Parental bereavement - impact of death of neonates and children under 12 years on personhood of parents: a systematic scoping review

Hospitalization- and death-related financial and employment effects in parents of children with life-limiting conditions: a fixed-effects analysis

The purpose of this study is to investigate out-of-pocket non-medical expenses and employment-related outcomes in families of children with life-limiting conditions, specifically, to quantify the financial and employment implications of two events: a child's hospitalization and death. This cohort study used panel data collected prospectively for a larger study investigating the effectiveness of specialized pediatric palliative care. Participants were recruited by medical professionals between November 2019 and May 2022 at four Swiss children's hospitals. The care follow-up and bereavement follow-up assessments were 330 and 300 days, respectively. We measured out-of-pocket non-medical expenses, individual full-time equivalent units, and personal income, as well as sick leave and vacation days taken. Analyses included descriptive statistics and two-way linear fixed-effects regressions. The analysis included 110 parents (mothers n = 59, fathers n = 51) of 61 children. Children were hospitalized for a median of 7 days (interquartile range 0-21, range 0-227). The fixed-effects models found a positive association between hospitalization, i.e., length of stay, and travel and accommodation expenses (coefficient 4.18, 95% confidence interval 2.20-6.16). On average, for each week of hospitalization, parents spent an additional 29 Swiss francs on travel and accommodation. During the 300-day bereavement follow-up, six (26%) of 23 parents increased their work commitments, while one reported a decrease.

CONCLUSIONS

Families incur higher travel and accommodation expenses during hospitalization than during non-hospitalized periods. Instrumental support, e.g., parking vouchers, can help families minimize these costs. Future studies should investigate whether early return to work during bereavement is driven by economic considerations or a desire for distraction.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

Data analyzed in this study were collected as part of a clinical trial, registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, No. NCT04236180, 15 March 2019 What Is Known: • Families of children with life-limiting conditions are at risk of substantial financial burden from high out-of-pocket medical expenses. • It is also known that parents often have to incur out-of-pocket non-medical expenses and reduce their work commitments. Little is known about the economic consequences of losing a child to a life-limiting condition.

WHAT IS NEW

• We provide new longitudinal evidence on the hospitalization- and death-related financial and employment implications for families of children with life-limiting conditions. • Child hospitalizations add to families' financial burden through increased travel and accommodation expenses. Work commitments rose during early bereavement.

Developing a storybook package for bereaved siblings: a pilot study of the effectiveness for enhancing the perceived knowledge and confidence of health and social care professionals in Hong Kong

A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine the effectiveness of a storybook package for enhancing the perceived knowledge and confidence of health and social care professionals in working with bereaved child siblings and their parents before and after the loss. Open-ended questions were asked to collect feedback, and thematic analyses were conducted to generate the themes. Quantitative findings provided preliminary but not strong evidence of its effectiveness, but qualitative findings showed that participants perceived their knowledge about supporting bereaved siblings and their parents was enhanced and considered the storybook package a useful tool for facilitating their practice. Participants also reflected on how real and specific the stories in the storybook should be. This study is the first step in developing an evidence-based practice tool for health and social care professionals. Future studies are required to further examine its effectiveness for practice.

Hurricane-Force Grief: A Mirror of Fathers' Love

A child's death is a traumatic experience that profoundly impacts parents' psychological, physical, and social wellbeing. The literature describes gender differences in grief response associated with child loss, yet less is known about fathers' grief in comparison that of mothers due to fathers' underrepresentation in bereavement research. There is a need for scholarly exploration to advance understanding of fathers' grief. This article presents selected findings on fathers' grief responses that emerged from a larger qualitative study, which aimed to describe fathers' lived experience of bereavement after a child's death. Profound grief emerged as one essential theme of fathers' bereavement experience. Participants described the meaning of their grief, their multidimensional grief responses, their grief triggers, and their grief intensity. Findings deepen understanding of fathers' grief associated with child loss and advance the body of parental bereavement literature.

Palliative Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: An Evolutionary Concept Analysis of Uncertainty in Anticipated Loss

BACKGROUND

Although the concepts of uncertainty and anticipated loss have been explored in a variety of contexts, advances in genetic testing and life-sustaining technology rendered changes in the care of medically complex infants. The separate concepts no longer have the descriptive power to clarify new phenomena endured by parents in the changing neonatal landscape. A current concept analysis examining uncertainty in anticipated loss is necessary to generate knowledge concurrently with deviations observed in the neonatal intensive care unit.

PURPOSE

To explore the concept of uncertainty in anticipated loss among parents of infants with genetic disorders.

METHODS

Following Rodgers' method of concept analysis, the concept was named, surrogate terms, antecedents, attributes, and consequences were identified from the literature, and a model case was constructed. The databases CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycINFO were used to conduct the literature search.

