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Porter J, Coombs N, Barbagallo M. Student led community health checks in regional Victoria: A mixed methods study. Health Promot J Austr 2024. [PMID: 39086260 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Inequitable health care access can be addressed by using community outreach programs. A collaborative, codesigned student-led pop-up health check clinic was conducted in three low-socioeconomic regional communities in Victoria, Australia. Supervised undergraduate nursing students conducted free health checks, practiced assessment and communication skills, and provided health education. METHODS A mixed-method approach was used to evaluate the impact, outcome, and processes used to deliver health checks in three different community settings. Data included post-check surveys and follow-up interviews with community participants, which were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. RESULTS A total of 166 surveys were collected and 30 interviews conducted from community participants located in three different communities. Participants were very satisfied with the information provided in the clinics and the delivery process. Further analysis also identified three major themes: (1) Defining a need, (2) Reaching the Community, and (3) Health promotion benefits. CONCLUSIONS Community outreach programs are effective in reaching vulnerable populations, improving community access to risk screening, reducing demands, supporting existing services, and providing excellent training opportunities for the future health care workforce within communities. SO WHAT?: Further planning and financial investment are required to support community outreach programs that provide disease prevention and risk screening. More investment is needed in promoting outreach services within vulnerable populations, where social determinants contribute to poor health outcomes and access to health care is limited. Collaborative programs such as student-led pop-up clinics, are one way outreach can make a difference to community health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Porter
- Collaborative Evaluation and Research Centre, Federation University Australia, Gippsland, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Coombs
- Collaborative Evaluation and Research Centre, Federation University Australia, Gippsland, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Barbagallo
- Collaborative Evaluation and Research Centre, Federation University Australia, Gippsland, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Crawshaw AF, Goldsmith LP, Deal A, Carter J, Knights F, Seedat F, Lau K, Hayward SE, Yong J, Fyle D, Aspray N, Iwami M, Ciftci Y, Wurie F, Majeed A, Forster AS, Hargreaves S. Driving delivery and uptake of catch-up vaccination among adolescent and adult migrants in UK general practice: a mixed methods pilot study. BMC Med 2024; 22:186. [PMID: 38702767 PMCID: PMC11068568 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migrants in the UK and Europe face vulnerability to vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) due to missed childhood vaccines and doses and marginalisation from health systems. Ensuring migrants receive catch-up vaccinations, including MMR, Td/IPV, MenACWY, and HPV, is essential to align them with UK and European vaccination schedules and ultimately reduce morbidity and mortality. However, recent evidence highlights poor awareness and implementation of catch-up vaccination guidelines by UK primary care staff, requiring novel approaches to strengthen the primary care pathway. METHODS The 'Vacc on Track' study (May 2021-September 2022) aimed to measure under-vaccination rates among migrants in UK primary care and establish new referral pathways for catch-up vaccination. Participants included migrants aged 16 or older, born outside of Western Europe, North America, Australia, or New Zealand, in two London boroughs. Quantitative data on vaccination history, referral, uptake, and sociodemographic factors were collected, with practice nurses prompted to deliver catch-up vaccinations following UK guidelines. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with staff and migrants explored views on delivering catch-up vaccination, including barriers, facilitators, and opportunities. Data were analysed using STATA12 and NVivo 12. RESULTS Results from 57 migrants presenting to study sites from 18 countries (mean age 41 [SD 7.2] years; 62% female; mean 11.3 [SD 9.1] years in UK) over a minimum of 6 months of follow-up revealed significant catch-up vaccination needs, particularly for MMR (49 [86%] required catch-up vaccination) and Td/IPV (50 [88%]). Fifty-three (93%) participants were referred for any catch-up vaccination, but completion of courses was low (6 [12%] for Td/IPV and 33 [64%] for MMR), suggesting individual and systemic barriers. Qualitative in-depth interviews (n = 39) with adult migrants highlighted the lack of systems currently in place in the UK to offer catch-up vaccination to migrants on arrival and the need for health-care provider skills and knowledge of catch-up vaccination to be improved. Focus group discussions and interviews with practice staff (n = 32) identified limited appointment/follow-up time, staff knowledge gaps, inadequate engagement routes, and low incentivisation as challenges that will need to be addressed. However, they underscored the potential of staff champions, trust-building mechanisms, and community-based approaches to strengthen catch-up vaccination uptake among migrants. CONCLUSIONS Given the significant catch-up vaccination needs of migrants in our sample, and the current barriers to driving uptake identified, our findings suggest it will be important to explore this public health issue further, potentially through a larger study or trial. Strengthening existing pathways, staff capacity and knowledge in primary care, alongside implementing new strategies centred on cultural competence and building trust with migrant communities will be important focus areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison F Crawshaw
