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Weschasat T, Wetchasat N, Chuemchit M. The edutainment program on knowledge, perception, and uptake of cervical cancer screening among Muslim women in Southern Thailand: a quasi experimental study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1803. [PMID: 38971727 PMCID: PMC11227195 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer is a significant global health concern and is the third most common cancer in women. Owing to their religious beliefs, Muslim women in Thailand are less likely to be screened for cervical cancer. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore how a Health Belief Model (HBM) (HBM = Health Belief Model)-Based Edutainment Program affects the knowledge, perception, and uptake of cervical cancer screening among Muslim women in Thailand. METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in two rural districts of Southern Thailand with 83 Muslim women (intervention = 42, control = 41). The assessment was conducted through face-to-face interviews at baseline, post-intervention, and at 3-month follow-up. The intervention included four sessions involving video clips, folk songs, and short films. Data analysis was performed using repeated-measures ANOVA (ANOVA = Analysis of Variance) at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS There were significant differences in the mean score of knowledge and perception between the intervention and control groups post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up (p < 0.001). The mean scores of knowledge and perception in the intervention group significantly increased post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up (p < 0.001). The uptake of cervical cancer screening tests in the intervention group was approximately twice as high as that in the control group (90.47% vs. 51.21%). CONCLUSION The findings revealed that the Edutainment Program could improve the knowledge, perception, and uptake of cervical cancer screening among Muslim women in Thailand. In future studies, the intervention suggests testing different population groups to improve access to primary care for everyone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassanapan Weschasat
- College of Public Health Sciences Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Montakarn Chuemchit
- College of Public Health Sciences Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Excellent Center for Health and Social Sciences and Addition Research, College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Marandu G, Malale K, Laisser R, Mwanga J, Sabuni PA, Rambau P. Evaluation of Breast Health Promotion Intervention Among Catholic Nuns in Lake Zone 'Tanzania. Eur J Breast Health 2024; 20:129-135. [PMID: 38571689 PMCID: PMC10985581 DOI: 10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2024.2024-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Objective Despite facing unique barriers, Catholic nuns in Tanzania require accessible breast health promotion. This study explores interventions to empower nuns through knowledge, improved attitudes, and positive practices, ultimately promoting well-being and early detection for better breast cancer outcomes. Materials and Methods A quasi-experimental design study guided by the Health Belief Model was conducted to monitor the implementation of a breast health intervention program aimed at increasing breast cancer screening knowledge among 385 Catholic nuns aged 20 to over 60 years old within Lake Zone, Tanzania. Data were collected at two-time points: pre-intervention (baseline) and implementation phase intervention (after three months). The intervention consisted of a 2-hour educational session. Participants had opportunities to ask questions and provide feedback. Results The breast health promotion intervention was well-received by Catholic nuns, with 339 (88%) expressing strong motivation to learn and promote awareness. The training effectively increased knowledge and positive attitudes towards breast cancer screening. Researcher assistants successfully delivered the program, and 354 (92%) of participants expressed interest in continued education and support. The intervention addressed cultural barriers and empowered nuns to take charge of their health, though some challenges remain meanwhile 158 (41%) had limited prior knowledge, 81 (21%) hesitated to discuss breast health due to religious beliefs, and some faced difficulty applying the learnings. Conclusion Overall, the breast health promotion intervention had a positive outcome on the Catholic nuns' awareness and knowledge of breast health. However, addressing the identified barriers and challenges is crucial to further enhance the intervention's effectiveness and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gotfrida Marandu
- Archbishop Anthony Mayala School of Nursing, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Kija Malale
- Archbishop Anthony Mayala School of Nursing, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Rose Laisser
- Archbishop Anthony Mayala School of Nursing, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Mwanga
- Department of Community Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Paul Alikado Sabuni
- Public Health Consultant, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter Rambau
