Risk and protective factors associated with mental health among female military veterans: results from the veterans' health study

The Impact of Military Service on Social Determinants as Predictive Factors for Suicide among Female Veterans

Female Veterans experience disproportionately poorer outcomes in mental health and physical health, as well as other conditions, compared to their male counterparts and non-Veteran females. The Arizona Veteran Survey aims to understand the unique experiences of female Veterans in the state of Arizona and assess how these experiences impact their health. The goal is to identify key risk factors contributing to health challenges among this population, enabling the development of targeted interventions. The statewide Arizona Veteran Survey was conducted to analyze the current impact of common social determinants of health for several demographics of Veterans. There were a total of 841 female Veteran respondents. The data on female Veterans' social determinants of health and the association with suicidality was analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression. A variety of social determinants were analyzed to evaluate their association with suicidality. Female Veteran respondents were 1.4 times more likely to experience suicidality if they were seeking care for mental health concerns, 1.8 times more likely if they felt isolated or lonely, 1.7 times more likely if they felt depressed or hopeless, and 2.5 times more likely to experience suicidality if they struggled to pay for or access medication in the past 12 months leading up to the survey. Female Veterans are a growing population disproportionately affected by experiences that elevate their risk of suicidality. The findings in this paper highlight the need for expanding services and resources while addressing inequities to improve overall well-being.

Sex differences in unmet needs between male and female older Veterans

Aging Veterans face complex needs across multiple domains. However, the needs of older female Veterans and the degree to which unmet needs differ by sex are unknown. We analyzed responses to the HERO CARE survey from 7,955 Veterans aged 55 years and older (weighted N = 490,148), 93.9% males and 6.1% females. We evaluated needs and unmet needs across the following domains: activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental ADLs (IADLs), health management, and social. We calculated weighted estimates and compared sex differences using age-adjusted prevalence ratios. On average, female Veterans were younger, more were Non-Hispanic Black and unmarried. Females and males reported a similar prevalence of problems across all domains. However, compared to males, female Veterans had a lesser prevalence of missed appointments due to transportation (aPR 0.49; 95% CI: 0.26-0.92), housework unmet needs (aPR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20-0.97), and medication management unmet needs (aPR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.11-0.95) but a higher prevalence of healthcare communication unmet needs (aPR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.13-5.05) and monitoring health conditions unmet needs (aPR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.08-4.20). Female Veterans' common experience of unmet needs in communicating with their healthcare teams could result in care that is less aligned with their preferences or needs. As the number of older female Veterans grows, these data and additional work to understand sex-specific unmet needs and ways to address them are essential to providing high-quality care for female Veterans.

Career women's mental wellbeing in the era of population decline: the effects of working environment and family environment on the mental wellbeing

Introduction

In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that the population in many countries has been declining. China, which was previously the world's most populous nation and is often categorized as an emerging economy, officially entered an era of population decline in 2022. The advent of this era has make China's economic development more uncertain and aging of population more pronounced. To address the population decline, the Chinese government implemented the "Three-Child Policy" to encourage childbirth, aiming to reverse the negative population growth. However, this policy has not achieved the expected goals. Instead, it has increased the pressure on women to bear children, particularly for career women, where such pressure may conflict with their existing work and family environments, subsequently affecting their mental wellbeing.

Methods

A survey was conducted to investigate the mental wellbeing status of career women in Changchun City, Jilin Province, Northeast China. It analyzes the impact of working and family environments on the mental wellbeing of these women.

Results

Based on the survey, this study draws five conclusions: A. The mental wellbeing status of career women varies across different ages, industries, and childbirth statuses. B. The perceived adverse impact of childbirth on the working environment may negatively affect the mental wellbeing of career women. C. The perceived adverse impact of childbirth on the family environment may negatively affect the mental wellbeing of career women. D. Career women are not satisfied with the effectiveness of current policies in protecting women's rights. E. Compared to working environments, there is a greater demand for career women in the family environments, particularly in reducing various family burdens.

