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Riedl R, Kühn A, Hupfer Y, Hebecker B, Peltner LK, Jordan PM, Werz O, Lorkowski S, Wiegand C, Wallert M. Characterization of Different Inflammatory Skin Conditions in a Mouse Model of DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis. Inflammation 2024; 47:771-788. [PMID: 38150167 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The mouse model of 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene (DNCB)-induced human-like atopic dermatitis (hlAD) has been widely used to test novel treatment strategies and compounds. However, the study designs and methods are highly diverse, presenting different hlAD disease patterns that occur after sensitization and repeated challenge with DNCB on dorsal skin. In addition, there is a lack of information about the progression of the disease during the experiment and the achieved pheno- and endotypes, especially at the timepoint when therapeutic treatment is initiated. We here examine hlAD in a DNCB-induced BALB/cJRj model at different timepoints: (i) before starting treatment with dexamethasone, representing a standard drug control (day 12) and (ii) at the end of the experiment (day 22). Both timepoints display typical AD-associated characteristics: skin thickening, spongiosis, hyper- and parakeratosis, altered cytokine and gene expression, increased lipid mediator formation, barrier protein and antimicrobial peptide abnormalities, as well as lymphoid organ hypertrophy. Increased mast cell infiltration into the skin and elevated immunoglobulin E plasma concentrations indicate a type I allergy response. The DNCB-treated skin showed an extrinsic moderate sub-acute hlAD lesion at day 12 and an extrinsic mild sub-acute to chronic pheno- and endotype at day 22 with a dominating Th2 response. A dependency of the filaggrin formation and expression in correlation to the disease severity in the DNCB-treated skin was found. In conclusion, our study reveals a detailed classification of a hlAD at two timepoints with different inflammatory skin conditions and pheno- and endotypes, thereby providing a better understanding of the DNCB-induced hlAD model in BALB/cJRj mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Riedl
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatological Research Laboratory, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Annika Kühn
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Hupfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Betty Hebecker
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lukas K Peltner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatological Research Laboratory, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Wu T, He J, Yan S, Li J, Chen K, Zhang D, Cheng M, Xiang Z, Fang Y. Human placental extract suppresses mast cell activation and induces mast cell apoptosis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 19:98. [PMID: 38012745 PMCID: PMC10683163 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-023-00850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human placental extract (HPE) has been documented to facilitate the healing of certain disorders including allergy. However, the effects of HPE on the functionality of mast cells, a critical cell type in allergic diseases, have not been reported. METHODS To investigate the effects of HPE on the regulation of allergy with respect to the biological functions of mast cells, the mast cell line C57 or HMC-1 cells were treated with HPE followed by the assessment of cell proliferation, apoptosis, activation, chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Mouse peritoneal mast cells were also investigated for their responses to induction of apoptosis by HPE in vivo. Furthermore, the effect of HPE on mast cell degranulation was confirmed using the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay, an acute allergy model. RESULTS HPE was capable of suppressing mast cell proliferation and inducing mast cell apoptosis. Mast cell degranulation in response to compound 48/80- or anti-DNP IgE and DNP-mediated activation was suppressed. In addition, treatment with HPE compromised the production of cytokines by mast cells and cell chemotaxis. These observations were consistent with the dampened passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay following treatment with HPE. CONCLUSION This study revealed a suppressive effect of HPE on overall mast cell activities, suggesting a potential regulatory role of HPE on the alleviation of allergic diseases through mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqian Wu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyi Street 28, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingjing He
- School of Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shirong Yan
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyi Street 28, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyi Street 28, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dingshan Zhang
- School of Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingliang Cheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyi Street 28, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Fang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyi Street 28, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
- School of Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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3