RESULTS

Fifteen articles provided the data for this analysis. Uncertainty in anticipated loss is a complex, nonlinear, and multifaceted experience anteceded by an ultimately terminal diagnosis, an ambiguous prognosis, and a lack of clear knowledge to guide treatment. Its attributes include a loss of control, assumptive world remodeling, role/identity confusion, and prolonged emotional complexity that consequently leads to a cyclical pattern of positive and negative outcomes.

IMPLICATIONS

This newly defined concept empowers neonatal nurses to provide care that includes a holistic understanding of the experience of uncertainty in anticipated loss . Nurses are ideally positioned and have the responsibility to utilize this concept to become better advocates for infants and facilitators of parental wellness.

A Review of Parental Bereavement Interventions: Implications for Clinical Practice, Research, and Policy

The untimely death of a child is an incredibly traumatic experience for parents and their loved ones. It uproots every aspect of their life, leading the bereaved parents to be far more likely to have poorer physical and mental health outcomes. This traumatic form of bereavement should have comprehensive grief-focused, high-quality interventions available for parents and extended family members. The purpose of this rapid review was to explore and describe the bereavement interventions available for parents and family that have been published within the past 5 years. Records identified 123 full-text articles that were reviewed, and 14 of those were included for data extraction and synthesis, using Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group with the addition of keyword searches. The 14 articles were analyzed by evaluating description of bereaved parents, accessibility of interventions, who delivered interventions, and the type and delivery time of interventions. Four types of interventions were identified, including Web-based, community-based, hospital-based, and psychotherapy interventions. This rapid review has implications for clinical practice, research, and health care policy that can increase the availability of support and quality of interventions for bereaved parents and family members.

A Systematic Scoping Review on Dignity Assessment Tools

CONTEXT

The provision of person-centered dignity-conserving care is central to palliative care. It is important to reevaluate current methods of assessing dignity as the concept of dignity is multifaceted.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to understand the tools which are used to assess a patient's dignity and the elements of dignity evaluated in these tools.

METHODS

Two independent and concurrent Systematic Evidence-Based Approach guided systematic scoping reviews (SSR in SEBA) on existing dignity assessment tools and on accounts of assessments of dignity were carried out. The SSR in SEBA on dignity assessment tools involving PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and CINAHL databases saw 22 full-text articles included from the 645 articles reviewed. The SSR in SEBA on accounts of assessments of dignity featured in the PubMed database identified 102 full-text articles which saw 46 articles included.

RESULTS

The domains identified were factors affecting patients' definition of dignity; elements of dignity-conserving care; and components of effective tools.

CONCLUSION

Current accounts to assess dignity and assessment tools fail to capture shifting self-concepts of dignity holistically. A portfolio-like appraisal of dignity is proposed to achieve assessments that are timely, longitudinal, and patient-specific. Portfolio-based assessments by members of the multidisciplinary team will better direct timely evaluations of relevant aspects of changing concepts of dignity, without losing the patient's holistic perception of dignity.

The self-help app My Grief: Bereaved parents' experiences of helpfulness, satisfaction and usability

Mobile health (mHealth) apps have been shown to be useful to monitor and reduce mental health problems across a variety of stress-related and affective disorders, yet research on the value of apps for prolonged grief is scarce. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to elucidate bereaved parents' experiences of using the self-help app My Grief with a focus on helpfulness, satisfaction, and usability. Data were derived from closed-ended and open-ended questions administered at the 3-month post-assessment of the intervention group (n = 67) within a randomized controlled trial testing the effects of access to the My Grief app. The sample consisted of 88 % women, with a mean age of 47 years, who predominantly lost their child to cancer (41 %), on average 4.8 years ago. Participating parents indicated that the My Grief app helped them increase their knowledge about prolonged grief and track their grief over time. The app was experienced as easy to navigate and around half of the parents used the app more than one day a week. Almost all parents were satisfied with the app and would recommend it to other parents in similar situations. The findings add to the knowledge base justifying mHealth within support systems for bereaved adults.

Perinatal Bereavement in Racially, Culturally, and Gender Diverse Families

ABSTRACT

Perinatal loss, the tragic event of losing a baby before, during, or shortly after birth, is a profoundly distressing experience for any family. We focus on the unique challenges faced by diverse families, encompassing those from underrepresented racial, ethnic, religious, and LGBTQ+ backgrounds. Diverse families often encounter inadequate support, misunderstandings, and even mistreatment during their perinatal loss journeys due to cultural insensitivity and biases. This review underscores the necessity of a trauma-informed, person-centered approach to perinatal bereavement care that respects the diversity of those affected. We emphasize the importance of understanding various cultural perspectives on grief and mortality to provide appropriate and empathetic care.Our core purpose is to elucidate the challenges confronting diverse families dealing with perinatal loss and to offer actionable strategies for health care providers. By addressing these unique challenges, nurses and other health care professionals can offer culturally sensitive, person-centered support during this distressing time. This review can serve as a resource for nurses and other health care providers, enabling them to provide personalized, culturally sensitive care to diverse families experiencing perinatal loss through a trauma-informed lens. Recognizing and addressing these distinctive needs fosters healing and ensures that nurses and other health care providers are better equipped to guide families through the challenging journey of perinatal bereavement.