Discussion

The pro-natalist policies introduced in response to negative population growth can worsen the mental wellbeing of career women, while the deterioration of their mental wellbeing could further accelerate population decline. Given the current challenges, this study suggests that effectively improving the mental wellbeing of career women requires building psychological resilience among childless career women, reducing the burden of family on career women, and continuously improving policies and regulations that protect the rights of career women.

Veteran Single Parents: Surviving but Not Thriving

The demographics of the veteran population are changing. Veterans who served after September 11, 2001 (post-9/11 veterans), are more likely to be female and identify as a person of color than their older counterparts. They are also more likely to be raising children, many of them without support from a partner. This study provides a comprehensive look at the financial, physical, and mental health of veteran single parents; explores the differences across these factors by race, ethnicity, and gender; and includes recommendations on policies and programs that can better support veteran single parents and their children.

Mental health and resilience in the Irish defense forces during the COVID-19 global pandemic

The Irish Defense Forces (DF) responded to the COVID-19 pandemic and national public health crisis by deploying personnel to aid domestic civil authorities in medical and care settings, contact tracing, logistics, and operations. Current research on COVID-19 reveals increased psychological distress among frontline workers and the general public. Resilience has previously been associated with lower levels of psychological distress. This study sets out to test these associations, and to examine mental health differences between DF personnel deployed in Ireland on pandemic-related duties (DIPD) and non-DIPD. Participants were 231 DF members who completed the: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Perceived Coronavirus Threat Questionnaire, Brief Trauma Questionnaire, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5, and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Independent t-tests revealed no differences between DIPD and non-DIPD on measures of psychological distress or on self-rated mental health prior to COVID-19 (PC19) and during COVID-19 (DC19). Results of multiple hierarchical regression analyses revealed that depression predicted lower levels of resilience, while multiple traumatic events predicted higher levels of resilience. The total adjusted variance explained by the model was 25%. Clinical and policy implications for improving access to psychological support within the DF and military populations are discussed.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention and clinical guidelines research-workshop report

It is estimated that up to 1 in 20 people in the United States are affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), an array of cognitive, emotional, physical and social disorders caused by exposure to alcohol during prenatal development. Common diagnoses encompassed within FASD include mood and behavioral disorders, memory and central nervous system deficits, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), slow growth and low body weight. While this condition affects a broad range of individuals and families, it is of particular concern in the military community, where cultural factors including an increased prevalence of alcohol misuse pose a unique set of challenges. To shed light on these issues and provide an overview of the existing research, programs, and clinical practice guidelines surrounding FASD, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), in conjunction with FASD United, hosted the Workshop on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevention and Clinical Guidelines Research on 21 September 2022 in Washington, DC. More than 50 attendees from academia, healthcare, federal agencies, and consumer advocacy organizations gathered to share research findings, lived experiences, and strategies for improving FASD prevention, diagnosis, interventions, and support.The workshop began with a series of presentations on FASD risk factors and causes, strategies for diagnosis and interventions, and impacts and lived experiences. Individuals and families affected by FASD spoke about the ways FASD, its symptoms, and the social stigma associated with it influences their daily lives, experiences at school and work, and access to healthcare. Several speakers highlighted the work of non-profit organizations and advocacy groups in supporting families affected by FASD and other challenges faced by military families more broadly. The workshop closed with a discussion of federal agency perspectives highlighting initiatives aimed at advancing research and access to care for women and families at-risk and those currently affected by FASD.

The adaptation of soldiers to post-service life - the mediating impact of political views on the relationship between violence and adaptation

Introduction

The current research explores the association between political views, combat experiences, and the adaptation of soldiers to post-service life. Violent experiences in military service were explored as contributors to both positive and negative dimensions of adaptation, while political views served as possible mediators.

Methods

Three hundred and twenty Israeli veterans participated in the study.

Results

Political views were correlated with adaptation, especially left-to-right voting and anti-militarism. The results support the mediating role of political beliefs (left-right voting and militarism) in the relationship between combat experience and adaptation to post-service life.

