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Zhou X, Medina-Ramirez IE, Su G, Liu Y, Yan B. All Roads Lead to Rome: Comparing Nanoparticle- and Small Molecule-Driven Cell Autophagy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310966. [PMID: 38616767 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, vital for removing cellular waste, is triggered differently by small molecules and nanoparticles. Small molecules, like rapamycin, non-selectively activate autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR pathway, which is essential for cell regulation. This can clear damaged components but may cause cytotoxicity with prolonged use. Nanoparticles, however, induce autophagy, often causing oxidative stress, through broader cellular interactions and can lead to a targeted form known as "xenophagy." Their impact varies with their properties but can be harnessed therapeutically. In this review, the autophagy induced by nanoparticles is explored and small molecules across four dimensions: the mechanisms behind autophagy induction, the outcomes of such induction, the toxicological effects on cellular autophagy, and the therapeutic potential of employing autophagy triggered by nanoparticles or small molecules. Although small molecules and nanoparticles each induce autophagy through different pathways and lead to diverse effects, both represent invaluable tools in cell biology, nanomedicine, and drug discovery, offering unique insights and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhou
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Baoding, 071100, China
| | - Iliana E Medina-Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av Universidad 940, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Gaoxing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 10024, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at the Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Chang JHM, Xue Z, Bauer J, Wehle B, Hendrix DA, Catalano T, Hurowitz JA, Nekvasil H, Demple B. Artificial Space Weathering to Mimic Solar Wind Enhances the Toxicity of Lunar Dust Simulants in Human Lung Cells. GEOHEALTH 2024; 8:e2023GH000840. [PMID: 38312735 PMCID: PMC10835080 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
During NASA's Apollo missions, inhalation of dust particles from lunar regolith was identified as a potential occupational hazard for astronauts. These fine particles adhered tightly to spacesuits and were unavoidably brought into the living areas of the spacecraft. Apollo astronauts reported that exposure to the dust caused intense respiratory and ocular irritation. This problem is a potential challenge for the Artemis Program, which aims to return humans to the Moon for extended stays in this decade. Since lunar dust is "weathered" by space radiation, solar wind, and the incessant bombardment of micrometeorites, we investigated whether treatment of lunar regolith simulants to mimic space weathering enhanced their toxicity. Two such simulants were employed in this research, Lunar Mare Simulant-1 (LMS-1), and Lunar Highlands Simulant-1 (LHS-1), which were added to cultures of human lung epithelial cells (A549) to simulate lung exposure to the dusts. In addition to pulverization, previously shown to increase dust toxicity sharply, the simulants were exposed to hydrogen gas at high temperature as a proxy for solar wind exposure. This treatment further increased the toxicity of both simulants, as measured by the disruption of mitochondrial function, and damage to DNA both in mitochondria and in the nucleus. By testing the effects of supplementing the cells with an antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine), we showed that a substantial component of this toxicity arises from free radicals. It remains to be determined to what extent the radicals arise from the dust itself, as opposed to their active generation by inflammatory processes in the treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H M Chang
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - Z Xue
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - J Bauer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - B Wehle
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - D A Hendrix
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - T Catalano
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - J A Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - H Nekvasil
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - B Demple
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and of Radiation Oncology Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
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Blandino G, Fiorani M, Canonico B, De Matteis R, Guidarelli A, Montanari M, Buffi G, Coppo L, Arnér ESJ, Cantoni O. Clozapine suppresses NADPH oxidase activation, counteracts cytosolic H 2O 2, and triggers early onset mitochondrial dysfunction during adipogenesis of human liposarcoma SW872 cells. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102915. [PMID: 37866162 PMCID: PMC10623370 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term treatment of schizophrenia with clozapine (CLZ), an atypical antipsychotic drug, is associated with an increased incidence of metabolic disorders mediated by poorly understood mechanisms. We herein report that CLZ, while slowing down the morphological changes and lipid accumulation occurring during SW872 cell adipogenesis, also causes an early (day 3) inhibition of the expression/nuclear translocation of CAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Under the same conditions, CLZ blunts NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a dual mechanism involving enzyme inhibition and ROS scavenging. These effects were accompanied by hampered activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant responses compared to controls, and by an aggravated formation of mitochondrial superoxide. CLZ failed to exert ROS scavenging activities in the mitochondrial compartment but appeared to actively scavenge cytosolic H2O2 derived from mitochondrial superoxide. The early formation of mitochondrial ROS promoted by CLZ was also associated with signs of mitochondrial dysfunction. Some of the above findings were recapitulated using mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We conclude that the NADPH oxidase inhibitory and cytosolic ROS scavenging activities of CLZ slow down SW872 cell adipogenesis and suppress their Nrf2 activation, an event apparently connected with increased mitochondrial ROS formation, which is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Thus, the cellular events characterised herein may help to shed light on the more detailed molecular mechanisms explaining some of the adverse metabolic effects of CLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Blandino
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Mara Fiorani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Rita De Matteis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Guidarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Mariele Montanari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Gloria Buffi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Lucia Coppo
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Selenoprotein Research and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orazio Cantoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Singh RK, Kumar S, Kumar S, Shukla A, Kumar N, Patel AK, Yadav LK, Kaushalendra, Antiwal M, Acharya A. Potential implications of protein kinase Cα in pathophysiological conditions and therapeutic interventions. Life Sci 2023; 330:121999. [PMID: 37536614 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
PKCα is a molecule with many functions that play an important role in cell survival and death to maintain cellular homeostasis. Alteration in the normal functioning of PKCα is responsible for the complicated etiology of many pathologies, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, kidney complications, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetics, and many others. Several studies have been carried out over the years on this kinase's function, and regulation in normal physiology and pathological conditions. A lot of data with antithetical results have therefore accumulated over time to create a complex framework of physiological implications connected to the PKCα function that needs comprehensive elucidation. In light of this information, we critically analyze the multiple roles played by PKCα in basic cellular processes and their molecular mechanism during various pathological conditions. This review further discusses the current approaches to manipulating PKCα signaling amplitude in the patient's favour and proposed PKCα as a therapeutic target to reverse pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kant Singh
- Lab of Hematopoiesis and Leukemia, KSBS, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; Cancer Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Cancer Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Cancer Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Alok Shukla
- Cancer Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Cancer Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anand Kumar Patel
- Cancer Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Yadav
- Cancer Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kaushalendra
- Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College Campus, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796001, India
| | - Meera Antiwal
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Cancer Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Zhou X, Jin W, Ma J. Lung inflammation perturbation by engineered nanoparticles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1199230. [PMID: 37304133 PMCID: PMC10248179 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1199230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the unique and diverse physicochemical properties of nanoparticles have brought about their wide use in many fields; however, it is necessary to better understand the possible human health risks caused by their release in the environment. Although the adverse health effects of nanoparticles have been proposed and are still being clarified, their effects on lung health have not been fully studied. In this review, we focus on the latest research progress on the pulmonary toxic effects of nanoparticles, and we summarized their disturbance of the pulmonary inflammatory response. First, the activation of lung inflammation by nanoparticles was reviewed. Second, we discussed how further exposure to nanoparticles aggravated the ongoing lung inflammation. Third, we summarized the inhibition of the ongoing lung inflammation by nanoparticles loaded with anti-inflammatory drugs. Forth, we introduced how the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles affect the related pulmonary inflammatory disturbance. Finally, we discussed the main gaps in current research and the challenges and countermeasures in future research.