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Khoshnazar MS, Tarrahi MJ, Shahnazi H. Impact of virtual education based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening behavior in middle-aged women: A quasi-experimental study. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2058. [PMID: 38600048 PMCID: PMC11006602 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and a cause of high mortality among people. Pap smear screening is an appropriate method to prevent cervical cancer and reduce its mortality. AIM This study aimed to determine the effect of web-based education based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on cervical cancer screening behavior in middle-aged women. METHODS AND RESULTS This study is a quasi-experimental interventional research that was conducted on 240 middle-aged women aged 40-59 years in Isfahan, Iran, in 2022. An online educational intervention based on the constructs of the Health Belief Model was conducted for the intervention group using the Triple-B platform. The information on the intervention and control groups was collected before, immediately after the intervention, and 2 months later using a valid questionnaire. The gathered Data was analyzed using ANOVA and LSD post-hoc, independent samples t test, chi-square, and MANCOVA statistical tests in SPSS 26 software. After the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and internal cues to action in the intervention group increased and the mean score of perceived barriers decreased (p < .001). The mean score of the external cues to action did not show a significant difference between the intervention and control groups before, immediately, and 2 months after the intervention. Two months after the intervention, 32 women (26.2%) in the intervention group and two women (1.7%) in the control group performed the Pap smear test. CONCLUSION Web-based educational intervention based on HBM using different strategies such as question and answer, presentation of infographics, lectures, brainstorming, showing videos and numerous educational images can be an effective way for increasing knowledge and cognitive variables of women and doing Pap smear test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Javad Tarrahi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of HealthIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Hossein Shahnazi
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of HealthIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Ahadinezhad B, Maleki A, Amerzadeh M, Mohtashamzadeh B, Khosravizadeh O. What rate of Iranian women perform Pap smear test? Results from a meta-analysis. Prev Med 2024; 180:107871. [PMID: 38262561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an attempt was made to estimate the aggregated proportion of Pap smear test uptake among women in Iran from 2012 to 2022 using meta-analysis. The data collection process involved reviewing records registered in databases between January 1, 2012, and September 11, 2022. The final data was analyzed using random effects models, and potential heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 index. To examine publication bias, Egger's test and Funnel Plot were employed. Sensitivity analysis, specifically single study exclusion Meta-analysis, was conducted to assess the influence of each individual study on the aggregated percentage of Pap smear test uptake. A total of 28,754 women were included across the 33 articles analyzed. The pooled percentage of Pap smear test uptake for both one-time and regular screenings was found to be 46.52% (95% CI: 40.91 to 52.14) and 17.80% (95% CI: 12.42 to 23.18), respectively. No significant evidence of publication bias was detected, although the influence of smaller studies was confirmed. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the overall rate of Pap smear test uptake was not highly sensitive to the results of individual studies. The findings emphasize the low rate of regular Pap smear testing among Iranian women and suggest that tailored interventions considering cultural and geographical factors specific to different provinces in Iran could help increase the utilization of this screening service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Ahadinezhad
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Aisa Maleki
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amerzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Omid Khosravizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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Safari-Faramani B, Safari-Faramani R, Najafi F, Zavareh DK, Karyani AK, Darbandi M. Socioeconomic disparities in Papanicolaou test utilization in Western Iran. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:471. [PMID: 38355473 PMCID: PMC10868049 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer remains the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer among women, and its impact is particularly significant in women residing in less developed countries. This study aims to assess socioeconomic inequality in using Papanicolaou tests, commonly known as Pap tests, which are crucial for detecting cervical cancer. The research also seeks to decompose this inequality, identifying its contributing factors. This investigation is conducted within a sizable population-based study focused on the Kurdish population, with an additional examination of potential variations between urban and rural areas. METHOD The study utilized baseline data from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease Cohort Study (RaNCD), involving 3,074 ever-married women aged 35-65. Asset data was employed to determine socioeconomic status (SES), and Principal Component Analysis was applied. The uptake of Papanicolaou tests was assessed for inequality using the Concentration Index (Cn). Additionally, decomposition analysis was conducted to identify and understand the factors contributing to socioeconomic inequality. RESULTS The study found that overall, 86% of women reported having undergone cervical cancer screening at least once in their lifetime. The Concentration Index (Cn) for the total population was 0.21 (p < 0.0001), indicating a higher concentration of Papanicolaou test uptake among wealthier groups. In urban areas, the Cn was 0.34 (p < 0.0001), reflecting a significant concentration among the rich. However, in rural areas, the Cn was -0.10 (p = 0.3006), suggesting no significant socioeconomic inequality. Factors such as socioeconomic status (SES), education, and age contributed to reducing inequality, explaining 62.7%, 36.0%, and 1.7% of the observed inequality, respectively. Interestingly, place of residence had a negative influence on inequality. CONCLUSION The uptake of Papanicolaou tests varies across different socioeconomic status levels, with a higher concentration among wealthier groups. The results enable health policymakers and researchers to tailor health intervention toward increasing public awareness, especially among women with lower levels of education women in economically deprived groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Safari-Faramani