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Zomer HD, Cooke PS. Targeting estrogen signaling and biosynthesis for aged skin repair. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1281071. [PMID: 38028803 PMCID: PMC10645088 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1281071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-healing skin wounds are disproportionally prevalent in older adults. Current treatments do not account for the particularities of aged skin and result in inadequate outcomes. Overall, healing chronic wounds in the elderly remains a major unmet clinical need. Estrogens play a critical role in reproduction but also have important actions in non-reproductive organs. Estrogen biosynthesis and signaling pathways are locally activated during physiological wound healing, processes that are inhibited in elderly estrogen-deprived skin. Estrogen deprivation has been shown to be a critical mediator of impaired wound healing in both postmenopausal women and aged men, and topical estrogen application reverses age-associated delayed wound healing in both elderly men and women. These data indicate that adequate estrogen biosynthesis and properly regulated estrogen signaling pathways are essential for normal wound healing and can be targeted to optimize tissue repair in the elderly. However, due to fundamental questions regarding how to safely restore estrogen signaling locally in skin wounds, there are currently no therapeutic strategies addressing estrogen deficiency in elderly chronic wounds. This review discusses established and recent literature in this area and proposes the hypothesis that estrogen plays a pleiotropic role in skin aging and that targeting estrogen signaling and biosynthesis could promote skin repair in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena D. Zomer
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Riedl R, Kühn A, Rietz D, Hebecker B, Glowalla KG, Peltner LK, Jordan PM, Werz O, Lorkowski S, Wiegand C, Wallert M. Establishment and Characterization of Mild Atopic Dermatitis in the DNCB-Induced Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12325. [PMID: 37569701 PMCID: PMC10418750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In dermatological research, 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) is a standard model as it displays many disease-associated characteristics of human AD. However, the reproducibility of the model is challenging due to the lack of information regarding the methodology and the description of the phenotype and endotype of the mimicked disease. In this study, a DNCB-induced mouse model was established with a detailed procedure description and classification of the AD human-like skin type. The disease was induced with 1% DNCB in the sensitization phase and repeated applications of 0.3% and 0.5% DNCB in the challenging phase which led to a mild phenotype of AD eczema. Pathophysiological changes of the dorsal skin were measured: thickening of the epidermis and dermis, altered skin barrier proteins, increased TH1 and TH2 cytokine expression, a shift in polyunsaturated fatty acids, increased pro-resolving and inflammatory mediator formation, and dysregulated inflammation-associated gene expression. A link to type I allergy reactions was evaluated by increased mast cell infiltration into the skin accompanied by elevated IgE and histamine levels in plasma. As expected for mild AD, no systemic inflammation was observed. In conclusion, this experimental setup demonstrates many features of a mild human-like extrinsic AD in murine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Riedl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Dermatological Research Laboratory, 07747 Jena, Germany; (R.R.); (D.R.); (C.W.)
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.); (B.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Annika Kühn
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.); (B.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Denise Rietz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Dermatological Research Laboratory, 07747 Jena, Germany; (R.R.); (D.R.); (C.W.)
| | - Betty Hebecker
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.); (B.H.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Gunther Glowalla
- Service Unit Experimental Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Lukas K. Peltner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (L.K.P.); (P.M.J.); (O.W.)
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (L.K.P.); (P.M.J.); (O.W.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (L.K.P.); (P.M.J.); (O.W.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.); (B.H.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Dermatological Research Laboratory, 07747 Jena, Germany; (R.R.); (D.R.); (C.W.)
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.); (B.H.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
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5
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Ben David N, Richtman Y, Gross A, Ibrahim R, Nyska A, Ramot Y, Mizrahi B. Design and Evaluation of Dissolvable Microneedles for Treating Atopic Dermatitis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041109. [PMID: 37111595 PMCID: PMC10145410 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused predominantly by immune dysregulation. The global impact of AD continues to increase, making it not only a significant public health issue but also a risk factor for progression into other allergic phenotype disorders. Treatment of moderate-to-severe symptomatic AD involves general skin care, restoration of the skin barrier function, and local anti-inflammatory drug combinations, and may also require systemic therapy, which is often associated with severe adverse effects and is occasionally unsuitable for long-term use. The main objective of this study was to develop a new delivery system for AD treatment based on dissolvable microneedles containing dexamethasone incorporated in a dissolvable polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinylpyrrolidone matrix. SEM imaging of the microneedles showed well-structured arrays comprising pyramidal needles, fast drug release in vitro in Franz diffusion cells, an appropriate mechanical strength recorded with a texture analyzer, and low cytotoxicity. Significant clinical improvements, including in the dermatitis score, spleen weights, and clinical scores, were observed in an AD in vivo model using BALB/c nude mice. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that microneedle devices loaded with dexamethasone have great potential as a treatment for AD and possibly for other skin conditions as well.