Discussion

We contend that political perceptions affect adaptation through sense-making of the combat experiences and the individual processing of these experiences, and the willingness to continue in reserve service, which allows social support and recognition. In addition, they are linked to a sense of bitterness following the reduction of public participation in military and reserve service.

A scoping review of military and Veteran families within international suicidality and suicide prevention research

The impacts of suicidality on families are well known, which is particularly relevant in at-risk populations, such as active duty military personnel and Veteran communities. This scoping review describes how military and Veteran families have been conceptualized within suicide prevention research. A systematic, multi-database search was conducted, and 4,835 studies were screened. All included studies underwent quality assessment. Bibliographic, participant, methodological, and family-relevant data was extracted and descriptively analyzed into Factors, Actors, and Impacts. In total, 51 studies (2007 - 2021) were included. Most studies focused on suicidality rather than suicide prevention. Factor studies described family constructs as a suicidality risk or protective factor for military personnel or Veterans. Actor studies described families' roles or responsibilities to act in relation to the suicidality of military personnel or Veterans. Impacts studies described the impacts of suicidality on military and Veteran family members. The search was limited to English language studies. There were few studies on suicide prevention interventions for or including military and Veteran family members. Family was typically considered peripheral to the military personnel or Veteran experiencing suicidality. However, there was also emerging evidence of suicidality and its consequences in military-connected family members.

Overview of Efforts to Increase Women Enrollment in the Veterans Affairs Million Veteran Program

Background

Ensuring enhanced delivery of care to women Veterans is a top Veterans Affairs (VA) priority; however, women are historically underrepresented in research that informs evidence-based health care. A primary barrier to women's participation is the inability to engage with research in person due to a number of documented challenges. The VA Million Veteran Program (MVP) is committed to increasing access for women Veterans to participate in research, thereby better understanding conditions specific to this population and how disease manifests differently in women compared to men. The goal of this work is to describe the results of the MVP Women's Campaign, an effort designed to increase outreach to and awareness of remote enrollment options for women Veterans.

Materials and Methods

The MVP Women's Campaign launched two phases between March 2021 and April 2022: the Multimedia Phase leveraged a variety of strategic multichannel communication tactics and the Email Phase focused on direct email communication to women Veterans. The effect of the Multimedia Phase was determined using t-tests and chi-square tests, as well as logistic regression models to compare demographic subgroups. The Email Phase was evaluated using comparisons of the enrollment rate across demographic groups through a multivariate adjusted logistic regression model.

Results

Overall, 4694 women Veterans enrolled during the MVP Women's Campaign (54% during the Multimedia Phase and 46% during the Email Phase). For the Multimedia Phase, the percentage of older women online enrollees increased, along with women from the southwest and western regions of the United States. Differences for women Veteran online enrollment across different ethnicity and race groups were not observed. During the Email Phase, the enrollment rate increased with age. Compared to White women Veterans, Blacks, Asians, and Native Americans were significantly less likely to enroll while Veterans with multiple races were more likely to enroll.

Conclusion

The MVP Women's Campaign is the first large-scale outreach effort focusing on recruitment of women Veterans into MVP. The combination of print and digital outreach tactics and direct email recruitment resulted in over a fivefold increase in women Veteran enrollees during a 7-month period. Attention to messaging and communication channels, combined with a better understanding of effective recruitment methods for certain Veteran populations, allows MVP the opportunity to advance health and health care not only for women Veterans, but beyond. Lessons learned will be applied to increase other populations in MVP such as Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, younger Veterans, and Veterans with certain health conditions.