Bereaved parents' perceptions of memory making: a qualitative meta-synthesis

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the experiences of parents who have experienced bereavement in their efforts to preserve memories of their deceased child.

METHODS

Employing a qualitative meta-synthesis approach, this study systematically sought relevant qualitative literature by conducting searches across various electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Wiley, up until July 2023.

RESULTS

Nine studies are eligible for inclusion and included in the meta-synthesis. Three overarching categories are identified: (1) Affirming the Significance of Memory Making. (2) Best Practices in Memory Making. (3) Barriers to Effective Memory Making.

CONCLUSION

Bereaved parents highly value the act of creating lasting memories, emphasizing its profound significance. While forming these memories, it is imperative to offer family-centered care and honor diverse preferences and needs. It is essential to offer effective support to parents, offering them a range of choices. Furthermore, a more comprehensive examination of memory-making practices is required to better understand their influence on parents' recollections of their deceased child.

Enhancing self-care education amongst medical students: a systematic scoping review

BACKGROUND

Reports of emotional, existential and moral distress amongst medical students witnessing death and suffering of patients during their clinical postings have raised awareness on the need for better psycho-emotional support during medical school. Furthermore, the stress experienced by medical students stemming from the rigours of their academic curriculum underlines the need for greater awareness on mental health issues and better self-care practices across medical training. With such programmes lacking in most medical schools, we propose a systematic scoping review (SSR) to map and address our research question, "what is known about self-care education interventions amongst medical students?".

METHODS

We adopted the Systematic Evidence-Based Approach to guide a systematic scoping review (SSR in SEBA) of relevant articles published between 1st January 2000 and 30th June 2023 in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The included articles were independently and concurrently thematically and content analysed, with complementary categories and themes combined using the Jigsaw Approach. The domains created from the Funnelling Process framed the discussion.

RESULTS

A total of 6128 abstracts were identified, 429 full-text articles evaluated, and 147 articles included. The 6 domains identified were definition, topics, pedagogy, influences, outcomes and assessment. Most interventions were promising, though peer-led mindfulness-based interventions showed most promise in enhancing engagement, positively impacting personal wellbeing, and improving patient care. Overall, however, self-care education was poorly recognized, adopted and integrated into curricula.

CONCLUSION

Greater dedicated time and conducive practice environments within medical school curricula is required to enhance medical student wellbeing. Host organizations must ensure faculty are appropriately selected to instil the importance of self-care, be trained to assess and personalize self-care interventions and provide longitudinal assessment and support. Further study into assessing self-care capabilities is required.

The impact of online education during the Covid-19 pandemic on the professional identity formation of medical students: A systematic scoping review

Evolving individual, contextual, organizational, interactional and sociocultural factors have complicated efforts to shape the professional identity formation (PIF) of medical students or how they feel, act and think as professionals. However, an almost exclusive reliance on online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic offers a unique opportunity to study the elemental structures that shape PIF and the environmental factors nurturing it. We propose two independent Systematic Evidence-Based Approach guided systematic scoping reviews (SSR in SEBA)s to map accounts of online learning environment and netiquette that structure online programs. The data accrued was analysed using the clinically evidenced Krishna-Pisupati Model of Professional Identity Formation (KPM) to study the evolving concepts of professional identity. The results of each SSR in SEBA were evaluated separately with the themes and categories identified in the Split Approach combined to create richer and deeper 'themes/categories' using the Jigsaw Perspective. The 'themes/categories' from each review were combined using the Funnelling Process to create domains that guide the discussion. The 'themes/categories' identified from the 141 included full-text articles in the SSR in SEBA of online programs were the content and effects of online programs. The themes/categories identified from the 26 included articles in the SSR in SEBA of netiquette were guidelines, contributing factors, and implications. The Funnelling Process identified online programs (encapsulating the content, approach, structures and the support mechanisms); their effects; and PIF development that framed the domains guiding the discussion. This SSR in SEBA identifies the fundamental elements behind developing PIF including a structured program within a nurturing environment confined with netiquette-guided boundaries akin to a Community of Practice and the elemental aspect of a socialisation process within online programs. These findings ought to be applicable beyond online training and guide the design, support and assessment of efforts to nurture PIF.

The role of patients' stories in medicine: a systematic scoping review

BACKGROUND

Patients' stories provide Palliative Care physicians with a glimpse into the former's lives and their psycho-emotional, sociocultural, and contextual considerations. Yet, few physicians are trained to interpret and apply patients' stories in their practice. Inherent variability in how stories are transmitted and interpreted raises questions over their potential effects on care. Amidst a dearth of accounts in Palliative Care, we map current use of patient stories to guide the training, assessment, and oversight of this 'care influencing' practice in medicine.