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Kim SG, Sung JY, Kang YJ, Choi HC. Fisetin alleviates cellular senescence through PTEN mediated inhibition of PKCδ-NOX1 pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 108:104927. [PMID: 36645971 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a key risk factor of cellular senescence and age-related diseases, and protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to activate NADPH oxidases (NOXs), which generate ROS. Although PKC activation induces oxidative stress, leading to the cellular dysfunction in various cell types, the correlation between PKC and senescence has not been reported in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). Several studies have indicated cellular senescence is accompanied by phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss and that an interaction exists between PTEN and PKC. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether PTEN and PKC are associated with VSMC senescence and to investigate the mechanism involved. We found hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decreased PTEN expression and increased PKCδ phosphorylation. Moreover, H2O2 upregulated the NOX1 subunits, p22phox and p47phox, and induced VSMC senescence via p53-p21 signaling pathway. We identified PKCδ activation contributed to VSMC senescence through activation of NOX1 and ROS production. However, fisetin inhibited cellular senescence induced by the PTEN-PKCδ-NOX1-ROS signaling pathway, and this anti-aging effect was attributed to reduced ROS production caused by suppressing NOX1 activation. These results suggest that the PTEN-PCKδ signaling pathway is directly related to senescence via NOX1 activation and that the downregulation of PKCδ by flavonoids provides a potential means of treating age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Gi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Senotherapy-based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Senotherapy-based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Chul Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Senotherapy-based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea.
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Montero-Cosme TG, Pascual-Mathey LI, Hernández-Aguilar ME, Herrera-Covarrubias D, Rojas-Durán F, Aranda-Abreu GE. Potential drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:544-559. [PMID: 37005970 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that amyloid precursor protein (APP), the enzyme β-secretase 1 (BACE1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), nicastrin (NCT), and hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) are closely related to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, recent evidence shows that neuroinflammation also contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Although the mechanism is not clearly known, such inflammation could alter the activity of the aforementioned molecules. Therefore, the use of anti-inflammatory agents could slow the progression of the disease. Nimesulide, resveratrol, and citalopram are three anti-inflammatory agents that could contribute to a decrease in neuroinflammation and consequently to a decrease in the overexpression of APP, BACE1, COX-2, NCT, and p-Tau, as they possess anti-inflammatory effects that could regulate the expression of APP, BACE1, COX-2, NCT, and p-Tau of potent pro-inflammatory markers indirectly involved in the expression of APP, BACE1, NCT, COX-2, and p-Tau; therefore, their use could be beneficial as preventive treatment as well as in the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fausto Rojas-Durán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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Song H, Kang S, Yu Y, Jung SY, Park K, Kim SM, Kim HJ, Kim JG, Kim SE. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of pH-Responsive Resveratrol-Urocanic Acid Nano-Assemblies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043843. [PMID: 36835253 PMCID: PMC9965382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory environments provide vital biochemical stimuli (i.e., oxidative stress, pH, and enzymes) for triggered drug delivery in a controlled manner. Inflammation alters the local pH within the affected tissues. As a result, pH-sensitive nanomaterials can be used to effectively target drugs to the site of inflammation. Herein, we designed pH-sensitive nanoparticles in which resveratrol (an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound (RES)) and urocanic acid (UA) were complexed with a pH-sensitive moiety using an emulsion method. These RES-UA NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the RES-UA NPs were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The NPs were circular in shape and ranged in size from 106 to 180 nm. The RES-UA NPs suppressed the mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory molecules inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation of LPS-stimulated macrophages with RES-UA NPs reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that pH-responsive RES-UA NPs can be used to decrease ROS generation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heegyeong Song
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Kang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Nano-Based Disease Control Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, #148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Nano-Based Disease Control Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, #148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Nano-Based Disease Control Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, #148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - HaK-Jun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Nano-Based Disease Control Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, #148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyoon Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si 15355, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.G.K.); (S.E.K.); Tel.: +82-31-412-4946 (J.G.K.); +82-2-6738-4514 (S.E.K.)
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Nano-Based Disease Control Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, #148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.G.K.); (S.E.K.); Tel.: +82-31-412-4946 (J.G.K.); +82-2-6738-4514 (S.E.K.)
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Structure, Activation, and Regulation of NOX2: At the Crossroad between the Innate Immunity and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Pathologies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020429. [PMID: 36829988 PMCID: PMC9952346 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) is a multisubunit enzyme complex that participates in the generation of superoxide or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and plays a key role in several biological functions. Among seven known NOX isoforms, NOX2 was the first identified in phagocytes but is also expressed in several other cell types including endothelial cells, platelets, microglia, neurons, and muscle cells. NOX2 has been assigned multiple roles in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, and human and mouse models of NOX2 genetic deletion highlighted this key role. On the other side, NOX2 hyperactivation is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases with different etiologies but all are characterized by an increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory process. From this point of view, the modulation of NOX2 represents an important therapeutic strategy aimed at reducing the damage associated with its hyperactivation. Although pharmacological strategies to selectively modulate NOX2 are implemented thanks to new biotechnologies, this field of research remains to be explored. Therefore, in this review, we analyzed the role of NOX2 at the crossroads between immunity and pathologies mediated by its hyperactivation. We described (1) the mechanisms of activation and regulation, (2) human, mouse, and cellular models studied to understand the role of NOX2 as an enzyme of innate immunity, (3) some of the pathologies associated with its hyperactivation, and (4) the inhibitory strategies, with reference to the most recent discoveries.