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Lucy P Goldsmith
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anna Deal
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jessica Carter
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Felicity Knights
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Farah Seedat
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Karen Lau
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sally E Hayward
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Yong
- NHS North Central London Research Network (NoCLoR) and Clinical Research Network (CRN) North Thames, London, UK
| | - Desiree Fyle
- NHS North Central London Research Network (NoCLoR) and Clinical Research Network (CRN) North Thames, London, UK
| | - Nathaniel Aspray
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Michiyo Iwami
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Yusuf Ciftci
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Fatima Wurie
- Addiction and Inclusion Directorate, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care, 39 Victoria Street, London, SW1H 0EU, UK
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sally Hargreaves
- Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
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Christoffersen NB, Nilou FE, Thilsing T, Larsen LB, Østergaard JN, Broholm-Jørgensen M. Exploring targeted preventive health check interventions - a realist synthesis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1928. [PMID: 37798691 PMCID: PMC10557298 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive health checks are assumed to reduce the risk of the development of cardio-metabolic disease in the long term. Although no solid evidence of effect is shown on health checks targeting the general population, studies suggest positive effects if health checks target people or groups identified at risk of disease. The aim of this study is to explore why and how targeted preventive health checks work, for whom they work, and under which circumstances they can be expected to work. METHODS The study is designed as a realist synthesis that consists of four phases, each including collection and analysis of empirical data: 1) Literature search of systematic reviews and meta-analysis, 2) Interviews with key-stakeholders, 3) Literature search of qualitative studies and grey literature, and 4) Workshops with key stakeholders and end-users. Through the iterative analysis we identified the interrelationship between contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes to develop a program theory encompassing hypotheses about targeted preventive health checks. RESULTS Based on an iterative analysis of the data material, we developed a final program theory consisting of seven themes; Target group; Recruitment and participation; The encounter between professional and participants; Follow-up activities; Implementation and operation; Shared understanding of the intervention; and Unintended side effects. Overall, the data material showed that targeted preventive health checks need to be accessible, recognizable, and relevant for the participants' everyday lives as well as meaningful to the professionals involved. The results showed that identifying a target group, that both benefit from attending and have the resources to participate pose a challenge for targeted preventive health check interventions. This challenge illustrates the importance of designing the recruitment and intervention activities according to the target groups particular life situation. CONCLUSION The results indicate that a one-size-fits-all model of targeted preventive health checks should be abandoned, and that intervention activities and implementation depend on for whom and under which circumstances the intervention is initiated. Based on the results we suggest that future initiatives conduct thorough needs assessment as the basis for decisions about where and how the preventive health checks are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Bjørnbak Christoffersen
- Research Program On Health and Social Conditions, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Freja Ekstrøm Nilou
- Research Program On Health and Social Conditions, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Thilsing
- Research Unit of General Practice, University of Southern, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Bruun Larsen
- Research Unit of General Practice, University of Southern, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbæk, Denmark
| | | | - Marie Broholm-Jørgensen