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6
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Lim GM, Cho GW, Ganesan CD, Choi JH, Ang MJ, Moon C, Jang CH. Enhancing the Effect of Placental Extract on the Regeneration of Crush Injured Facial Nerve. Exp Neurobiol 2022; 31:419-430. [PMID: 36631850 PMCID: PMC9841744 DOI: 10.5607/en22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a scarcity of experimental studies on peripheral nerve regeneration using placental extract (PE). This study aimed to investigate the effects of topical PE application on recovery after crush injury to the rat facial nerve using functional, electrophysiological, and morphological evaluations. The viability of the RSC96 Schwann cells treated with PE (0.5~4 mg/ml) increased significantly. Immunoblot test revealed that PE application enhanced the migration of RSC96 cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that PE increased the expression of neurotropic genes. The recovery from vibrissa fibrillation in the PE-treated group was superior to that in the control group. The threshold of action potential was also significantly lower in the PE group. Histopathological examination showed that crushed facial nerves treated with PE exhibited larger axons. The surrounding myelin sheaths were more distinct and thicker in the PE-treated group. Hence, PE may be considered a topical therapeutic agent for treating traumatic facial nerve paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Min Lim
- BK21 FOUR Education Research Group for Age-Associated Disorder Control Technology, Department of Integrative Biological Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Gwang-Won Cho
- BK21 FOUR Education Research Group for Age-Associated Disorder Control Technology, Department of Integrative Biological Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea,Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Chitra Devi Ganesan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Mary Jasmin Ang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Changjong Moon, TEL: 82-62-530-2838, e-mail:
| | - Chul Ho Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea,Chul Ho Jang, TEL: 82-62-220-6774, e-mail:
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7
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Porcine placental extract increase the cellular NAD levels in human epidermal keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19040. [PMID: 36352014 PMCID: PMC9646745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in energy metabolism. Because decreasing NAD levels is a common hallmark of the aging process in various tissues and organs, maintaining NAD levels has recently been of interest for the prevention of aging and age-related diseases. Although placental extract (PE) are known to possess several anti-aging effects, the NAD-boosting activity of PE remains unknown. In this study, we found that porcine PE (PPE) significantly increased intracellular NAD levels in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). PPE also attenuated the NAD depletion induced by FK866, an inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Interestingly, only the fraction containing nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide (NAM) restored NAD content in NHEKs in the absence of NAMPT activity. These results suggest that PPE increases intracellular NAD by providing NAD precursors such as NMN, NR, and NAM. Finally, we showed that the application of PPE to the stratum corneum of the reconstructed human epidermis significantly ameliorated FK866-induced NAD depletion, suggesting that topical PPE may be helpful for increasing skin NAD levels. This is the first study to report the novel biological activity of PE as an NAD booster in human epidermal cells.