METHODS

This systematic scoping review was guided by the Systematic Evidence-Based Approach (SEBA) to ensure a reproducible and structured approach. The themes and categories identified through the Split Approach's concurrent and independent thematic and directed content analyses provided a comprehensive sketch of the included articles. The Jigsaw Perspective combined the themes and categories identified. The last stage of SEBA compared these results with two recent reviews of storytelling to ensure consistency of the domains created that guided the discussion.

RESULTS

Ten thousand two hundred seven articles were reviewed, 963 full text articles were evaluated, and 199 articles were included. The four domains identified were study characteristics, benefits, approaches, and positive effects and concerns.

CONCLUSION

Stories support patient-centered, personalized, and holistic clinical care. However, variability in the stories, their interpretations and use in care decisions underscore the need for further study on the structuring, teaching, assessing, and delivery of this 'care influencing' practice.

Supporting the Family After the Death of a Child or Adolescent

Whether death occurs in the context of a chronic illness or as the sudden loss of a previously healthy infant, child, or adolescent, the death of a child is a highly stressful and traumatic event. Psychosocial support for families after the death of a child embodies core medical values of professional fidelity, compassion, respect for human dignity, and promotion of the best interests of a grieving family. The pediatrician has an important role in supporting the family unit after the death of a child through a family-centered, culturally humble, trauma-informed approach. This clinical report aims to provide the pediatrician with a review of the current evidence on grief, bereavement, and mourning after the loss of a child and with practical guidance to support family caregivers, siblings, and the child's community. Pediatricians have an important role in helping siblings and helping families understand sibling needs during grief. Ways for pediatricians to support family members with cultural sensitivity are suggested and other helpful resources in the community are described.

Assessing the effects of a mentoring program on professional identity formation

BACKGROUND

Medical education has enjoyed mixed fortunes nurturing professional identity formation (PIF), or how medical students think, feel and act as physicians. New data suggests that structured mentoring programs like the Palliative Medicine Initiative (PMI) may offer a means of developing PIF in a consistent manner. To better understand how a well-established structured research mentoring program shapes PIF, a study of the experiences of PMI mentees is proposed.

METHODOLOGY

Acknowledging PIF as a sociocultural construct, a Constructivist approach and Relativist lens were adopted for this study. In the absence of an effective tool, the Ring Theory of Personhood (RToP) and Krishna-Pisupati Model (KPM) model were used to direct this dual Systematic Evidence-Based Approach (Dual-SEBA) study in designing, employing and analysing semi-structured interviews with PMI mentees and mentoring diaries. These served to capture changes in PIF over the course of the PMI's mentoring stages. Transcripts of the interviews and mentoring diaries were concurrently analysed using content and thematic analysis. Complementary themes and categories identified from the Split Approach were combined using the Jigsaw Approach and subsequently compared with mentoring diaries in the Funnelling Process. The domains created framed the discussion.

RESULTS

A total of 12 mentee interviews and 17 mentoring diaries were analysed, revealing two domains-PMI as a Community of Practice (CoP) and Identity Formation. The domains confirmed the centrality of a structured CoP capable of facilitating longitudinal mentoring support and supporting the Socialisation Process along the mentoring trajectory whilst cultivating personalised and enduring mentoring relationships.

CONCLUSION

The provision of a consistent mentoring approach and personalised, longitudinal mentoring support guided along the mentoring trajectory by structured mentoring assessments lay the foundations for more effective mentoring programs. The onus must now be on developing assessment tools, such as a KPM-based tool, to guide support and oversight of mentoring relationships.

Influencing factors of knowledge, attitude and behavior in children's palliative care among pediatric healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey in China

BACKGROUND

Palliative care has become a key medical field worldwide. Although research relating to adult palliative care is well-established, less is known about children's palliative care (CPC). Therefore, this study investigated the knowledge, attitude and behavior of pediatric healthcare workers (PHWs) regarding CPC and analyzed the influencing factors for the implementation and development of CPC.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey of 407 PHWs was carried out in a Chinese province from November 2021 to April 2022. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: a general information form and questions on the knowledge, attitude and behavior of PHWs about CPC. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis.

RESULTS

The total score of the PHWs' knowledge, attitude and behavior about CPC was 69.98, which was at a moderate level. PHWs' CPC knowledge, attitude, and behavior are positively correlated.The most important influencing factors were working years, highest education, professional title, job position, marital status, religion, grade of hospital (I, II or III), type of medical institution, experience of caring for a terminally ill child/kinsfolk and total hours of CPC education and training received.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, PHWs in a Chinese province had the lowest scores on the knowledge dimension of CPC, with moderate attitude and behavior and various influencing factors. In addition to professional title, highest education and working years, it is also worth noting that the type of medical institution and marital status also affected the score. Continuing education and training of PHWs in CPC should be emphasized by the administrators of relevant colleges and medical institutions. Future research should start with the above-mentioned influencing factors and focus on setting up targeted training courses and evaluating the post-training effects.