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Profiling Inflammatory Biomarkers following Curcumin Supplementation: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:4875636. [PMID: 36700039 PMCID: PMC9870680 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4875636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective Several meta-analyses have shown that curcumin can reduce inflammatory biomarkers, but the findings are inconsistent. The objective of the present umbrella meta-analysis was to provide a more accurate estimate of the overall effects of curcumin on inflammatory biomarkers. Methods The following international databases were systematically searched until March 20, 2022: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A random-effects model was applied to evaluate the effects of curcumin on inflammatory biomarkers. Meta-analysis studies investigating the effects of curcumin supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers with corresponding effect sizes (ES) and confidence intervals (CI) were included in the umbrella meta-analysis. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence. Results A meta-analyses of ten studies with 5,870 participants indicated a significant decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP) (ES = -0.74; 95% CI: -1.11, -0.37, p < 0.001; I2 = 62.1%, p=0.015), interleukin 6 (IL-6) (ES = -1.07; 95% CI: -1.71, -0.44, p < 0.001; I2 = 75.6%, p < 0.001), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels (ES: -1.92, 95% CI: -2.64, -1.19, p < 0.0; I2 = 18.1%, p=0.296) following curcumin supplementation. Greater effects on CRP and TNF-α were evident in trials with a mean age >45 years and a sample size >300 participants. Conclusion The umbrella of meta-analysis suggests curcumin as a promising agent in reducing inflammation as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in diseases whose pathogenesis is related to a higher level of inflammatory biomarkers.
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Wang X, Ren XM, He H, Li F, Liu K, Zhao F, Hu H, Zhang P, Huang B, Pan X. Cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory effect of polystyrene nano-plastic and micro-plastic on RAW264.7 cells. Toxicology 2023; 484:153391. [PMID: 36503103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that exposure to micro- or nano-plastics led to the cell viability and function of macrophages in the intestine tissue might be one possible mechanism. This study investigated the cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory effect of 80 nm polystyrene-nano-plastic (PS-NP) and 3 µm PS-micro-plastic (PS-MP) on mouse macrophages RAW264.7 cells. Our results showed that exposure to PS-NP or PS-MP induced apoptosis of cells at 5 or 10 μg/mL, respectively. Besides, PS-NP enhanced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10) with the lowest effective concentration (LOEC) of 1, 0.01, and 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. PS-MP enhanced secretion of TNF-α and IL-10 with the LOEC of 1 and 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. We further studied the possible mechanisms of the effects of PS-NP or PS-MP on RAW264.7 cells. We found they might cause cytotoxicity and inflammatory effects by producing reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in the cells. Accordingly, our results demonstrated that PS-NP and PS-MP had cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory effect on macrophages, which might further lead to intestinal inflammation. Moreover, we revealed that the PS-NP had more potent adverse impacts on macrophages than PS-MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Min Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Huan He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fan Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kunqian Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fenqing Zhao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huixiang Hu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control in Soils, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control in Soils, Kunming 650500, China.
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Huang Y, Zhang X, Zou Y, Yuan Q, Xian YF, Lin ZX. Quercetin Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain after Brachial Plexus Avulsion via Suppressing Oxidative Damage through Inhibition of PKC/MAPK/ NOX Pathway. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2343-2361. [PMID: 37533160 PMCID: PMC10556381 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230802144940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) animally involves the separation of spinal nerve roots themselves and the correlative spinal cord segment, leading to formidable neuropathic pain of the upper limb. METHODS The right seventh cervical (C7) ventral and dorsal roots were avulsed to establish a neuropathic pain model in rats. After operation, rats were treated with quercetin (QCN) by intragastric administration for 1 week. The effects of QCN were evaluated using mechanical allodynia tests and biochemical assay kits. RESULTS QCN treatment significantly attenuated the avulsion-provoked mechanical allodynia, elevated the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the C7 spinal dorsal horn. In addition, QCN administration inhibited the activations of macrophages, microglia and astrocytes in the C6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and C6-8 spinal dorsal horn, as well as attenuated the release of purinergic 2X (P2X) receptors in C6 DRG. The molecular mechanism underlying the above alterations was found to be related to the suppression of the PKC/MAPK/NOX signal pathway. To further study the anti-oxidative effects of QCN, we applied QCN on the H2O2-induced BV-2 cells in vitro, and the results attested that QCN significantly ameliorated the H2O2-induced ROS production in BV-2 cells, inhibited the H2O2-induced activation of PKC/MAPK/NOX pathway. CONCLUSION Our study for the first time provided evidence that QCN was able to attenuate pain hypersensitivity following the C7 spinal root avulsion in rats, and the molecular mechanisms involve the reduction of both neuro-inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress via suppression of P2X receptors and inhibition of the activation of PKC/MAPK/NOX pathway. The results indicate that QCN is a natural compound with great promise worthy of further development into a novel therapeutic method for the treatment of BPA-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xie Zhang
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pathogenesis and Therapy Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong. P.R. China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong. P.R. China
| | - Yidan Zou
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiuju Yuan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Vassal M, Pereira CD, Martins F, Silva VLM, Silva AMS, Senos AMR, Costa MEV, Pereira MDL, Rebelo S. Different Strategies to Attenuate the Toxic Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Spermatogonia Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3561. [PMID: 36296751 PMCID: PMC9607034 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the most used nanoparticles due to their unique physicochemical and biological properties. There is, however, a growing concern about their negative impact on male reproductive health. Therefore, in the present study, two different strategies were used to evaluate the recovery ability of spermatogonia cells from the first stage of spermatogenesis (GC-1 spg cell line) after being exposed to a cytotoxic concentration of ZnO NPs (20 µg/mL) for two different short time periods, 6 and 12 h. The first strategy was to let the GC-1 cells recover after ZnO NPs exposure in a ZnO NPs-free medium for 4 days. At this phase, cell viability assays were performed to evaluate whether this period was long enough to allow for cell recovery. Exposure to ZnO NPs for 6 h and 12 h induced a decrease in viability of 25% and 41%, respectively. However, the recovery period allowed for an increase in cell viability from 16% to 25% to values as high as 91% and 84%. These results strongly suggest that GC-1 cells recover, but not completely, given that the cell viability does not reach 100%. Additionally, the impact of a synthetic chalcone (E)-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (1) to counteract the reproductive toxicity of ZnO NPs was investigated. Different concentrations of chalcone 1 (0-12.5 µM) were used before and during exposure of GC-1 cells to ZnO NPs to mitigate the damage induced by NPs. The protective ability of this compound was evaluated through viability assays, levels of DNA damage, and cytoskeleton dynamics (evaluating the acetylated α-tubulin and β-actin protein levels). The results indicated that the tested concentrations of chalcone 1 can attenuate the genotoxicity induced by ZnO NPs for shorter exposure periods (6 h). Chalcone 1 supplementation also increased cell viability and stabilized the microtubules. However, the antioxidant potential of this compound remains to be elucidated. In conclusion, this work addressed the main cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on a spermatogonia cell line and analyzed two different strategies to mitigate this damage, which represent a significant contribution to the field of male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vassal