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8
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Rzhepakovsky I, Anusha Siddiqui S, Avanesyan S, Benlidayi M, Dhingra K, Dolgalev A, Enukashvily N, Fritsch T, Heinz V, Kochergin S, Nagdalian A, Sizonenko M, Timchenko L, Vukovic M, Piskov S, Grimm W. Anti-arthritic effect of chicken embryo tissue hydrolyzate against adjuvant arthritis in rats (X-ray microtomographic and histopathological analysis). Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5648-5669. [PMID: 34646534 PMCID: PMC8498067 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding new, safe strategies to prevent and control rheumatoid arthritis is an urgent task. Bioactive peptides and peptide-rich protein hydrolyzate represent a new trend in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. The resulting tissue hydrolyzate of the chicken embryo (CETH) has been evaluated for acute toxicity and tested against chronic arthritis induced by Freund's full adjuvant (modified Mycobacterium butyricum) in rats. The antiarthritic effect of CETH was studied on the 28th day of the experiment after 2 weeks of oral administration of CETH at doses of 60 and 120 mg/kg body weight. Arthritis was evaluated on the last day of the experiment on the injected animal paw using X-ray computerized microtomography and histopathology analysis methods. The CETH effect was compared with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg). Oral administration of CETH was accompanied by effective dose-dependent correction of morphological changes caused by the adjuvant injection. CETH had relatively high recovery effects in terms of parameters for reducing inflammation, inhibition of osteolysis, reduction in the inflammatory reaction of periarticular tissues, and cartilage degeneration. This study presents for the first time that CETH may be a powerful potential nutraceutical agent or bioactive component in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rzhepakovsky
- Institute of Live ScienceNorth Caucasus Federal UniversityStavropolRussia
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityStraubingGermany
- DIL e.V. German Institute of Food TechnologiesQuakenbrückGermany
| | - Svetlana Avanesyan
- Institute of Live ScienceNorth Caucasus Federal UniversityStavropolRussia
| | - Mehmet Benlidayi
- Faculty of DentistryDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryCukurova UniversitySarıçam/AdanaTurkey
| | - Kunaal Dhingra
- Division of PeriodonticsCentre for Dental Education and ResearchAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Alexander Dolgalev
- Department of General Dentistry and Pediatric DentistryStavropol State Medical UniversityStavropolRussia
- Center for Innovation and Technology TransferStavropol State Medical UniversityStavropolRussian Federation
| | | | - Tilman Fritsch
- Center for Innovation and Technology TransferStavropol State Medical UniversityStavropolRussian Federation
| | - Volker Heinz
- DIL e.V. German Institute of Food TechnologiesQuakenbrückGermany
| | | | - Andrey Nagdalian
- Institute of Live ScienceNorth Caucasus Federal UniversityStavropolRussia
| | - Marina Sizonenko
- Institute of Live ScienceNorth Caucasus Federal UniversityStavropolRussia
| | - Lyudmila Timchenko
- Institute of Live ScienceNorth Caucasus Federal UniversityStavropolRussia
| | - Marko Vukovic
- Center for Innovation and Technology TransferStavropol State Medical UniversityStavropolRussian Federation
| | - Sergey Piskov
- Institute of Live ScienceNorth Caucasus Federal UniversityStavropolRussia
| | - Wolf‐Dieter Grimm
- Center for Innovation and Technology TransferStavropol State Medical UniversityStavropolRussian Federation
- Periodontology, School of Dental MedicineFaculty of HealthWitten/Herdecke UniversityWittenGermany
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9
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Chuncharunee A, Khosuk P, Naovarat R, Kaliyadan F, Sreekanth GP. ASPP 092, a phenolic diarylheptanoid from Curcuma comosa suppresses experimentally-induced inflammatory ear edema in mice. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5937-5946. [PMID: 34588910 PMCID: PMC8459156 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuma comosa Roxb., family Zingiberaceae, exhibits diverse biological activities. This study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of a major phenolic diarylheptanoid isolated from C. comosa, ASPP 092 [(3S)-1-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-7-phenyl-(6E)-6-hepten-3-ol] in an experimentally-induced inflammatory ear edema model in mice. Ear edema in the mice was induced by the topical application of irritant, ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP). The topical application of ASPP 092 at the edema site was directed immediately after the EPP application. The edematous responses were assessed at different time points by measuring the thickness of each ear before and after the EPP application followed by histopathology analysis. The expressions of major inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR followed by the immunohistochemistry analysis of cyclooxygenase (COX-2). The topical application of ASPP 092 effectively suppressed the EPP-induced edematous formation in the ear of mice. Histopathological analysis showed substantial improvements in epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration. ASPP 092 treatment also modulated the expressions of inflammatory cytokines including Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). The expressions of cyclooxygenases (COX) including COX-1 and COX-2 were significantly reduced by ASPP 092 treatment. For the first time, our results suggest the efficacy of ASPP 092 to suppress experimentally-induced inflammation in a preclinical model in mice; however, a more detailed evaluation of its mechanism of action is necessary before evaluating its efficacy and safety in randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aporn Chuncharunee