Context of a neonatal death affects parental perception of end-of-life care, anxiety and depression in the first year of bereavement

BACKGROUND

Neonatal death is often preceded by end-of-life medical decisions. This study aimed to determine whether the context of death - after a decision of withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment (WWLST) or despite maximum care - was associated with subsequent risk of parental anxiety or depression. The secondary objective was to assess parents' perceptions of end-of-life care according to death context.

METHODS

Prospective single center observational study of all neonatal deaths in a neonatal intensive care unit over a 5-year period. Data were collected during hospitalization and from face-to-face interviews with parents 3 months after the infant's death. Anxiety and depression were assessed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires, completed by parents 5 and 15 months after death.

RESULTS

Of 179 deaths, 115 (64%) occurred after the WWLST decision and 64 (36%) despite maximum care. Parental satisfaction with newborn care and received support by professionals and relatives was higher in the first condition. Sixty-one percent of parents (109/179) attended the 3-month interview, with the distribution between groups very close to that of hospitalization. The completion rates of the HADS questionnaires by the parents who attended the 3-month interview were 75% (82/109) at 5 months and 65% (71/109) at 15 months. HADS scores at 5 months were consistent with anxiety in at least one parent in 73% (60/82) of cases and with depression in 50% (41/82). At 15 months, these rates were, respectively, 63% (45/71) and 28% (20/71). Risk of depression at 5 months was lower after a WWLST decision (OR 0.35 [0.14, 0.88], p = 0.02). Explicit parental agreement with the WWLST decision had an equivocal impact on the risk of anxiety at 5 months, being higher when expressed during hospitalization, but not at the 3-month interview.

CONCLUSIONS

Context of death has a significant impact on the emotional experience of parents after neonatal loss, which underlines the importance of systematic follow-up conversations with bereaved parents.

Physician-patient boundaries in palliative care

BACKGROUND

Nurturing effective physician-patient relationships is essential to the provision of patient-centred care. Palliative care physicians may apply boundary-crossings or breaches in professional standards to nurture effective physician-patient relationships. Being highly individualized and shaped by the physician's narratives, clinical experience, and contextual considerations, boundary-crossings are susceptible to ethical and professional violations. To better appreciate this concept, we employ the Ring Theory of Personhood (RToP) to map the effects of boundary-crossings on the physician's belief systems.

METHODS

As part of the Tool Design SEBA methodology, a Systematic Evidence-Based Approach (SEBA) guided systematic scoping review was employed to guide the design of a semi-structured interview questionnaire with palliative care physicians. The transcripts were simultaneously content and thematically analysed. The themes and categories identified were combined using the Jigsaw Perspective and the resulting domains formed the basis for the discussion.

RESULTS

The domains identified from the 12 semi-structured interviews were catalysts and boundary-crossings. Boundary-crossings attempt to address threats to a physician's belief systems (catalysts) and are highly individualized. Employ of boundary-crossings depend on the physician's sensitivity to these 'catalysts', their judgement and willingness to act, and their ability to balance various considerations and reflect on their actions and their ramifications. These experiences reshape belief systems, understandings of boundary-crossings and may influence decision-making and practice, underscoring the potential for greater professional breaches when unchecked.

CONCLUSION

Underlining its longitudinal effects, the Krishna Model underscores the importance of longitudinal support, assessment and oversight of palliative care physicians, and lays the foundation for a RToP-based tool to be employed within portfolios.

Evidence-guided approach to portfolio-guided teaching and assessing communications, ethics and professionalism for medical students and physicians: a systematic scoping review

OBJECTIVES

Guiding the development of longitudinal competencies in communication, ethics and professionalism underlines the role of portfolios to capture and evaluate the multiple multisource appraisals and direct personalised support to clinicians. However, a common approach to these combined portfolios continues to elude medical practice. A systematic scoping review is proposed to map portfolio use in training and assessments of ethics, communication and professionalism competencies particularly in its inculcation of new values, beliefs and principles changes attitudes, thinking and practice while nurturing professional identity formation. It is posited that effective structuring of portfolios can promote self-directed learning, personalised assessment and appropriate support of professional identity formation.

DESIGN

Krishna's Systematic Evidence-Based Approach (SEBA) is employed to guide this systematic scoping review of portfolio use in communication, ethics and professionalism training and assessment.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, Scopus and Google Scholar databases.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Articles published between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2020 were included.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

The included articles are concurrently content and thematically analysed using the split approach. Overlapping categories and themes identified are combined using the jigsaw perspective. The themes/categories are compared with the summaries of the included articles in the funnelling process to ensure their accuracy. The domains identified form the framework for the discussion.