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roya Safari-Faramani
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Farid Najafi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Davoud Khorasani Zavareh
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, Workplace Health Promotion Research Center (WHPRC), School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), H1, Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ali Kazemi Karyani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mitra Darbandi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Pirani N, Jafari M, Motlagh AG, Pourasghari H. Policy analysis of cervical cancer prevention in Iran based on the policy triangle model. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:381. [PMID: 38333179 PMCID: PMC10852161 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1411_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread use of screening in high-income countries has led to a significant reduction in cervical cancer mortality. Most low- and middle-income countries still have poorly organized screening programs. This study aimed at policy analysis of prevention and early detection of cervical cancer in Iran, a middle-income country. MATERIALS AND METHOD This qualitative retrospective study, extended by the health policy triangle model, was conducted from July 2020 to September 2021. A sample of this study consisted of 43 participants, including 16 key policy experts; nine 11 senior health system managers, 13 executives, and 3 clients selected purposefully. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using the interview guide and analyzed using a framework analysis method based on the policy triangle model in MAXQDA2020. RESULTS Nine themes, 15 subthemes, and 36 codes were extracted based on the 4 dimensions of the model; stakeholder analysis challenges, including conflict of interest and decision-making challenges. Moreover, the most important policy process challenges indicated the weakness of monitoring and evaluation systems and weakness of using scientific principles in policy making. Weakness of organizational and intersectoral structure and weakness of executive management were obtained among the challenges in the context analysis. Finally, the most important challenges related to content analysis are weaknesses in applying scientific principles in policy making, including weaknesses in standard operating procedures, and low use of HTA capacity in developed guidelines. CONCLUSION A wide range of economic, social, and cultural problems can affect cervical cancer prevention policies. Several strategies are suggested to overcome these challenges, including allocating separate funds to cancer prevention programs, using structures to sustain prevention programs, designing, and using them to improve public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Pirani
- PhD. in Health Policy, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Jafari
- Professor of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali G. Motlagh
- Associate Professor of Clinical Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Pourasghari
- Assistant Professor of Health Policy, Hospital Management Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Pirani N, Jafari M, Bagherzadeh R, Keikhosravi M, Pirani H. Cervical Cancer Prevention, Its Challenges and Solutions in Iran and Worldwide: A Systematic Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:2313-2324. [PMID: 38106838 PMCID: PMC10719694 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i11.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Widespread use of screening in high-income countries has led to significant reductions in mortality from cervical cancer. However, in Iran, the main reason for the late diagnosis of cervical cancer was the failure to perform a Pap smear (Papanicolaou). We aimed to investigate the status of cervical cancer prevention and its challenges and solutions in Iran. Method We conducted a systematic review of literature published from 1974 to 2021 in the electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar, and retrieved all English-language articles. Following the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, full-text articles were identified and evaluated for eligibility. Finally, these publications were analyzed as part of the synthesis. Results Lower social-economic level, inadequate knowledge of screening tests and health centers for Pap test performance leading to worse outcomes such as lower screening participation or coverage. Conclusion By addressing these challenges through increasing education, increasing service accessibility, expanding screening programs, improving public awareness, improving insurance coverage, and establishing a control protocol for follow-up, it is possible to reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Pirani
- Health Policy, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Health Promotion Research Center, Health School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Jafari
- Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafat Bagherzadeh
- English Department, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadis Pirani
- Public Administration, Payam Noor University, Khuzestan, Iran