Genome-wide association study identifies four pan-ancestry loci for suicidal ideation in the Million Veteran Program

Suicidal ideation (SI) often precedes and predicts suicide attempt and death, is the most common suicidal phenotype and is over-represented in veterans. The genetic architecture of SI in the absence of suicide attempt (SA) is unknown, yet believed to have distinct and overlapping risk with other suicidal behaviors. We performed the first GWAS of SI without SA in the Million Veteran Program (MVP), identifying 99,814 SI cases from electronic health records without a history of SA or suicide death (SD) and 512,567 controls without SI, SA or SD. GWAS was performed separately in the four largest ancestry groups, controlling for sex, age and genetic substructure. Ancestry-specific results were combined via meta-analysis to identify pan-ancestry loci. Four genome-wide significant (GWS) loci were identified in the pan-ancestry meta-analysis with loci on chromosomes 6 and 9 associated with suicide attempt in an independent sample. Pan-ancestry gene-based analysis identified GWS associations with DRD2, DCC, FBXL19, BCL7C, CTF1, ANNK1, and EXD3. Gene-set analysis implicated synaptic and startle response pathways (q's<0.05). European ancestry (EA) analysis identified GWS loci on chromosomes 6 and 9, as well as GWS gene associations in EXD3, DRD2, and DCC. No other ancestry-specific GWS results were identified, underscoring the need to increase representation of diverse individuals. The genetic correlation of SI and SA within MVP was high (rG = 0.87; p = 1.09e-50), as well as with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; rG = 0.78; p = 1.98e-95) and major depressive disorder (MDD; rG = 0.78; p = 8.33e-83). Conditional analysis on PTSD and MDD attenuated most pan-ancestry and EA GWS signals for SI without SA to nominal significance, with the exception of EXD3 which remained GWS. Our novel findings support a polygenic and complex architecture for SI without SA which is largely shared with SA and overlaps with psychiatric conditions frequently comorbid with suicidal behaviors.

Acute influence of an adaptive sporting event on quality of life in veterans with disabilities

Veterans with disabilities can experience poor quality of life following military service due to the associated negative physical and psychological ramifications. However, participation in physical activities has shown to induce both physical and mental benefits and improve the quality of life of this population. Adaptive sports, an innovative approach to address the unique physical and psychosocial needs of veterans with disabilities, are becoming more widely used as a rehabilitation tool to improve the quality of life for these veterans. This study aimed to determine the acute influence of participation in a single-day, veteran-based, adaptive kayaking and sailing event on the perceived overall health, quality of life, and quality of social life of veterans with varying disabilities. It was hypothesized that all three categories and the sum score of quality of life would reflect a positive acute response after participation in the community-based physical activity event. Veterans responded to three quality of life-related questions using a 5-point Likert scale before and directly after participating in the event. Findings indicated that an adaptive sporting event can have an acute positive influence on the quality of life of veteran participants, with improvements observed in all three categories of perceived quality of life. Therefore, it is advantageous for the whole-health rehabilitation of veterans with disabilities for the Department of Veterans Affairs to continue to provide opportunities for veterans to participate in non-traditional, community-based activities.

Recent and Frequent Mental Distress Among Women with a History of Military Service, 2003–2019

Examining women veterans' self-reported mental health is critical to understanding their unique mental and physical health needs. This study describes self-reported mental distress over a 17-year period among cross-sectional nationally representative samples of women in the USA using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) core national surveys from 2003 to 2019. Nationally representative prevalence estimates of self-reported mental distress were compared between women veterans and their (1) men veteran and (2) women civilian counterparts. In each year examined, women veterans report significantly more days of recent mental distress and significantly higher prevalence of frequent mental distress than their men veteran counterparts. In several years, women veterans also report greater levels of recent and frequent mental distress than women civilians. These findings highlight the long-standing high prevalence of self-reported poor mental health among women veterans and suggest that specific efforts to address mental health among women veterans as a unique population may be warranted.

Time in Service and Resilience in Active Military Personnel during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Peru

Greater occupational exposure may have a positive effect on the development of resilience. We aimed to determine the association between working time and resilience in Peruvian military personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. A secondary data analysis was performed including 586 records of military personnel who supported the health emergency during the second epidemic wave in Lambayeque, Peru. Resilience was measured with the short form of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Working time and other relevant covariates were collected by self-report. Generalized linear models were used. The mean resilience score was 22.18 and 43.2% scored high for resilience. Participants reported that they are strong individuals when facing difficulties (42.3%), are able to handle unpleasant feelings (40.3%), and achieve their goals despite obstacles (40.4%). Working more than 18 months was associated with a 35% higher prevalence of high resilience (PR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.05-1.75). In conclusion, a notable number of military personnel experienced high levels of resilience during the pandemic. Working time may have played an important role in the development of this ability. Our findings could help guide the deployment and organization of the military in health emergency support missions.