RESULTS

12 300 abstracts were reviewed, 946 full-text articles were evaluated and 82 articles were analysed, and the four domains identified were indications, content, design, and strengths and limitations.

CONCLUSIONS

This review reveals that when using a consistent framework, accepted endpoints and outcome measures, longitudinal multisource, multimodal assessment data fashions professional and personal development and enhances identity construction. Future studies into effective assessment tools and support mechanisms are required if portfolio use is to be maximised.

A Systematic Review of Stakeholder Perspectives of Dignity and Assisted Dying

INTRODUCTION

The debate on assisted dying and its components, euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide has evolved with the emergence of the right to dignity and the wish to hasten death (WTHD). Whilst shaped by local legal and sociocultural considerations, appreciation of how patients, healthcare professionals and lawmakers relate notions of dignity to self-concepts of personhood and the desire for assisted dying will better inform and direct support of patients.

METHODS

Guided by the Systematic Evidence Based Approach, a systematic scoping review (SSR in SEBA) on perspectives of dignity, WTHD and personhood featured in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, Scopus databases and four key Palliative Care journals was conducted. The review hinged on the following questions: "what is the relationship between dignity and the wish to hasten death (WTHD) in the assisted dying debate?", "how is dignity conceptualised by patients with WTHD?" and "what are prevailing perspectives on the role of assisted dying in maintaining a dying patient's dignity?"

RESULTS

6947 abstracts were identified, 663 full text articles reviewed, and 88 articles included. The four domains identified include 1) concepts of dignity through the lens of the Ring Theory of Personhood (RToP) including their various definitions and descriptions; 2) the relationship between dignity, WTHD and assisted dying with loss of dignity and autonomy foregrounded; 3) stakeholder perspectives for and against assisted dying including those of patient, healthcare provider and lawmaker; and 4) other dignity-conserving measures as alternatives to assisted dying.

CONCLUSION

Concepts of dignity constantly evolve throughout the patient's end of life journey. Understanding when and how these concepts of personhood change and trigger the fear of a loss of dignity or intractable suffering could direct timely, individualised and appropriate person-centred dignity conserving measures. We believe an RToP-based tool could fulfil this role and further study into the design of this tool is planned.

Understanding mentoring relationships between mentees, peer and senior mentors

BACKGROUND

Mentoring relationships play a critical but poorly understood role in mentoring's overall success. To overcome these knowledge gaps, a study of mentee experiences in the Palliative Medicine Initiative, a structured research-based mentoring program, is proposed. The program's clearly described mentoring approach, competency-based mentoring stages and curated mentoring environment ensure a consistent mentoring experience. It provides a unique platform to study mentoring relationships longitudinally and its implications on professional identity formation.

METHODOLOGY

The Tool Design Systematic Evidence-Based Approach methodology is used to map and employ current understanding. A review of recent reviews on mentoring processes, mentoring's effects, professional identity formation and professional identity formation assessment tools lay the foundation for the design of semi-structured interviews and mentoring diaries to evaluate the characteristics of successful mentoring relationships and mentoring's impact on professional identity formation. The data accrued from these tools were evaluated using this methodology whilst changes in professional identity formation were assessed using the Ring Theory of Personhood.

RESULTS

The semi-structured interviews revealed four themes: stakeholders, mentoring stages, mentoring relationships and professional identity formation whilst the mentoring diaries revealed two: mentoring processes and mentoring relationships. Two final domains emerged - mentoring relationships and professional identity formation.

CONCLUSIONS

The Palliative Medicine Initiative's structured stage-based mentoring approach, trained stakeholders, curated environment, assessment-directed and personalized mentoring support reveal seven developmental stages of mentoring relationships. These culminate in changes to the values, beliefs and principles that shape how mentees see, feel and act as professionals. These findings suggest that mentoring programs may help to further develop and fine-tune their professional identity formation.

A systematic scoping review of reflective writing in medical education

BACKGROUND

Reflective writing (RW) allows physicians to step back, review their thoughts, goals and actions and recognise how their perspectives, motives and emotions impact their conduct. RW also helps physicians consolidate their learning and boosts their professional and personal development. In the absence of a consistent approach and amidst growing threats to RW's place in medical training, a review of theories of RW in medical education and a review to map regnant practices, programs and assessment methods are proposed.

METHODS

A Systematic Evidence-Based Approach guided Systematic Scoping Review (SSR in SEBA) was adopted to guide and structure the two concurrent reviews. Independent searches were carried out on publications featured between 1st January 2000 and 30th June 2022 in PubMed, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, ASSIA, Scopus, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, GreyLit and ProQuest. The Split Approach saw the included articles analysed separately using thematic and content analysis. Like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, the Jigsaw Perspective combined the themes and categories identified from both reviews. The Funnelling Process saw the themes/categories created compared with the tabulated summaries. The final domains which emerged structured the discussion that followed.