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia D. Pereira
- Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipa Martins
- Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vera L. M. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M. R. Senos
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Elisabete V. Costa
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Jurczyk M, Kasperczyk J, Wrześniok D, Beberok A, Jelonek K. Nanoparticles Loaded with Docetaxel and Resveratrol as an Advanced Tool for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051187. [PMID: 35625921 PMCID: PMC9138983 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing interest in the use of a combination of chemosensitizers and cytostatics for overcoming cancer resistance to treatment and the development of their delivery systems has been observed. Resveratrol (Res) presents antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties but also limits multidrug resistance against docetaxel (Dtx), which is one of the main causes of failure in cancer therapy with this drug. However, the use of both drugs presents challenges, including poor bioavailability, the unfavourable pharmacokinetics and chemical instability of Res and the poor water solubility and dose-limiting toxicity of Dtx. In order to overcome these difficulties, attempts have been made to create different forms of delivery for both agents. This review is focused on the latest developments in nanoparticles for the delivery of Dtx, Res and for the combined delivery of those two drugs. The aim of this review was also to summarize the synergistic mechanism of action of Dtx and Res on cancer cells. According to recent reports, Dtx and Res loaded in a nano-delivery system exhibit better efficiency in cancer treatment compared to free drugs. Also, the co-delivery of Dtx and Res in one actively targeted delivery system providing the simultaneous release of both drugs in cancer cells has a chance to fulfil the requirements of effective anticancer therapy and reduce limitations in therapy caused by multidrug resistance (MDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jurczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Skłodowska 34 St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.J.); (J.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (D.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Skłodowska 34 St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.J.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (D.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (D.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Jelonek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Skłodowska 34 St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.J.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-271-2969
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15
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Coco JC, Ataide JA, Sake JA, Tambourgi EB, Ehrhardt C, Mazzola PG. In vitro antioxidant and wound healing properties of baru nut extract ( Dipteryx alata Vog.) in pulmonary epithelial cells for therapeutic application in chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD). Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4475-4481. [PMID: 34618614 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1984909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Baru nuts (Dipteryx alata Vog.) are a native species from Brazil, rich in phenols and other antioxidants, with high socioeconomic value and possible pharmaceutical applications. Here we investigated baru nut ethanolic extract (BNEE) antioxidant and wound healing activities in human NCI-H441 and A549 lung epithelial cell lines for a possible use in conditions related to oxidative stress and wound healing impairments, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). BNEE was characterised with high DPPH free radical scavenging activity and high total phenolics content, amongst them gallic acid, that was identified and quantified by HPLC. BNEE was not cytotoxic at concentrations studied, reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species before and during oxidative stress and increased wound healing in cell monolayers. These are the first steps to investigate the beneficial properties of baru in diseases related to oxidative stress and wound healing impairments such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cedran Coco
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Johannes A Sake
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Ebrahimzadeh A, Abbasi F, Ebrahimzadeh A, Jibril AT, Milajerdi A. Effects of curcumin supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ulcerative colitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2021; 61:102773. [PMID: 34478838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have examined the impact of curcumin supplementation on cytokine levels in patients with autoimmune disorders, we were unable to find a systematic review of the effect of curcumin supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers such as CRP and ESR in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or ulcerative colitis; therefore we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Relevant studies published from inception to December 2020 were systematically searched through the PubMed, SCOPUS, and google scholar databases. We conducted our systematic review and meta-analysis according to the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. The quality of the papers were assessed by using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Included studies were randomized clinical trials on the effects of supplementation with curcumin or its derivative on inflammatory factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects model and reported as the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95 % CI. RESULTS In all, six studies met the inclusion criteria for this study. Curcumin supplementation in doses of 250-1500 mg/day over 8-12 weeks was observed to be associated with decreases in CRP and ESR in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis in comparison with the control group (WMD: -0.42; 95 % CI: -0.59, -0.26, I2 = 94.3 %; WMD: -55.96; 95 % CI: -93.74, -18.17, I2 = 99.7 %, respectively). Significant findings were also observed based on subgroup analyses by the study sample size, duration, participants' age, curcumin dosage, and type of disease. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin supplementation was associated with significant reductions in levels of CRP and ESR in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Earlier studies reported curcumin as a safe complementary therapy for several diseases. However, a handful of studies were found on the effect of curcumin on autoimmune diseases despite our comprehensive search. Further studies are therefore warranted in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Ebrahimzadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbasi
- Department of Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Ebrahimzadeh
- Homaijan Health Care Center, Deputy of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aliyu Tijani Jibril
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Alireza Milajerdi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Health, Science and Research Branch, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Jia Y, Chen X, Sun J. Apremilast ameliorates IL-1α-induced dysfunction in epidermal stem cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:19293-19305. [PMID: 34375302 PMCID: PMC8386542 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Skin tissue is the natural barrier that protects our body, the damage of which can be repaired by the epidermal stem cells (ESCs). However, external factors abolish the self-repair ability of ESCs by inducing oxidative stress and severe inflammation. Apremilast is a small molecular inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 that was approved for the treatment of psoriasis. In the present study, the protective property of Apremilast against IL-1α-induced dysfunction on epidermal stem cells, as well as the preliminary mechanism, will be investigated. METHODS ESCs were isolated from neonatal mice. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-12, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were detected using real-time PCR and ELISA. MitoSOX Red assay was used to determine the level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Western blot and real-time PCR were utilized to determine the expression levels of IL-1R1, Myd88, and TRAF6. Activation of NF-κB was assessed by measuring the p-NF-κB p65 and luciferase activity. Capacities of ESCs were evaluated by measuring the gene expressions of integrin β1 and Krt19 using real-time PCR. RESULTS Firstly, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-12, MMP-2, MMP-9 and IL-1R1, as well as the ROS level, were significantly elevated by IL-1α but greatly suppressed by treatment with Apremilast. Subsequently, we found that the activated Myd88/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway induced by stimulation with IL-1α was significantly inhibited by the introduction of Apremilast. As a result, Apremilast protected ESCs against IL-1α-induced impairment in capacities of ESCs, this was verified by the elevated expression levels of integrin β1 and Krt19. CONCLUSIONS Apremilast might ameliorate IL-1α-induced dysfunction in ESCs by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation through inhibiting the activation of the Myd88/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xiangru Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
