this study was to describe the psychosocial and demographic characteristics of a population with advanced COPD in a stable phase of the disease.

METHODS

This study was cross-sectional based on a prospective observational cohort. The following questionnaires were administered: Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ), The COPD Assessment Test (CAT), The Hospital and Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), The Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale (MRC), and self-rate general health.

RESULTS

We included 242 patients with advanced COPD from a Danish pulmonary outpatient clinic. Their mean FEV1 was 38% (±12.7) and 19% were treated with long term oxygen. The mean CRQ domain score was CRQ-dyspnea 4.21 (±1.4), CRQ-Mastery 4.88 (±1.3), CRQ-Emotional 4.81 (±1.2), CRQ-Fatigue 3.93 (±1.3). The mean CAT-score was 18.4 (± 6.7), and 44% had a CAT score > 20. The mean score on the subscale for anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D) was 5.07 (±3.9) and 5.77 (±3.9), respectively. Thirty percent self-rated their health as bad or very bad and 19.8% were current smokers.

CONCLUSIONS

This study describes the characteristics of a population with advanced COPD in a stable phase of their disease. Our results illustrate how the population although treated in an outpatient structure already focusing on palliative needs, still live with unmet palliative needs and impaired quality of life.

A Qualitative Study of Pulmonary and Palliative Care Clinician Perspectives on Early Palliative Care in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: Guidelines recommend that pulmonary clinicians involve palliative care in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, integration before advanced stage, that is, early palliative care, is rare. Objective: To explore and compare pulmonary and palliative care clinician perspectives on barriers, facilitators, and potential referral criteria for early palliative care in COPD. Design: Qualitative descriptive formative evaluation study. Setting/Subjects: Pulmonary and palliative care clinicians at a tertiary academic medical center. Measurements: Transcribed interviews were thematically analyzed by specialty to identify within- and across-specialty perspectives on barriers, facilitators, and referral criteria. Results: Twelve clinicians (n = 6 pulmonary, n = 6 palliative care) participated. Clinicians from both specialties agreed that early palliative care could add value to disease-focused COPD care. Perspectives on many barriers and facilitators were shared between specialties along broad educational, clinical, and operational categories. Pulmonary and palliative care clinicians shared concerns about the misconception that palliative care was synonymous to end-of-life care. Pulmonologists were particularly concerned about the potential risks of opioids and benzodiazepines in COPD. Both specialties stressed the need for clearly defined roles, consensus referral criteria, and novel delivery models. Although no single referral criterion was discussed by all, frequent hospitalizations and emotional symptoms were raised by most across disciplines. Multimorbidity and poor prognosis were discussed only by palliative care clinicians, whereas medication adherence was discussed only by pulmonary clinicians. Conclusions: Pulmonary and palliative care clinicians supported early palliative care in COPD. Continued needs include addressing pulmonologists' misconceptions of palliative care, establishing consensus referral criteria, and implementing novel early palliative care models.

Assigned nurses and a professional relationship: a qualitative study of COPD patients' perspective on a new palliative outpatient structure named CAPTAIN

BACKGROUND

Little is known of how to organize non-malign palliative care, and existing knowledge show that patients with COPD live with unmet palliative needs and low quality of life. With the intent to improve palliative care for patients with COPD, we changed the structure of our outpatient clinic from routine visits by a pulmonary specialist to a structure where each patient was assigned a nurse, offered annual advance care planning dialogues, and ad hoc pulmonary specialist visits. The aim of this study was to explore COPD patients' experiences with a new and altered palliative organization.

METHODS

The design was interpretive description as described by Thorne. We conducted ten semi-structured interviews with patients with severe COPD from January 2017 to December 2017.

RESULTS

Patients described how the professional relationship and the availability of their nurse was considered as the most important and positive change. It made the patients feel safe, in control, and subsequently influenced their ability to self-manage their life and prevent being hospitalized. The patients did not emphasize the advanced care planning dialogues as something special or troublesome.

CONCLUSION

We showed that it is relevant and meaningful to establish a structure that supports professional relationships between patient, nurse and physician based on patients needs. The new way of structuring the outpatient care was highly appreciated by COPD patients and made them feel safe which brought confidence in self-management abilities.