- Research Program On Health and Social Conditions, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Duddy C, Gadsby E, Hibberd V, Krska J, Wong G. What happens after an NHS Health Check? A survey and realist review. HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE DELIVERY RESEARCH 2023; 11:1-133. [PMID: 37830173 DOI: 10.3310/rgth4127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Background The National Health Service Health Check in England aims to provide adults aged 40 to 74 with an assessment of their risk of developing cardiovascular disease and to offer advice to help manage and reduce this risk. The programme is commissioned by local authorities and delivered by a range of providers in different settings, although primarily in general practices. This project focused on variation in the advice, onward referrals and prescriptions offered to attendees following their health check. Objectives (1) Map recent programme delivery across England via a survey of local authorities; (2) conduct a realist review to enable understanding of how the National Health Service Health Check programme works in different settings, for different groups; (3) provide recommendations to improve delivery. Design Survey of local authorities and realist review of the literature. Review methods Realist review is a theory-driven, interpretive approach to evidence synthesis that seeks to explain why, when and for whom outcomes occur. We gathered published research and grey literature (including local evaluation documents and conference materials) via searching and supplementary methods. Extracted data were synthesised using a realist logic of analysis to develop an understanding of important contexts that affect the delivery of National Health Service Health Checks, and underlying mechanisms that produce outcomes related to our project focus. Results Our findings highlight the variation in National Health Service Health Check delivery models across England. Commissioners, providers and attendees understand the programme's purpose in different ways. When understood primarily as an opportunity to screen for disease, responsibility for delivery and outcomes rests with primary care, and there is an emphasis on volume of checks delivered, gathering essential data and communicating risk. When understood as an opportunity to prompt and support behaviour change, more emphasis is placed on delivery of advice and referrals to 'lifestyle services'. Practical constraints limit what can be delivered within the programme's remit. Public health funding restricts delivery options and links with onward services, while providers may struggle to deliver effective checks when faced with competing priorities. Attendees' responses to the programme are affected by features of delivery models and the constraints they face within their own lives. Limitations Survey response rate lower than anticipated; review findings limited by the availability and quality of the literature. Conclusions and implications The purpose and remit of the National Health Service Health Check programme should be clarified, considering prevailing attitudes about its value (especially among providers) and what can be delivered within existing resources. Some variation in delivery is likely to be appropriate to meet local population needs, but lack of clarity for the programme contributes to a 'postcode lottery' effect in the support offered to attendees after a check. Our findings raise important questions about whether the programme itself and services that it may feed into are adequately resourced to achieve positive outcomes for attendees, and whether current delivery models may produce inequitable outcomes. Future work Policy-makers and commissioners should consider the implications of the findings of this project; future research should address the relative scarcity of studies focused on the end of the National Health Service Health Check pathway. Study registration PROSPERO registration CRD42020163822. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme (NIHR129209).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Duddy
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erica Gadsby
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Vivienne Hibberd
- Public Involvement in Pharmacy Studies Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Greenwich and Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Janet Krska
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Greenwich and Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Geoff Wong
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Black GB, van Os S, Machen S, Fulop NJ. Ethnographic research as an evolving method for supporting healthcare improvement skills: a scoping review. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:274. [PMID: 34865630 PMCID: PMC8647364 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between ethnography and healthcare improvement has been the subject of methodological concern. We conducted a scoping review of ethnographic literature on healthcare improvement topics, with two aims: (1) to describe current ethnographic methods and practices in healthcare improvement research and (2) to consider how these may affect habit and skill formation in the service of healthcare improvement. METHODS We used a scoping review methodology drawing on Arksey and O'Malley's methods and more recent guidance. We systematically searched electronic databases including Medline, PsychINFO, EMBASE and CINAHL for papers published between April 2013 - April 2018, with an update in September 2019. Information about study aims, methodology and recommendations for improvement were extracted. We used a theoretical framework outlining the habits and skills required for healthcare improvement to consider how ethnographic research may foster improvement skills. RESULTS We included 283 studies covering a wide range of healthcare topics and methods. Ethnography was commonly used for healthcare improvement research about vulnerable populations, e.g. elderly, psychiatry. Focussed ethnography was a prominent method, using a rapid feedback loop into improvement through focus and insider status. Ethnographic approaches such as the use of theory and focus on every day practices can foster improvement skills and habits such as creativity, learning and systems thinking. CONCLUSIONS We have identified that a variety of ethnographic approaches can be relevant to improvement. The skills and habits we identified may help ethnographers reflect on their approaches in planning healthcare improvement studies and guide peer-review in this field. An important area of future research will be to understand how ethnographic findings are received by decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra van Os