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18
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Kececiler-Emir C, Ilhan-Ayisigi E, Celen-Erden C, Nalbantsoy A, Yesil-Celiktas O. Synthesis of Resveratrol Loaded Hybrid Silica-PAMAM Dendrimer Nanoparticles With Emphases on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cytotoxicity. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 76:219-225. [PMID: 33950366 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-021-00897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound exhibiting therapeutic activities. However, the stability can be altered by UV light, pH and changes in temperature. Encapsulation would be an ideal strategy to improve the stability and bioavailability. Thus, trans-resveratrol (Res) was encapsulated within hybrid nanoparticles consisted with silica and G4 polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) by sol-gel method. The diameters of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were at a range of 212-574 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 86 %. RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line induced with endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide was treated with free resveratrol and Res-loaded NPs for assessing inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), where IC50 values of free resveratrol and Res-loaded NPs were 122.68 µM and 249.74 µM. As for cytotoxicity, IC50 values of free resveratrol were found as 176.57 µM and 201.54 µM for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas 197.16 µM and 219.07 µM for Res-loaded NPs for the respective cell lines. Overall, sol-gel technique proved to be an ideal technology as can be carried out under mild conditions and Res-loaded NPs have potential to be utilized in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Kececiler-Emir
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey
- Genetic and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Rafet Kayis Engineering, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Esra Ilhan-Ayisigi
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
- Genetic and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Celen-Erden
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Nalbantsoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yesil-Celiktas
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
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19
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Wang M, Zhong H, Zhang X, Huang X, Wang J, Li Z, Chen M, Xiao Z. EGCG promotes PRKCA expression to alleviate LPS-induced acute lung injury and inflammatory response. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11014. [PMID: 34040072 PMCID: PMC8154949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI), which could be induced by multiple factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), refer to clinical symptoms of acute respiratory failure, commonly with high morbidity and mortality. Reportedly, active ingredients from green tea have anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). In the present study, protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA) is involved in EGCG protection against LPS-induced inflammation and ALI. EGCG treatment attenuated LPS-stimulated ALI in mice as manifested as improved lung injury scores, decreased total cell amounts, neutrophil amounts and macrophage amounts, inhibited the activity of MPO, decreased wet-to-dry weight ratio of lung tissues, and inhibited release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. PRKCA mRNA and protein expression showed to be dramatically decreased by LPS treatment while reversed by EGCG treatment. Within LPS-stimulated ALI mice, PRKCA silencing further aggravated, while PRKCA overexpression attenuated LPS-stimulated inflammation and ALI through MAPK signaling pathway. PRKCA silencing attenuated EGCG protection. Within LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, EGCG could induce PRKCA expression. Single EGCG treatment or Lv-PRKCA infection attenuated LPS-induced increases in inflammatory factors; PRKCA silencing could reverse the suppressive effects of EGCG upon LPS-stimulated inflammatory factor release. In conclusion, EGCG pretreatment inhibits LPS-induced ALI in mice. The protective mechanism might be associated with the inhibitory effects of PRKCA on proinflammatory cytokine release via macrophages and MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya RD 110, Changsha, 410078, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya RD 110, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya RD 110, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Zihao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya RD 110, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Mengshi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya RD 110, Changsha, 410078, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Zhenghui Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Emergency, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410006, China
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20
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Chen X, Wang Y, Tian J, Shao Y, Zhu B, Wang J, Hua Z. Quantitative Chemical Proteomics Reveals Resveratrol Inhibition of A549 Cell Migration Through Binding Multiple Targets to Regulate Cytoskeletal Remodeling and Suppress EMT. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:636213. [PMID: 33867987 PMCID: PMC8044895 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.636213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV), a health-promoting natural product, has been shown to affect various cellular processes in tumor cells. However, the specific protein targets of RSV and the mechanism of action (MOA) of its anticancer effect remain elusive. In this study, the pharmacological activity of RSV was first evaluated in A549 cells, and the results showed that RSV significantly inhibited A549 cell migration but did not affect cell viability. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, a quantitative chemical proteomics approach was employed to identify the protein targets of RSV. A total of 38 target proteins were identified, and proteomic analysis showed that the targets were mainly involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and EMT, which were verified by subsequent in vitro and in vivo assays. In conclusion, RSV inhibits A549 cell migration by binding to multiple targets to regulate cytoskeletal remodeling and suppress EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yurou Shao
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zichun Hua
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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21
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Sharma A, Tewari D, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Habtemariam S. Reactive oxygen species modulators in pulmonary medicine. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 57:157-164. [PMID: 33743400 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adapted to effectively capture oxygen from inhaled air and deliver it to all other parts of the body, the lungs constitute the organ with the largest surface area. This makes the lungs more susceptible to airborne pathogens and pollutants that mediate pathologies through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One pathological consequence of excessive levels of ROS production is pulmonary diseases that account for a large number of mortality and morbidity in the world. Of the various mechanisms involved in pulmonary disease pathogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction takes prominent importance. Herein, we briefly describe the significance of oxidative stress caused by ROS in pulmonary diseases and some possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1435916471, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1435916471, Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Trans-resveratrol is a phytoalexin from the stilbene class, polyphenolic
compound from non-flavonoid group. In vitro and animal studies have shown
that trans-resveratrol may exert a wide range of potential beneficial effects
to human health, which involves antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activity.
