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He W, Hu Y, Yao D, Xu J, Dai Y, Dai H. Building a Hospital Pharmacist Workforce by a Diversified and Position-Oriented Learning System. J Multidiscip Healthc 2024; 17:2989-2997. [PMID: 38948392 PMCID: PMC11213542 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s467540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The role of hospital pharmacists has shifted from primarily ensuring drug supply to providing comprehensive pharmaceutical care. To accommodate this shift, new positions are needed. The traditional training model for hospital pharmacists is no longer sufficient for the evolving demands of pharmaceutical care and these new roles. This study aimed to describe the development of a position-oriented learning system explicitly tailored for hospital pharmacists and to assess its impact on workforce development and pharmacy service. Methods The position-oriented learning system for hospital pharmacists, aimed at enhancing training and workforce development, was evaluated based on two critical criteria: the completion rate of learning modules and the subsequent improvement in pharmaceutical care at the hospital. The completion rate assessed the engagement and effectiveness of the training content. At the same time, the improvement in pharmaceutical care evaluated practical outcomes such as percentages of patients who received pharmaceutical care and percentages of inappropriate medication orders intercepted. Results In 2021, 218 employees participated in the learning system. The pharmacy department has identified 22 pharmacists for various positions through this system. The quantity and quality of pharmaceutical care have improved significantly. Conclusion The position-oriented diversified learning system achieves the perfect combination of department development direction and individual career planning of employees. The learning system can significantly improve the learning efficiency of pharmacists, enhance the quality of various pharmaceutical care, and promote the development of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangmin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Difei Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjun Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunjian Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibin Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Yin Z, Wang X, Lu X, Fu H. Hospital pharmacists' mental health during home isolation in the post-pandemic era of COVID-19: influencing factors, coping strategies, and the mediating effect of resilience. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1268638. [PMID: 38356948 PMCID: PMC10864583 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1268638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective There is a notable research gap on the mental health challenges faced by hospital pharmacists in the post-pandemic era. Therefore, the present study aims to explore mental health status, influencing factors, coping strategies, and the mediating effect of resilience of home quarantine hospital pharmacists (HQHPs). Methods An embedded mixed-method study was conducted in Zhengzhou, a megalopolis in central China, from 20 October to 3 November 2022. For the qualitative study, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted among HQHPs to understand their mental health state,the factors that affect their mental health, and the alleviating strategies they used. For the quantitative study, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the Chinese version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25) were used to explore the mental health level of HQHPs. Meanwhile, the mediating effect of resilience was explored and verified with the bootstrap method or the structural equation model. Results 20 HQHPs participated in the qualitative study. Two themes were identified in terms of the factors that influenced the HQHPs' mental health levels. The positive factors include optimism, family company, and connection with friends, while the negative factors include inadequate supplies, inadequate information, and other emergencies. 210 HQHPs participated in the quantitative study, with a median resilience score of 66 [55.75, 74] in the lowest score range and an anxiety score of 5 [2, 7] in the mild anxiety range. The correlation analysis showed that nine of the 10 influencing factors identified in qualitative research were positively correlated with CD-RISC-25 scores and negatively correlated with the GAD-7 score. The mediating effect of resilience on anxiety was significant (95% bootstrap CI [-1.818, -0.384], p<0.001; or 95% bootstrap CI [-1.174, -0.430], p<0.001). Conclusion Even in the post-epidemic era, hospital pharmacists face psychological challenges. They actively address these issues based on accumulated experience and a stabilized mindset. In this process, resilience plays a significant mediating role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yin
- Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - XiangYu Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Party Committee Office, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Drug Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hang Fu
- Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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Lu X, Zhang W, Jia X, Bao X, Zhang X, Kang J, Du S, Yin Z. Exploring the problems and coping strategies of pharmacy internship in large general hospitals in China: from the perspective of preceptors. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:69. [PMID: 38233919 PMCID: PMC10795210 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of the Hospital Pharmacy Preceptor (HPP) is pivotal in upholding the excellence of experiential training and fostering the professional growth of pharmacy interns. However, there is a lack of studies that provide an overview of pharmacy internships from the perspective of HPP. This study explores the experience and expectations of HPPs regarding existing problems and possible coping strategies in intern teaching. METHODS This is a qualitative study that was conducted through individual interviews and focus group discussions. HPPs were invited as participants from large-scale tertiary hospitals in representative provinces of mainland China. Interview and focus group discussion data were analyzed using thematic analysis to see emerging themes from the data. Nvivo 12 was utilized for data management and processing. RESULTS Eight individual interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted, involving 14 HPPs as participants. Upon the examination of the interviews and focus group data, four themes were summarized regarding HPPs' perceptions: 1) current presenting problems; 2) possible coping strategies; 3) something HPPs should do; 4) something interns should do. CONCLUSION This study found that from the HPPs' perspective, the hospital-based pharmacy internship still has some problems from policy to practice, which need to be addressed by the joint efforts of the state, schools, internship bases, pharmacy preceptors, and students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Drug Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation Center, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xuedong Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaoyue Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Drug Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation Center, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Drug Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation Center, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shuzhang Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Wang X, Wen L, Fu H, Yin Z. Exploring the motivation of self-directed learning of hospital pharmacists: a multicentre qualitative study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e077205. [PMID: 38233054 PMCID: PMC10806678 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-directed learning (SDL) has been embraced by the medical community as a core professional competency, with motivation considered a crucial component of SDL. However, little is known about how hospital pharmacists perceive motivation in SDL in the workplace. This study aimed to examine the intrinsic and external motivation of hospital pharmacists in SDL. DESIGN This study employed a multicentre qualitative design, which lasted 13 months from May 2020 to June 2021. The interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed in NVivo V.12.0. Thematic analysis method was used to analyse the data. SETTING The study took place in nine public hospitals located in urban areas of Henan Province. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen hospital pharmacists were enrolled from the pharmacy departments of the sample hospitals, using a purposive sampling method. RESULTS Sixteen one-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted, identifying intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in SDL for hospital pharmacists in the workplace. Intrinsic motivation includes curiosity and interest, achievement, self-efficacy and personal growth. Extrinsic motivation includes a more comprehensive set of elements, such as interpersonal motivations, work-related motivations and career-related motivations. CONCLUSIONS Personal interests, the influence of surrounding individuals (directly or indirectly), work-related requirements and pressures, and professional development requirements and pressures are the main intrinsic or extrinsic motivations for SDL among hospital pharmacists in China. Future research may focus on these aspects to enhance the SDL competence of hospital pharmacists and other medical personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wang
- Party Committee Office, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hang Fu
- Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Hatem NAH, Yousuf SA, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Al-Galal GS. Insights into participation in ward rounds in hospitals: A survey of clinical pharmacists' perceptions. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 17:2285957. [PMID: 38205197 PMCID: PMC10775710 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2023.2285957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinical pharmacists' participation in ward rounds (WRs) has been a great chance to contribute to team-based care in the hospital setting and significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Hence, the objective of this investigation was to explore the perceptions of clinical pharmacists in Yemen regarding their participation in WRs and the factors influencing their involvement. Methods An online survey of Yemeni clinical pharmacists was conducted and lasted for two months. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the survey responses. Results a total of 120 participants were involved. About 3 out of 10 pharmacists had not previously participated in WRs, with only 30% having always or most of the time participated in word rounds alongside physicians. The results showed a positive perception of WR participation, with a median and IQR of 5(4-5). However, a lack of awareness of WR roles and the time-consuming nature of participation were the reasons for non-involvement. Conclusion The study highlights the positive perceptions of Yemeni clinical pharmacists towards ward rounds, but emphasises the need to address awareness and time constraints. Emphasising patient-centered care and longer internship durations can improve clinical pharmacist involvement. Future research should focus on optimising clinical pharmacist participation for better patient outcomes and care quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmaddin A. H. Hatem
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Hodeidah University, Al-Hudaydah, Yemen
| | - Seena A. Yousuf
- Social Medicine and Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
| | | | - Gubran S. Al-Galal
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
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Yao X, Li H, Wen L, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Du S, Li J, Fu H, Yin Z. What learning strategies are commonly used by hospital pharmacists in the process of self-directed learning? A multicentre qualitative study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069051. [PMID: 37041050 PMCID: PMC10106029 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As lifelong learners, hospital pharmacists must continually improve their self-directed learning skills. Reasonable learning strategies have been proven to enhance self-directed learning (SDL) significantly. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the SDL strategies used by hospital pharmacists in depth to provide them with a reference for the development of their SDL skills. SETTING The study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals in Henan, China. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS This study employed a multicentre qualitative design and lasted 12 months. One-on-one interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the interview data were analysed using the thematic analysis method. Purposive sampling was used to select interviewees (n=17) from three tertiary hospitals in Henan province in central China. RESULTS After conducting data analysis, we summarised 12 learning strategies related to SDL, which were grouped into four themes: use of information resources, application of cognitive strategies, development of learning plans and use of learning platforms. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that classic learning strategies, such as cognitive strategies and the development of learning plans, remain the cornerstones of hospital pharmacists' SDL abilities, while contemporary advances in information technology and changes in learning concepts have enriched the learning resources and learning platforms that are available to hospital pharmacists and have confronted contemporary hospital pharmacists with certain challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongye Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Linlin Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuzhang Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hang Fu
- Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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