- Department of Applied Health Research, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Naomi J Fulop
- Department of Applied Health Research, UCL, London, UK
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Pascal Saint-Firmin P, Diakite B, Ward K, Benard M, Stratton S, Ortiz C, Dutta A, Traore S. Community Health Worker Program Sustainability in Africa: Evidence From Costing, Financing, and Geospatial Analyses in Mali. GLOBAL HEALTH: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021; 9:S79-S97. [PMID: 33727322 PMCID: PMC7971366 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding specific program costs through efficiency analyses and geospatial targeting allows national stakeholders to make strategic, targeted investments, making the first steps toward sustainability. Costs required for community health worker programs can be reduced without sacrificing quality, and spending can be geographically targeted to optimize service use by rural populations. Results from Mali provide an example for other sub-Saharan African countries. Background: In Mali, community health workers (CHWs) deliver essential community care (ECC) to rural populations. The dominance of external funding for the program threatens the sustainability of this critical workforce as donor financing decreases. This article summarizes results of analyses aimed at assisting Mali's decision makers and leaders in initiating a transition to a sustainable CHW program supported by domestic funding through strategic and rational investment. Methods: Data on ECC implementation norms, workforce, coverage, utilization, cost, and geospatial features were collected between 2016 and 2019. The data informed interlinked CHW financing analyses—situational, services costing, efficiency, and geospatial mapping. Analysis showed distribution of reported expenditures, estimates of required CHW funding, cost-saving options, and spatially visualized discrepancies between spending estimates and normative costs. Results: Thirteen financing sources contributed to CHW program expenditures, 88% of which were from international donors, for a package of 23 curative, preventive, and promotive interventions. In 2015, the CHW program spent US$13.01 million; an estimated US$8.36 million would have been needed to achieve the same service volume under standard care protocols. Medicines and start-up training had US$6.88 million more than needed; supervision, program management, and recurrent training components were underfunded by US$2.2 million. Cost-saving opportunities of US$6.16 million were identified in 41 of 44 districts. Funding reallocation opportunities (after meeting technical efficiency requirements) were identified in 20 of 44 districts (US$2.56 million). Use of geospatial targeting and mapping suggests district- and village-level reallocation options for theoretical funding surpluses. Conclusion: CHW costs can be significantly reduced without sacrificing service technical quality. Spending can be geographically targeted to optimize service use by rural populations. Efficiency analyses provide evidence to build stronger engagement, support improved decision making, efficiently prioritize resources, and target investments for sustainable financing of CHW programs.
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Morgan C, de Wildt G, Prado RBR, Thanikachalam N, Virmond M, Riley R. Views and Experiences of Adults who are Overweight and Obese on the Barriers and Facilitators to Weight Loss in Southeast Brazil: A Qualitative Study. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2020; 15:1852705. [PMID: 33250018 PMCID: PMC7717597 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2020.1852705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity in Brazil is increasing with 54% of the Brazilian population being overweight, of which 20% is obese. Obesity is a risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease: the leading cause of mortality in Brazil. This study aims to identify the barriers and facilitators to weight loss as perceived by patients with a view to reducing the burden of obesity-related diseases on patients and healthcare services. Methods: Fifteen qualitative, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted in the preventive medicine department in a private health clinic in Bauru, Southeast Brazil. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted. Results: The barriers and facilitators were classified into three themes: lifestyle, motivation and education. Barriers include cost of a healthy lifestyle, time management, personal safety, mobility, junk food advertising, sustaining weight loss, mental health, lack of support and health education. Facilitators include change in eating habits, sleep quality, cooperative food networks, access to the multidisciplinary team and expert patients as health educators. Conclusion: Expert patients should be utilized as an education method, as they increase motivation, promote the facilitators and provide realistic expectations of the weight loss process. Barriers such as junk food advertising and accessibility to treatment need to be addressed. Abbreviations: BMI: Body Mass Index; NCD: Non-Communicable Disease; SUS: Sistema Único de Saúde; WHO: World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Morgan
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gilles de Wildt
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Nisha Thanikachalam
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marcos Virmond