RESULTS

A total of 33,076 abstracts were reviewed, 1826 full-text articles were appraised and 199 articles were included and analysed. The domains identified were theories and models, current methods, benefits and shortcomings, and recommendations.

CONCLUSIONS

This SSR in SEBA suggests that a structured approach to RW shapes the physician's belief system, guides their practice and nurtures their professional identity formation. In advancing a theoretical concept of RW, this SSR in SEBA proffers new insight into the process of RW, and the need for longitudinal, personalised feedback and support.

Assessing professional identity formation (PIF) amongst medical students in Oncology and Palliative Medicine postings: a SEBA guided scoping review

BACKGROUND

Introduction to a multi-professional team who are working and caring for the dying, and facing complex moral and ethical dilemmas during Oncology and Palliative Medicine postings influence a medical student's professional identity formation (PIF). However, limited appreciation of PIF, inadequate assessments and insufficient support jeopardise this opportunity to shape how medical students think, feel and act as future physicians. To address this gap, a systematic scoping review (SSR) of PIF assessment methods is proposed.

METHODS

A Systematic Evidence-based Approach (SEBA) guided SSR of assessments of PIF in medical schools published between 1^st January 2000 and 31^st December 2021 in PubMed, Embase, ERIC and Scopus databases was carried out. Included articles were concurrently content and thematically analysed using SEBA's Split Approach and the themes and categories identified were combined using SEBA's Jigsaw Perspective. The review hinged on the following questions: "what is known about the assessment of professional identity formation amongst medical students?", "what are the theories and principles guiding the assessment of professional identity formation amongst medical students?", "what factors influence PIF in medical students?", "what are the tools used to assess PIF in medical students?", and "what considerations impact the implementation of PIF assessment tools amongst medical students?".

RESULTS

Two thousand four hundred thirty six abstracts were reviewed, 602 full-text articles were evaluated, and 88 articles were included. The 3 domains identified were 1) theories, 2) assessment, and 3) implementation in assessing PIF. Differing attention to the different aspects of the PIF process impairs evaluations, jeopardise timely and appropriate support of medical students and hinder effective implementation of PIF assessments.

CONCLUSION

The Krishna-Pisupati model combines current theories and concepts of PIF to provide a more holistic perspective of the PIF process. Under the aegis of this model, Palliative Care and Oncology postings are envisaged as Communities of Practice influencing self-concepts of personhood and identity and shaping how medical students see their roles and responsibilities as future physicians. These insights allow the forwarding of nine recommendations to improve assessments of PIF and shape the design of a PIF-specific tool that can direct timely and personalized support of medical students.

The role of mentoring, supervision, coaching, teaching and instruction on professional identity formation: a systematic scoping review

BACKGROUND

Mentoring's pivotal role in nurturing professional identity formation (PIF) owes much to its combined use with supervision, coaching, tutoring, instruction, and teaching. However the effects of this combination called the 'mentoring umbrella' remains poorly understood. This systematic scoping review thus aims to map current understanding.

METHODS

A Systematic Evidence-Based Approach guided systematic scoping review seeks to map current understanding of the 'mentoring umbrella' and its effects on PIF on medical students and physicians in training. It is hoped that insights provided will guide structuring, support and oversight of the 'mentoring umbrella' in nurturing PIF. Articles published between 2000 and 2021 in PubMed, Scopus, ERIC and the Cochrane databases were scrutinised. The included articles were concurrently summarised and tabulated and concurrently analysed using content and thematic analysis and tabulated. The themes and categories identified were compared with the summaries of the included articles to create accountable and reproducible domains that guide the discussion.

RESULTS

A total of 12201 abstracts were reviewed, 657 full text articles evaluated, and 207 articles included. The three domains identified were definitions; impact on PIF; and enablers and barriers. The mentoring umbrella shapes PIF in 3 stages and builds a cognitive base of essential knowledge, skills and professional attitudes. The cognitive base informs thinking, conduct and opinions in early supervised clinical exposure in Communities of practice (COP). The COPs' individualised approach to the inculcation of desired professional characteristics, goals, values, principles and beliefs reshapes the individual's identity whilst the socialisation process sees to their integration into current identities.

CONCLUSION

The mentoring umbrella's provides personalised longitudinal support in the COP and socialisation process. Understanding it is key to addressing difficulties faced and ensuring holistic and timely support.

A systematic scoping review on patients' perceptions of dignity

Background

A socioculturally appropriate appreciation of dignity is pivotal to the effective provision of care for dying patients. Yet concepts of dignity remain poorly defined. To address this gap in understanding and enhance dignity conserving end-of-life care, a review of current concepts of dignity is proposed.