The objective of this paper was to summarize available data concerning the
most important clinical trials focused on resveratrol biological effects. The
results of clinical trials indicate that resveratrol has potential
cardioprotective activity in patients with increased risk of cardiovascular
disease. It can also have positive effect on the circulatory function and
exert anti-diabetic activity in humans, while the anti-cancer activity is
still insufficiently tested. Some issues remain unsolved, such as the dose
and length of treatment that would maximize the potential of resveratrol. It
is expected that future, better designed and more extensive clinical trials
will provide additional information related to this topic.
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Dexmedetomidine Attenuates LPS-Induced Monocyte-Endothelial Adherence via Inhibiting Cx43/PKC- α/NOX2/ROS Signaling Pathway in Monocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2930463. [PMID: 32774667 PMCID: PMC7395996 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2930463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine is widely used for sedating patients in operation rooms or intensive care units. Its protective functions against oxidative stress, inflammation reaction, and apoptosis have been widely reported. In present study, we explored the effects of dexmedetomidine on monocyte-endothelial adherence. We built lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced monocyte-endothelial adherence models with U937 monocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and observed the effects of dexmedetomidine on U937-HUVEC adhesion. Specific siRNA was designed to knock-down Connexin43 (Cx43) expression in U937 monocytes. Gö6976, GSK2795039, and NAC were used to inhibit PKC-α, NOX2, and ROS, respectively. Then, we detected whether dexmedetomidine could downregulate Cx43 expression and its downstream PKC-α/NOX2/ROS signaling pathway activation and ultimately result in the decrease of U937-HUVEC adhesion. The results showed that dexmedetomidine, at its clinically relevant concentrations (0.1 nM and 1 nM), could inhibit adhesion of molecule expression (VLA-4 and LFA-1) and U937-HUVEC adhesion. Simultaneously, it also attenuated Cx43 expression in U937 monocytes. With the downregulation of Cx43 expression, the activity of PKC-α and its related NOX2/ROS signaling pathway were reduced. Inhibiting PKC-α/NOX2/ROS signaling pathway with Gö6976, GSK2795039, and NAC, respectively, VLA-4, LFA-1 expression, and U937-HUVEC adhesion were all decreased. In summary, we concluded that dexmedetomidine, at its clinically relevant concentrations (0.1 nM and 1 nM), decreased Cx43 expression in U937 monocytes and PKC-α associated with carboxyl-terminal domain of Cx43 protein. With the downregulation of PKC-α, the NOX2/ROS signaling pathway was inhibited, resulting in the decrease of VLA-4 and LFA-1 expression. Ultimately, U937-HUVEC adhesion was reduced.
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Cheng CY, Vo TTT, Lin WN, Huang HW, Chuang CC, Chu PM, Lee IT. Nrf2/HO-1 partially regulates cytoprotective effects of carbon monoxide against urban particulate matter-induced inflammatory responses in oral keratinocytes. Cytokine 2020; 133:155185. [PMID: 32615411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) increases the proportion of oral inflammatory diseases. During the formation of inflammatory conditions, the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation plays an important regulator. Carbon monoxide (CO) arising from heme degradation, catalyzed particularly by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), has been shown to own cytoprotective effects including anti-inflammation and antioxidant. Here, we determined the novel mechanisms of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) on PM-induced inflammatory responses in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs). METHODS The effects of CORM-2 on the expression of various inflammatory proteins induced by PM were determined by Western blot, real-time PCR, promoter assay, and ELISA. The involvement of signaling molecules in these responses was studied by using the selective pharmacological inhibitors and siRNAs. RESULTS We proved that PM enhanced C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 activation, and IL-1β release, which were reduced by preincubation with CORM-2. Transfection with PKCα siRNA and preincubation with the ROS scavenger (N-acetyl-cysteine, NAC), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (diphenyleneiodonium, DPI), or the mitochondria-specific superoxide scavenger (MitoTEMPO) inhibited PM-mediated inflammatory responses. In addition, PM-regulated PKCα and NADPH oxidase activation as well as NADPH oxidase- and mitochondria-derived ROS generation were inhibited by CORM-2, but not inactivate CORM-2 (iCORM-2) pretreatment. At the end, we confirmed that CORM-2 improved PM-induced inflammatory responses via the induction of Nrf2 activation and HO-1 expression. CONCLUSION We suggest that CORM-2 inhibits PM-induced inflammatory responses in HOKs via the inhibition of PKCα/ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome activation combined with the induction of Nrf2/HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Pulmonary Infection and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Thi Thuy Tien Vo
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wei Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chun Chuang
- International MS/PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Beltz J, Chernatynskaya A, Pfaff A, Ercal N. Protective effects of tiopronin on oxidatively challenged human lung carcinoma cells (A549). Free Radic Res 2020; 54:319-329. [PMID: 32363952 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1763332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tiopronin (MPG) is a thiol antioxidant drug that has been explored as a treatment for various oxidative stress-related disorders. However, many of its antioxidant capabilities remain untested in well-validated cell models. To more thoroughly understand the action of this promising pharmaceutical compound against acute oxidative challenge, A549 human lung carcinoma cells were exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) and treated with MPG. Analyses of cell viability, intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and the prevalence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide were used to examine the effects of MPG on tBHP-challenged cells. MPG treatment suppressed intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide and prevented tBHP-induced GSH depletion and apoptosis. These results indicate that MPG is effective at preserving redox homeostasis against acute oxidative insult in A549 cells if present at sufficient concentrations during exposure to oxidants such as tBHP. The effects of treatment gleaned from this study can inform experimental design for future in vivo work on the therapeutic potential of MPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Beltz
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Anna Chernatynskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Annalise Pfaff
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