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poonyawee Khosuk
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rajitpan Naovarat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Feroze Kaliyadan
- Department of Dermatology, King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gopinathan Pillai Sreekanth
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Choi HS, Ha KY, Xu XY, Kang HC, Kim H, Kim YJ. Off-Flavor Removal from Sheep Placenta via Fermentation with Novel Yeast Strain Brettanomyces deamine kh3 Isolated from Traditional Apple Vinegar. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195835. [PMID: 34641377 PMCID: PMC8510316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal placentae can be used as health-promoting food ingredients with various therapeutic efficacies, but their use is limited by their unpleasant odor and taste. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of deodorization of sheep placenta via yeast fermentation. A yeast strain was successfully isolated and identified as a novel Brettanomyces strain (Brettanomyces deamine kh3). The deodorizing efficacy of fermentation of the sheep placenta with B. deamine kh3 was evaluated by 42 panels, based on evaluation of preference, ranking, and aroma profiles, and compared with normal placenta and placenta fermented with B. bruxellensis. The results of the sensory evaluation indicated that fermentation of the sheep placenta with B. deamine kh3 may improve its palatability by increasing flavors such as that of grass (tree), rubber, and burnt, and by decreasing the odor and soy sauce flavor. Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography (SPME-GC) showed that major off-flavors in sheep placenta, such as ammonia, dimethyl disulfide, and 1,3-dioxolane, were completely diminished in the sheep placenta fermented with B. deamine kh3. This study presents those major volatile compounds, including 2-isobutyl\-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane, and 3-methyl-1-butanol, could be crucial in improving the palatability of the sheep placentae fermented with B. deamine kh3. This study provides a good starting point for the industrial application of a new deodorization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.-S.C.); (K.-Y.H.); (X.-Y.X.)
| | - Keum-Yun Ha
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.-S.C.); (K.-Y.H.); (X.-Y.X.)
| | - Xing-Yue Xu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.-S.C.); (K.-Y.H.); (X.-Y.X.)
| | - Hee-Cheol Kang
- GFC Life Science Co. Ltd., F17, Apexcity, 823, Dongtansunhwan-daero, Hwasung 18471, Korea;
| | - Hoon Kim
- College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
- Correspondence: or (H.K.); (Y.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-31-670-3188 (H.K.); +82-31-5634 (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.-S.C.); (K.-Y.H.); (X.-Y.X.)
- Correspondence: or (H.K.); (Y.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-31-670-3188 (H.K.); +82-31-5634 (Y.-J.K.)
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Ghoneum M, El-Gerbed MSA. Human placental extract ameliorates methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats via regulating antioxidative and anti-inflammatory responses. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:961-971. [PMID: 34505929 PMCID: PMC8536621 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Methotrexate (MTX) induces hepatotoxicity, limiting its clinical efficacy as a widely known chemotherapy drug. In the current study, we examined the protective effect of human placenta extract (HPE) against MTX-induced liver damage in rats, as well as its ability to regulate antioxidative and anti-inflammatory liver responses. Methods Male rats were orally administered MTX at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg-body-weight in the presence or absence of HPE (10.08 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. We measured the biological effects of MTX and HPE on the levels of liver enzymes, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress biomarkers, and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10)]. In addition, histological examination and histopathological scoring of liver tissues were performed. Results MTX-treated rats showed significantly increased (p < 0.001) liver enzyme levels for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. However, HPE supplementation in MTX-treated rats significantly decreased (p < 0.001) these elevated levels. HPE supplementation also significantly reduced the oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA), reversed the reduction in glutathione (GSH), and markedly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the livers of MTX-treated rats. Furthermore, HPE supplementation significantly decreased the MTX-elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. Histopathological examinations showed that MTX produced severe cellular damage and inflammatory lesions in liver tissues, while treatment with HPE improved hepatic histologic architecture. Conclusion HPE has the ability to ameliorate methotrexate-induced liver injury in rats by mechanisms that include boosting antioxidative responses and down-regulating MDA and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdooh Ghoneum
- Department of Surgery, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1621 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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12