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Zheng F, Wang K. The impact of social media on guideline-concordant cervical cancer-screening: insights from a national survey. Public Health 2023; 223:50-56. [PMID: 37598576 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in women, yet routine screenings lead to early detection and sometimes even prevention. Screening is an effective way to prevent cervical cancer, and it has been implemented in many countries and regions worldwide, especially in developed countries. However, the incidence of cervical cancer remains a public health problem due to screening disparities in the population. Social media engagement and overloading of online health information may be the cause of this disparity. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (a national survey conducted by the National Cancer Institute) was used to characterise cervical cancer screening into two dimensions; namely, high-frequency screening and guideline-concordant screening. The differences between these two screening frequency behaviours were compared by applying ordered logistic regression and binary logistic regression, and the mechanisms of guideline-concordant screening were explored. RESULTS The factors influencing high-frequency screening and guideline-concordant screening were different. Only self-efficacy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.98, 1.37) had a significant positive association with the high-frequency screening behaviour. Social media engagement (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.33, 0.96) was shown to have a significant negative impact on guideline-concordant screening. A theory-based mechanism of screening behaviour found that traditional health perception factors no longer influence guideline-concordant screening behaviour, whereas environmental factors (e.g., social media) significantly reduce guideline-concordant screening behaviour. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study indicate that while the internet has become the main channel through which women acquire health resources, and social media has become a main platform for people to obtain health information, online information cannot guide people to engage in appropriate healthy behaviours. Overloading of online health information and the digital divide may lead to excessive screening. Consequently, it is important to address the screening disparity caused by health behaviours as a result of environmental factors and the digital divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zheng
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - K Wang
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, HK SAR, China.
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Tolosko JA, Beauchesne M, Rancatore E. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of the Pap smear test in female college students attending a global university in the United States. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2023; 35:322-329. [PMID: 36862575 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the World Health Organization, every minute, one woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer, and every 2 minutes, one woman dies of cervical cancer globally (World Health Organization, 2022). The biggest tragedy is 99% of cervical cancer is caused by a preventable sexually transmitted infection known as human papilloma virus (World Health Organization, 2022). LOCAL PROBLEM Many US universities indicate approximately 30% of their admissions are international students. The lack of Pap smear screening in this population has not been clearly identified by college health care providers. METHODS Fifty-one participants from a university located in the northeastern United States completed an online survey between September and October 2018. The survey was designed to identify disparities between United States residents and internationally admitted female students in their knowledge, attitudes, and practice of the Pap smear test. INTERVENTIONS One hundred percent of US students had heard of the Pap smear test as compared with 72.7% of international students ( p = .008); 86.8% of US students considered a Pap smear as opposed to 45.5% of international students ( p = .002), and 65.8% of US students previously had a Pap smear test as opposed to 18.8% of international students ( p = .007). RESULTS Results revealed statistically significant differences between US and internationally admitted female college students in knowledge, attitudes, and practice of the Pap smear test. CONCLUSIONS This project helps to bring awareness to college health clinicians the need for cervical cancer education and Pap smear screening for our college age international female population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elaine Rancatore
- University Health Services at Northeastern University, Boston, MA
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Golshiri P, Mohaghegh N, Shamsaee S, Boroumandfar Z. Using education based on the health belief model to modifications in performance of behaviors related to sexually transmitted infections in vulnerable women. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:50. [PMID: 37113406 PMCID: PMC10127466 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1291_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have always been considered as a health problem in the world. Also, vulnerable women (addicts, jail breakers, and prostitutes) are at the highest risk. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) approach, the only effective way to prevent and control this disease is public health education, and high-risk and vulnerable groups should be prioritized in educational programs. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of health belief model (HBM)-based education on changing the behaviors related to STIs in vulnerable women. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study is an intervention (field trial) study in vulnerable women. Convenience sampling method was used in this study and the sample size was determined to be 84 subjects. Through tossing a coin, the social support center was selected as the intervention group and the drop-in center as the control group. Quantitative data analysis was performed, and descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. RESULTS The mean scores of perceived threat, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived self-efficacy and changes in performance between the three measurement stages, as well as changes in the scores of perceived threat, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived self-efficacy over three measurement times were significantly different between the two groups (interaction) (P < 0.001). The mean score of performance 3 months after the intervention was significantly higher than before the intervention (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The present study confirmed the effectiveness of the HBM in promoting behavioral modifiers that lead to STIs. Therefore, educational interventions with emphasis on understanding the threats, benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy and, ultimately, performance improvement in relation to STIs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Golshiri
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Negar Mohaghegh
- School of Medicine, Isfahan of Medical University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Shamsaee
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Boroumandfar
- Reproductive Sciences and Sexual Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Seyrafi N, Homayuni A, Hosseini Z, Aghamolaei T, Ghanbarnejad A, Mouseli A. Effectiveness of educational intervention on women’s participation to cervical cancer screening: a quasi-experimental study based on PEN-3 model. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1226. [PMCID: PMC9703409 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancer types among women in developing countries. Women’s behavior in the early detection of the disease is influenced by sociocultural factors. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on PEN-3 model on women’s participation in cervical cancer screening.
Methods
The present quasi-experimental study was conducted with 160 women participants visiting health care centers in Bandar Abbas in 2021. The sampling was as a multi-stage clustering, and the participants were divided into two groups, an intervention and a control (each with 80 participants). The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the PEN-3 model constructs before and 3 months after an educational intervention (a training course). The intervention involved 30 online sessions of 15–20 minutes for the intervention group while the control group did not receive any training.
Results
After the educational intervention, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, enablers, nurturers and the Pap smear test behavior in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The analysis of covariance results showed that by modulating the effect of pre-test score, there was a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the post-intervention behavior score.
Conclusion
In the light of the present findings, it can be concluded that interventions based on the PEN-3 model with a focus on knowledge -raising, changing beliefs and identifying sociocultural and environmental factors that affect cervical cancer screening behavior can prevent cervical cancer in women.
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Zhang M, Sit JWH, Chan DNS, Akingbade O, Chan CWH. Educational Interventions to Promote Cervical Cancer Screening among Rural Populations: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116874. [PMID: 35682457 PMCID: PMC9180749 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The urban-rural gap in cervical cancer screening uptake is a significant public health consideration. Educational interventions are commonly adopted to promote cervical cancer screening among females in rural areas; however, the characteristics and effectiveness of these educational interventions remain unclear. In this review, we aimed to identify the characteristics of educational interventions used in rural populations and to evaluate the effects of these interventions on cervical cancer screening-related outcomes. Seven English databases were searched in January 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies were used for quality appraisal. RevMan 5.4 software was used for the meta-analysis. A narrative synthesis was conducted in instances where a meta-analysis was inappropriate. Three RCTs and seven quasi-experimental studies conducted in six countries were included. A social cognitive theory-based framework, the community setting, group sessions, healthcare professional-led approaches, and culture-tailored materials were implemented in the educational interventions for cervical cancer screening. The educational content mainly included basic information on cervical cancer screening, psychological issues, barriers and strategies to overcome them, and locally available resources. Educational interventions increased the knowledge and uptake of cervical cancer screening in the rural population. However, the studies only evaluated the short-term effects of these educational interventions, with the cervical screening behavior only being assessed in one instance for each participant. Educational interventions promote cervical cancer screening among females in rural areas. Theory-driven, community-involved, group-based, and healthcare professional-led approaches should be prioritized in the application of educational interventions in rural populations. Both the short- and long-term, influences of educational interventions on the cervical cancer screening behavior of females in rural areas need to be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Zhang