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Wieczfinska J, Sitarek P, Skała E, Kowalczyk T, Pawliczak R. Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Decreases Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in A549 Cells. Inflammation 2020; 42:2205-2214. [PMID: 31612365 PMCID: PMC6856491 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Various experimental models strongly support the hypothesis that airway inflammation can be caused by oxidative stress. Inflammatory airway diseases like asthma and COPD are characterized by higher levels of ROS and inflammatory cytokines. One of the sources of ROS is NADPH oxidase. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate influence of NADPH oxidase inhibition on the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF, TSLP, CD59, and PPAR-γ in vitro. A549 cells were incubated with apocynin in three concentrations (0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, and 3 mg/ml). Cells were trypsinized and RNA isolated after 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h of apocynin incubation at each concentration. Afterwards, reverse transcription was performed to evaluate mRNA expression using real-time PCR. The time-response and dose-response study showed that apocynin significantly influenced the relative expression of chosen genes (IL-6, IL-8, TNF, PPAR-γ, TSLP, and CD59). Apocynin decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α at all concentrations used, and of IL-6 at concentrations of 1 and 3 mg/ml (p < 0.05). TSLP mRNA expression was also reduced by apocynin after 1 h and 2 h, and CD59 mRNA after 1 h, but only at the highest concentration. The expression of PPAR-γ was reduced after apocynin in the highest concentrations only (p < 0.05). The results might suggest that proinflammatory agents’ expression levels are strongly connected to the presence of oxidative stress generated by NADPH oxidase and this might be at least partially eliminated by anti-oxidative action. Apocynin, as an effective inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, seems to be useful in potential anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, Bldg 2, Rm 122, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Skała
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, Bldg 2, Rm 122, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
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Yin X, Liao W, Li Q, Zhang H, Liu Z, Zheng X, Zheng L, Feng X. Interactions between resveratrol and gut microbiota affect the development of hepatic steatosis: A fecal microbiota transplantation study in high-fat diet mice. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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28
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Zhang Y, Guo L, Law BYK, Liang X, Ma N, Xu G, Wang X, Yuan X, Tang H, Chen Q, Wong VKW, Wang X. Resveratrol decreases cell apoptosis through inhibiting DNA damage in bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1673-1684. [PMID: 32186748 PMCID: PMC7169938 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major risk factors for asthma development is exposure to environmental allergens. House dust mites (HDM) can induce DNA damage, resulting in asthma. Resveratrol (RES) produced by several plants, has anti‑apoptotic properties and may affect a variety of biological processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective role of RES against apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells. C57BL/6J mice treated with HDM exhibited high levels of cell apoptosis, while RES significantly reversed this process. Induced DNA damage was more severe in the HDM group vs. the HDM combined with RES group. This result was confirmed by immunostaining and western blot analysis of the protein expression of the DNA damage‑related gene γH2AX, which was highly induced by HDM. In addition, treatment with RES protected bronchial epithelial cells exposed to HDM from DNA damage. RES decreases reactive oxygen species levels to inhibit oxidative DNA damage in bronchial epithelial cells. Furthermore, compared with the HDM group, induced cell apoptosis could be attenuated by RES in the group of combined treatment with RES and HDM. A DNA repair inhibitor augmented DNA damage and apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells, whereas RES significantly attenuated cell apoptosis through inhibiting DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Liang
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Allergy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ma
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Allergy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Allergy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Allergy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xiefang Yuan
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Allergy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Allergy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, P.R. China
| | - Vincent Kam-Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, P.R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Allergy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Liu Z, Liao W, Yin X, Zheng X, Li Q, Zhang H, Zheng L, Feng X. Resveratrol-induced brown fat-like phenotype in 3T3-L1 adipocytes partly via mTOR pathway. Food Nutr Res 2020; 64:3656. [PMID: 32047421 PMCID: PMC6983979 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Browning of white adipose tissues (WAT) is recognized as a novel way to combat obesity and its related comorbidities. Thus, a lot of dietary agents contributing to browning of WAT have been identified. Objective In this study, we try to explore the mechanism of the browning of WAT induced by resveratrol (Res) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods The levels of cell viability and lipid accumulation were evaluated under different concentrations of Res. Cell signaling pathway analysis was performed to investigate the possible mechanisms of the WAT browning effect of Res in 3T3-L1 cells. Results We found that Res induced the brown fat-like phenotype by activating protein expressions of brown adipocyte-specific markers, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Besides, Res reduced lipid accumulation, as shown by Oil Red O staining. The increased small lipid droplets implied that Res-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes had some features of brown adipocytes. The brown fat-like phenotype in 3T3-L1 adipocytes induced by Res was possibly mediated by activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as brown adipocyte-specific markers were decreased by rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR and the MHY1485 treatment, an activator of mTOR, showed the similar effect of Res on browning markers. Conclusions Res induced brown-like adipocyte phenotype in 3T3-L1 adipocytes partly via mTOR pathway, which provided new insights into the utilization of Res to prevent obesity and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyao Liao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Yin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinjie Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingrong Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Feng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China
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30
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The Bioprotective Effects of Polyphenols on Metabolic Syndrome against Oxidative Stress: Evidences and Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6713194. [PMID: 31885810 PMCID: PMC6914975 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6713194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are the general designation of various kinds of phytochemicals, mainly classified as flavonoids and nonflavonoids. Polyphenolic compounds have been confirmed to exhibit numerous bioactivities and potential health benefits both in vivo and in vitro. Dietary polyphenols have been shown to significantly alleviate several manifestations of metabolic syndrome, namely, central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and high blood sugar. This review is aimed at discussing the bioprotective effects and related molecular mechanisms of polyphenols, mainly by increasing antioxidant capacity or oxygen scavenging capacity. Polyphenols can exert their antioxidative activity by balancing the organic oxidoreductase enzyme system, regulating antioxidant responsive signaling pathways, and restoring mitochondrial function. These data are helpful for providing new insights into the potential biological effects of polyphenolic compounds and the development of future antioxidant therapeutics.