Getting Connected: a Retrospective Cohort Investigation of Video-to-Home Telehealth for Mental Health Care Utilization Among Women Veterans

BACKGROUND

Increasingly, women are serving in the military and seeking care at the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Women veterans face unique challenges and barriers in seeking mental health (MH) care within VHA. VA Video Connect (VVC), which facilitates video-based teleconferencing between patients and providers, can reduce barriers while maintaining clinical effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE

Primary aims were to examine gender differences in VVC use, describe changes in VVC use over time (including pre-COVID and 6 months following the beginning of COVID), and determine whether changes over time differed by gender.

DESIGN

A retrospective cohort investigation of video-to-home telehealth for MH care utilization among veterans having at least 1 MH visit from October 2019 to September 2020.

PARTICIPANTS

Veterans (236,268 women; 1,318,024 men).

INTERVENTIONS (IF APPLICABLE)

VVC involves face-to-face, synchronous, video-based teleconferencing between patients and providers, enabling care at home or another private location.

MAIN MEASURES

Percentage of MH encounters delivered via VA Video Connect.

KEY RESULTS

Women veterans were more likely than men to have at least 1 VVC encounter and had a greater percentage of MH care delivered via VVC in FY20. There was an increase in the percentage of MH encounters that were VVC over FY20, and this increase was greater for women than men. Women veterans who were younger than 55 (compared to those 55 and older), lived in urban areas (compared to those in rural areas), or were Asian (compared to other races) had a greater percentage of MH encounters that were VVC since the start of the pandemic, controlling for the mean percentage of VVC MH encounters in the 6 months pre-pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS

VVC use for MH care is greater in women veterans compared to male veterans and may reduce gender-specific access barriers. Future research and VVC implementation efforts should emphasize maximizing patient choice and satisfaction.

Impact and Risk of Moral Injury Among Deployed Veterans: Implications for Veterans and Mental Health

The impact of "moral injury" (MI) among deployed veterans, defined as actions in combat that violate a veteran's moral beliefs and result in psychological distress, has increasingly become a significant clinical concern separate from other trauma- and stressor-related disorders. MI involves severe distress over violations of core beliefs often followed by feelings of guilt and conflict and is common among veterans with PTSD. While the psychological impact of PTSD is well-documented among veterans, this has been done less so with respect to MI. We studied MI among 1,032 deployed veterans who were outpatients in a large non-profit multi-hospital system in central Pennsylvania. The study included active duty and Guard/Reserve members, as well as veterans who were not Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) service users. Our hypothesis was that, controlling for other risk factors, veterans with high MI would have current mental disorders. Our secondary hypothesis was that MI would be associated with other psychopathologies, including chronic pain, sleep disorders, fear of death, anomie, and use of alcohol/drugs to cope post deployment. Most veterans studied were deployed to Vietnam (64.1%), while others were deployed to post-Vietnam conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and elsewhere. Altogether, 95.1% of the veterans were male and their mean age was 61.6 years (SD = 11.8). Among the veterans, 24.4% had high combat exposure, 10.9% had PTSD, 19.8% had major depressive disorder, and 11.7% had a history of suicidal thoughts. Based on the Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES), 25.8% had high MI post deployment, defined as a score above the 75th percentile. Results show that high MI among veterans was associated with current global mental health severity and recent mental health service use, but not suicidal thoughts. In addition, as hypothesized, MI was also associated with pain, sleep disorders, fear of death, anomie, use of alcohol/drugs to cope post-deployment, and poor unit support/morale during deployment. Deployed veterans with MI are more likely to have current mental health disorders and other psychological problems years after deployment. Further research is advised related to the screening, assessment, treatment, and prevention of MI among veterans and others after trauma exposures.