Methods

To address its primary research question “How do patients conceive the concept of dignity at the end of life?”, this review appraises regnant concepts and influences of dignity, and evaluates current dignity conserving practices. To enhance accountability, transparency and reproducibility, this review employs the Ring Theory of Personhood (RToP) as its theoretical lens to guide a Systematic Evidence Based Approach guided Systematic Scoping Review (SSR in SEBA) of patient perspectives of dignity. Three independent teams of reviewers independently analysed included articles from a structured search of PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, CINAHL and Cochrane Databases using thematic and content analyses. The themes and categories identified were compared and combined using the Funnelling Process to create domains that guide the discussion that follows.

Results

Seventy-eight thousand five hundred seventy-five abstracts were identified, 645 articles were reviewed, and 127 articles were included. The three domains identified were definitions of dignity, influences upon perceptions of dignity, and dignity conserving care.

Conclusions

This SSR in SEBA affirms the notion that dignity is intimately entwined with self-concepts of personhood and that effective dignity conserving measures at the end of life must be guided by the patient’s concept of dignity. This SSR in SEBA posits that such personalised culturally sensitive, and timely support of patients, their family and loved ones may be possible through the early and longitudinal application of a RToP based tool.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12904-022-01004-4.

A systematic scoping review moral distress amongst medical students

BACKGROUND

Characterised by feelings of helplessness in the face of clinical, organization and societal demands, medical students are especially prone to moral distress (MD). Despite risks of disillusionment and burnout, efforts to support them have been limited by a dearth of data and understanding of MD in medical students. Yet, new data on how healthcare professionals confront difficult care situations suggest that MD could be better understood through the lens of the Ring Theory of Personhood (RToP). A systematic scoping review (SSR) guided by the RToP is proposed to evaluate the present understanding of MD amongst medical students.

METHODS

The Systematic Evidence-Based Approach (SEBA) is adopted to map prevailing accounts of MD in medical students. To enhance the transparency and reproducibility, the SEBA methodology employs a structured search approach, concurrent and independent thematic analysis and directed content analysis (Split Approach), the Jigsaw Perspective that combines complementary themes and categories, and the Funnelling Process that compares the results of the Jigsaw Perspective with tabulated summaries to ensure the accountability of these findings. The domains created guide the discussion.

RESULTS

Two thousand six hundred seventy-one abstracts were identified from eight databases, 316 articles were reviewed, and 20 articles were included. The four domains identified include definitions, sources, recognition and, interventions for MD.

CONCLUSIONS

MD in medical students may be explained as conflicts between the values, duties, and principles contained within the different aspects of their identity. These conflicts which are characterised as disharmony (within) and dyssynchrony (between) the rings of RToP underline the need for personalised and longitudinal evaluations and support of medical students throughout their training. This longitudinal oversight and support should be supported by the host organization that must also ensure access to trained faculty, a nurturing and safe environment for medical students to facilitate speak-up culture, anonymous reporting, feedback opportunities and supplementing positive role modelling and mentoring within the training program.

Looking back: Identifying supportive care and unmet needs of parents of children receiving specialist paediatric palliative care from the bereavement perspective

BACKGROUND

This study examined care needs and utilisation of psychosocial support services among parents of children who had received specialist paediatric palliative care, as well as the relationship between need fulfilment and grief. Possible differences between parents of children who died of cancer versus a non-cancer disease were explored.

METHODS

This exploratory study, conducted in two specialist paediatric palliative care facilities, included parents who had lost a child within a period of 0.5 to 8 years before this investigation. From the bereavement perspective, parents reported their needs during paediatric palliative care using the Family Inventory of Needs - Peadiatric II (FIN-PED II). Utilisation of psychosocial support services during paediatric palliative care and after the child's death, as well as potential barriers to accessing services were assessed. Grief symptoms were measured using the Inventory of Complicated Grief - German Version (ICG-D).

RESULTS

Overall, 56 of 157 approached parents participated in the study. Mean time interval after the child's death was 3.2 years. Of the 17 FIN-PED II needs, 13 needs were reported to be very/extremely important to more than 75% of the parents each. Highest ranked needs related to asking questions at any time (100%), sincere care for the child (100%), and information about changes in the child's condition (98%). The highest ranked unmet needs related to hope (61%), interactions with siblings (41-42%), and trust in the health care system (39%). Comparisons showed no significant differences between parents whose child died of cancer (n = 18) versus a non-cancer disease (n = 38). During paediatric palliative care, 61% of the parents had accessed at least one psychosocial support service and 84% had done so after the child's death. The most prominent barriers for accessing services were sufficient informal support (38%), no subjective need (23%), and lack of time (20%). Overall, 52% of the parents showed noticeable symptoms for complicated grief (ICG-D > 25). A higher level of grief symptoms significantly correlated with a lower fulfilment of the need to say goodbye to the child (p = .042) with a medium correlational effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings may help to guide health care professionals in their assessment of parental needs and provision of support to parents during paediatric palliative care.