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Chiu YH, Wu YW, Hung JI, Chen MC. Epigallocatechin gallate/L-ascorbic acid-loaded poly-γ-glutamate microneedles with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Acta Biomater 2021; 130:223-233. [PMID: 34087444 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, inherent instability of EGCG greatly limits its bioavailability and clinical efficacy. In this study, we developed a poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA)-based microneedle (MN) formulation capable of maintaining EGCG's stability and efficiently delivering EGCG into the skin to ameliorate AD symptoms. The γ-PGA MN can not only protect EGCG from oxidation, but also serve as an immunomodulator to downregulate T helper type 2 (Th2)-type immune responses. Encapsulation of EGCG into the γ-PGA MN and utilization of L-ascorbic acid (AA) as a stabilizer preserved 95% of its structural stability and retained 93% of its initial antioxidant activity after 4 weeks of storage. Once-weekly administration of EGCG/AA-loaded MNs to an Nc/Nga mouse model of AD for 4 weeks significantly ameliorated skin lesions and epidermal hyperplasia by reducing serum IgE (from 12156 ± 1344 to 5555 ± 1362 ng/mL) and histamine levels (from 81 ± 18 to 40 ± 5 pg/mL) and inhibiting IFN-γ (from 0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.01 pg/mg total protein) and Th2-type cytokine production, when compared to the AD (no treatment) group (p < 0.05). Notably, once-weekly MN therapy was at least as effective as the daily topical application of an EGCG + AA solution but markedly reduced the administration frequency and required dose. These results show that EGCG/AA-loaded γ-PGA MNs may be a convenient and promising therapeutic option for AD treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study describes epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)/L-ascorbic acid (AA)-loaded poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) microneedles (MN) capable of providing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects on inflamed skin for ameliorating atopic dermatitis (AD) symptoms in Nc/Nga mice. After skin insertion, the γ-PGA MN can be quickly dissolved in the skin and remain in the dermis for sustained release of encapsulated active ingredients for 6 days. We demonstrated that once-weekly MN therapy effectively alleviated skin lesions and modulated immune response to relieve Th2-polarized allergic response in mice. Once-weekly MN dosing regimen may provide patients with a more convenient, therapeutically equivalent option to daily topical dosing, and may increase compliance and long-term persistence with AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiu Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-I Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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13
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Nensat C, Songjang W, Tohtong R, Suthiphongchai T, Phimsen S, Rattanasinganchan P, Metheenukul P, Kumphune S, Jiraviriyakul A. Porcine placenta extract improves high-glucose-induced angiogenesis impairment. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:66. [PMID: 33602182 PMCID: PMC7893890 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High glucose (HG)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction impairs angiogenesis that is one pivotal factor of wound healing process. Angiogenesis impairment induces delayed wound healing, whereby it eventually leads to amputation in cases of poorly controlled diabetes with diabetic ulceration. Porcine placenta extract (PPE) is a natural waste product that comprises plenty of bioactive agents including growth factors and antioxidants. It was reported as an effective compound that prevents ROS generation. The goal of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of PPE on HG-induced ROS-mediated angiogenesis impairment. Methods Primary endothelial cells (HUVECs) and endothelial cell line (EA.hy926) were treated with HG in the presence of PPE. The endothelial cells (ECs) viability, intracellular ROS generation, migration, and angiogenesis were determined by MTT assay, DCFDA reagent, wound healing assay, and tube formation assay, respectively. Additionally, the molecular mechanism of PPE on HG-induced angiogenesis impairment was investigated by Western blot. The angiogenic growth factor secretion was also investigated by the sandwich ELISA technique. Results HG in the presence of PPE significantly decreased intracellular ROS overproduction compared to HG alone. HG in the presence of PPE significantly increased ECs viability, migration, and angiogenesis compared to HG alone by showing recovery of PI3K/Akt/ERK1/2 activation. HG in the presence of PPE also decreased ECs apoptosis compared to HG alone by decreasing p53/Bax/cleaved caspase 9/cleaved caspase 3 levels and increasing Bcl 2 level. Conclusion PPE attenuated HG-induced intracellular ROS overproduction that improved ECs viability, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis by showing recovery of PI3K/Akt/ERK1/2 activation and inhibition of ECs apoptosis. This study suggests PPE ameliorated HG-induced ROS-mediated angiogenesis impairment, whereby it potentially provides an alternative treatment for diabetic wounds. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03243-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Nensat
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Worawat Songjang
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Rutaiwan Tohtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Suchada Phimsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | | | - Pornphimon Metheenukul