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Janet W H Sit
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Dorothy Ngo Sheung Chan
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Oluwadamilare Akingbade
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Carmen W H Chan
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Ghalavandi S, Zarei F, Heidarnia A, Beiranvand R. A blended educational intervention program on Pap-test related behavior among Iranian women. Reprod Health 2021; 18:228. [PMID: 34774076 PMCID: PMC8590270 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a blended educational program to promote performing the PST among Iranian women. DESIGN In a randomized control trial four main variables; knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and practice about PST was evaluated using a man-made questionnaire for PST. SETTING Women aged 18-49 living in Andimeshk (Khuzestan, Iran), covered by 16 health centers, participated in study from November 2019 till April 2019. METHOD The educational intervention conducted to increasing women's performing the PST. The experimental group received an intervention, whereas the control group received usual care. Participants were tested at four-time points: pre-test (baseline), post-test 1 (immediately after the program's completion) post-test 2 (4 weeks after the program's completion) and post-test 3 (12 weeks after the program completion). RESULTS A total of 84 women with average aged 32.27 (42 in the experimental group, 42 in the control group) were recruited from 16 health centers in Andimeshk, southern Iran. Significant group differences were found at different times in knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and practice about PST. CONCLUSION A blended method was effective in sustaining the effects of the educational program in the experimental group. The development of appropriate teaching method on restricted situation such as COVID-19 pandemic to promote participation is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Ghalavandi
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zarei
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Heidarnia
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Beiranvand
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
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Liu C, Chen X, Huang M, Xie Q, Lin Q, Chen S, Shi D. Effect of Health Belief Model Education on Increasing Cognition and Self-Care Behaviour among Elderly Women with Malignant Gynaecological Tumours in Fujian, China. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:1904752. [PMID: 34659680 PMCID: PMC8516589 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1904752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the effect of a health belief model (HBM) educational intervention on the self-perception of and complications related to disease in elderly gynaecological malignancy patients. Methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Fujian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, China. A total of 301 women aged 60 years and older who were diagnosed with gynaecological malignancies from January 2019 to August 2020 were recruited. Participants were randomly divided into the HBM education and basic nursing groups. The participants in the HBM education group received perioperative rehabilitation education based on the HBM, and the participants in the basic nursing group received routine basic nursing. Rehabilitation training compliance, psychological resilience, psychological flexibility, self-efficacy, self-care ability, and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT) incidence were assessed before and after the intervention. Results Thirty-three women were excluded based on the exclusion criteria, and 268 participants were eventually included and randomly divided into two groups: 134 participants in the HBM education group and 134 participants in the basic nursing group. Before HBM education, there were no significant differences in the mean scores of psychological resilience (50.43 ± 3.29 vs. 50.55 ± 2.29, P = 0.738), psychological flexibility (48.98 ± 3.45 vs. 49.29 ± 3.59, P = 0.465), self-efficacy (26.49 ± 5.26 vs. 26.29 ± 6.41, P = 0.781), or rehabilitation training compliance (28.4% vs. 27.8%, P = 0.922) between the two groups. After HBM education, the scores of training compliance (80.6% vs. 30.1%, P < 0.001), psychological resilience (55.47 ± 5.01 vs. 50.46 ± 2.62, P < 0.001), psychological flexibility (56.53 ± 4.51 vs. 49.13 ± 3.62, P < 0.001), self-efficacy (30.79 ± 4.56 vs. 26.41 ± 6.37, P < 0.001), self-care knowledge (43.36 ± 7.60 vs. 34.05 ± 6.99, P < 0.001), self-concept (29.57 ± 5.67 vs. 20.11 ± 3.86, P < 0.001), self-care responsibility (27.54 ± 5.09 vs. 20.86 ± 4.53, P < 0.001), and self-care skills (34.51 ± 5.62 vs. 21.62 ± 5.64, P < 0.001) were higher in the HBM education group than those in the basic nursing group. Additionally, the incidence of LEDVT was lower in the HBM group than that in the basic nursing group (2.2% vs. 8.3%, P = 0.027). Conclusion This study indicated that perioperative HBM education can improve the cognition and self-care ability of elderly gynaecological malignancy patients and reduce postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyin Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Xianjing Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Mengli Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Qun Xie
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Qiaoming Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Siai Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Danfeng Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
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