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31
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Attafi IM, Bakheet SA, Korashy HM. The role of NF-κB and AhR transcription factors in lead-induced lung toxicity in human lung cancer A549 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 30:197-207. [PMID: 31682781 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1687629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is recognized as the first heavy metal of the top six toxic air pollutants threatening human health and the second hazardous substance. Pb exposure is associated with lung impairment and high incidences of lung cancer. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathways are known to be expressed and play an important role in the lung. However, the link between Pb lung toxicity and NF-κB and/or AhR pathways remains unclear. This study was established to explore the role of NF-κB and AhR modulation in Pb-induced lung toxicity in human lung cancer A549 cells. In the current study, treatment of A549 cells with Pb significantly induced cell apoptosis as evidenced by increasing a) the percentage of cells underwent apoptosis determined by flow cytometry and b) p53 mRNA level. Pb treatment induced oxidative stress by a) increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species and b) decreasing GSTA1 mRNA levels. The toxic effects of Pb on the lung was associated with significant increases in NF-κB and AhR levels which was accompanied with increases in downstream targets genes, iNOS and CYP1A1, respectively. Inhibition of NF-κB or AhR either chemically using resveratrol or genetically using small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly rescued A549 cells from Pb-mediated lung toxicity. The results clearly indicate that Pb-mediated lung toxicities are NF-κB and AhR-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem M Attafi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Poison Control & Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Jazan Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Korashy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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32
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Muthuramalingam K, Cho M, Kim Y. Cellular senescence and EMT crosstalk in bleomycin-induced pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis-an in vitro analysis. Cell Biol Int 2019; 44:477-487. [PMID: 31631444 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With poor prognosis and aberrant lung remodeling, pulmonary fibrosis exhibits worldwide prevalence accompanied by an increase in burden in terms of hospitalization and death. Apart from genetic and non-genetic factors, fibrosis occurs as a side effect of bleomycin antineoplastic activity. Elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanism could help in the development of effective anti-fibrotic treatment strategies. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanism behind bleomycin-induced fibrosis using human alveolar epithelial cells (A549 cells). On the basis of the experimental observation, it was demonstrated that with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) as a central mediator of fibrosis progression, a cross-talk between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and senescence upon bleomycin treatment occurs. This results in the advancement of this serious fibrotic condition. Fibrosis was initiated through integrin activation and imbalance in the redox state (NOX expression) of the cell. It progressed along the TGF-β-mediated non-canonical pathway (via ERK phosphorylation) followed by the upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen synthesis. Additionally, in this process, the loss of the epithelial marker E-cadherin was observed. Furthermore, the expressions of senescence markers, such as p21 and p53, were upregulated upon bleomycin treatment, thereby intensifying the fibrotic condition. Accordingly, the molecular pathway mediating the bleomycin-induced fibrosis was explored in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Muthuramalingam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjae Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
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Iqbal S, Khan MA, Ansari Z, Jabeen A, Faheem A, Fazal-Ur-Rehman S, Basha FZ. Synthesis of new bicarbazole-linked triazoles as non-cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitors. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1620281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Iqbal
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maria A. Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Almas Jabeen
- PCMD, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Faheem
- PCMD, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Fatima Z. Basha
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Jiang L, Wang T, Xue J, Yu P, Zhang J, Wang J. Nanosized carbon black exposure induces neural injury: effects on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1108-1117. [PMID: 30932216 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black in ambient air is believed to be the cause of many diseases; however, its potential neural toxicity and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The present study is to evaluate the toxic effects of carbon black nanoparticles, Printex 90, on the neural cell line PC-12. The study revealed that Printex 90 treatment significantly decreased cell viability, accompanied by an enormous increase in reactive oxygen species generation and a decrease in ATP. Additionally, NOX2 and NOX4, 4-hydroxynonenal, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker proteins (IRE-1α, ATF-6, GRP78, PERK and the downstream target protein CHOP) and antioxidative enzymes (glutathione and superoxide dismutase) were evaluated. It showed that Printex 90 significantly upregulated 4-hydroxynonenal, NOX2 and NOX4 expression, and the levels, or activity, of glutathione and superoxide dismutase, were markedly reduced. For the ER stress-associated proteins, Printex 90 induced a significant increase of IRE-1α, ATF-6, GRP78, p-PERK and CHOP expression. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NOX and ER stress are involved in Printex 90-mediated neural damage. Therefore, decreased ER stress and NOX-derived reactive oxygen species generation may provide compensatory protective effects and attenuate Printex 90-induced neural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
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Participation of NADPH Oxidase-Related Reactive Oxygen Species in Leptin-Promoted Pulmonary Inflammation: Regulation of cPLA2α and COX-2 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051078. [PMID: 30832310 PMCID: PMC6429300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic problem and correlates to varieties of acute or chronic lung diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. An increase of leptin, a kind of adipokine, in lean mice plasma has been found to impair immune responses and facilitate the infection of Klebsiella pneumoniae, resulting in increased pneumonia severity. Also, a higher leptin level is found in exhaled breath condensates of obese or asthmatic subjects, compared to healthy ones, suggesting that leptin is involved in the occurrence or exacerbation of lung injury. In previous studies, we showed that leptin stimulated cytosolic phospholipase A2-α (cPLA2α) gene expression in lung alveolar type II cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-activated coactivator p300. Herein, we show that the in vivo application of leptin in the respiratory system upregulated the expression of inflammatory proteins cPLA2α and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) together with leukocyte infiltration. Treatment with an ROS scavenger (N-acetylcysteine, NAC), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin), or an activating protein (AP)-1 inhibitor (tanshinone IIA) attenuated leptin-mediated cPLA2α/COX-2 expression and leukocyte recruitment in the lung. Leptin increased intracellular oxidative stress in a leptin receptor (OB-R) and NADPH oxidase-dependent manner, leading to the phosphorylation of the AP-1 subunit c-Jun. In summation, leptin increased lung cPLA2α/COX-2 expression and leukocyte recruitment via the NADPH oxidase/ROS/AP-1 pathway. Understanding the inflammatory effects of leptin on the pulmonary system provides opportunities to develop strategies against lung injury related to metabolic syndrome or obesity.
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Na JI, Shin JW, Choi HR, Kwon SH, Park KC. Resveratrol as a Multifunctional Topical Hypopigmenting Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040956. [PMID: 30813264 PMCID: PMC6412432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is produced in melanocytes and stored in melanosomes, after which it is transferred to keratinocytes and, thus, determines skin color. Despite its beneficial sun-protective effects, abnormal accumulation of melanin results in esthetic problems. A range of topical hypopigmenting agents have been evaluated for their use in the treatment of pigmentary disorders with varying degrees of success. Hydroquinone (HQ), which competes with tyrosine, is the main ingredient in topical pharmacological agents. However, frequent occurrence of adverse reactions is an important factor that limits its use. Thus, efforts to discover effective topical hypopigmenting agents with less adverse effects continue. Here, we describe the potential of resveratrol to function as an effective hypopigmenting agent based on its mechanism of action. Resveratrol is not only a direct tyrosinase inhibitor but an indirect inhibitor as well. Additionally, it can affect keratinocytes, which regulate the function of melanocytes. Resveratrol regulates the inflammatory process of keratinocytes and protects them from oxidative damage. In this way, it prevents keratinocyte-induced melanocyte stimulation. Furthermore, it has a rescuing effect on the stemness of interfollicular epidermal cells that can repair signs of photoaging in the melasma, a typical pigmentary skin disorder. Overall, resveratrol is a promising potent hypopigmenting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Jung-Won Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Hye-Ryung Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Soon-Hyo Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
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