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinery Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Kumphune
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Arunya Jiraviriyakul
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand. .,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
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14
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Ma H, Jiang S, Du L, Liu J, Xu X, Lu X, Ma L, Zhu H, Wei J, Yu Y. Conditioned medium from primary cytotrophoblasts, primary placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells, or sub-cultured placental tissue promoted HUVEC angiogenesis in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:141. [PMID: 33596987 PMCID: PMC7890636 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a large capillary network, the human placenta plays an important role throughout pregnancy. Placental vascular development is complex and delicate and involves many types of placental cells, such as trophoblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells. There has been no systematic, comparative study on the roles of these two groups of placental cells and the whole placental tissue in the placental angiogenesis. In this study, primary cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) from early pregnancy and primary human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPDMSCs) from different stages of pregnancy were selected as the cell research objects, and full-term placental tissue was selected as the tissue research object to detect the effects of their conditioned medium (CM) on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) angiogenesis. Methods We successfully isolated primary hPDMSCs and CTBs, collected CM from these placental cells and sub-cultured placental tissue, and then evaluated the effects of the CM on a series of angiogenic processes in HUVECs in vitro. Furthermore, we measured the levels of angiogenic factors in the CM of placental cells or tissue by an angiogenesis antibody array. Results The results showed that not only placental cells but also sub-cultured placental tissue, to some extent, promoted HUVEC angiogenesis in vitro by promoting proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and tube formation. We also found that primary placental cells in early pregnancy, whether CTBs or hPDMSCs, played more significant roles than those in full-term pregnancy. Placental cell-derived CM collected at 24 h or 48 h had the best effect, and sub-cultured placental tissue-derived CM collected at 7 days had the best effect among all the different time points. The semiquantitative angiogenesis antibody array showed that 18 of the 43 angiogenic factors had obvious spots in placental cell-derived CM or sub-cultured placental tissue-derived CM, and the levels of 5 factors (including CXCL-5, GRO, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1) were the highest in sub-cultured placental tissue-derived CM. Conclusions CM obtained from placental cells (primary CTBs or hPDMSCs) or sub-cultured placental tissue contained proangiogenic factors and promoted HUVEC angiogenesis in vitro. Therefore, our research is helpful to better understand placental angiogenesis regulation and provides theoretical support for the clinical application of placental components, especially sub-cultured placental tissue-derived CM, in vascular tissue engineering and clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shenglu Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhangjiakou University, No.P19, Pingmen Street, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinfang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Medical College, Shan Xi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 89, Section 1, Jinci Road, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yanqiu Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China. .,Shenyang Engineering Technology R&D Center of Cell Therapy CO.LTD, No. 400-8, Zhihui 2nd Street, Hunnan District, Shenyang, 110169, Liaoning Province, China.
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NLRP3 Inflammasome and Allergic Contact Dermatitis: A Connection to Demystify. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090867. [PMID: 32933004 PMCID: PMC7560080 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a common occupational disease that manifests as a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction following skin exposure to small reactive chemicals termed haptens. Haptens penetrate the stratum corneum and covalently modify proteins in the epidermis, inducing intracellular stress, which further leads to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as uric acid, reactive oxygen species, hyaluronic acid fragments and extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These DAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immune cells, namely dendritic cells (DCs), leading to their maturation and migration to the draining lymph nodes where they activate naïve T lymphocytes. Among all PRRs, several studies emphasize the role of NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome on the allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) sensitization phase. However, skin allergens—danger signals—NLRP3 inflammasome axis is yet to be completely elucidated. Therefore, in this review, we sought to discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying DAMPs release and NLRP3 inflammasome activation triggered by skin allergens. The elucidation of these key events might help to identify novel therapeutic strategies for ACD, as well as the development of nonanimal alternative methods for the identification and potency categorization of skin sensitizers.
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