- Research Institute, Instituto Lauro De Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Ruth Riley
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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8
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Stone TJ, Brangan E, Chappell A, Harrison V, Horwood J. Telephone outreach by community workers to improve uptake of NHS Health Checks in more deprived localities and minority ethnic groups: a qualitative investigation of implementation. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 42:e198-e206. [PMID: 31188440 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NHS Health Checks is a national cardiovascular risk assessment and management programme in England. To improve equity of uptake in more deprived, and Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) communities, a novel telephone outreach intervention was developed. The outreach call included an invitation to an NHS Health Check appointment, lifestyle questions, and signposting to lifestyle services. We examined the experiences of staff delivering the intervention. METHODS Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 10 community Telephone Outreach Workers (TOWs) making outreach calls, and 5 Primary Care Practice (PCP) staff they liaised with. Normalization Process Theory was used to examine intervention implementation. RESULTS Telephone outreach was perceived as effective in engaging patients in NHS Health Checks and could reduce related administration burdens on PCPs. Successful implementation was dependent on support from participating PCPs, and tensions between the intervention and other PCP priorities were identified. Some PCP staff lacked clarity regarding the intervention aim and this could reduce the potential to capitalize on TOWs' specialist skills. CONCLUSIONS To maximize the potential of telephone outreach to impact equity, purposeful recruitment and training of TOWs is vital, along with support and integration of TOWs, and the telephone outreach intervention, in participating PCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Stone
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, 9th Floor, Whitefriars, Lewins Mead, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, UK
| | - E Brangan
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, 9th Floor, Whitefriars, Lewins Mead, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, UK
| | - A Chappell
- Public Health, Bristol City Council, City Hall, Bristol, UK
| | - V Harrison
- Public Health, Bristol City Council, City Hall, Bristol, UK
| | - J Horwood
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, 9th Floor, Whitefriars, Lewins Mead, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, UK
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Hawking MKD, Timmis A, Wilkins F, Potter JL, Robson J. Improving cardiovascular disease risk communication in NHS Health Checks: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026058. [PMID: 31481364 PMCID: PMC6731822 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The NHS Health Check programme is a public screening and prevention initiative in England to detect early signs of cardiovascular ill health among healthy adults. We aimed to explore patient perspectives and experiences of a personalised Risk Report designed to improve cardiovascular risk communication in the NHS Health Check. DESIGN AND SETTING This is a qualitative study with NHS Health Check attendees in three general practices in the London Borough of Newham. INTERVENTION AND PARTICIPANTS A personalised Risk Report for the NHS Health Check was developed to improve communication of results and advice. The Risk Report was embedded in the electronic health record, printed with auto-filled results and used as a discussion aid during the NHS Health Check, and was a take-home record of information and advice on risk reduction for the attendees. 18 purposively sampled socially diverse participants took part in semistructured interviews, which were analysed thematically. RESULTS For most participants, the NHS Health Check was an opportunity for reassurance and assessment, and the Risk Report was an enduring record that supported risk understanding, with impact beyond the individual. For a minority, ambivalence towards the Risk Report occurred in the context of attending for other reasons, and risk and lifestyle advice were not internalised or acted on. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the potential of a personalised Risk Report as a useful intervention in NHS Health Checks for enhancing patient understanding of cardiovascular risk and strategies for risk reduction. Also highlighted are the challenges that must be overcome to ensure transferability of these benefits to diverse patient groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02486913.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith K D Hawking
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adam Timmis
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK
| | - Fae Wilkins
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica L Potter
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John Robson
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Cassetti V, Powell K, Barnes A, Sanders T. A systematic scoping review of asset-based approaches to promote health in communities: development of a framework. Glob Health Promot 2019; 27:15-23. [PMID: 31319777 DOI: 10.1177/1757975919848925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Asset-based approaches to health promotion have become increasingly popular as a way to tackle health inequalities by empowering people in more disadvantaged communities to use local resources and increase control over health and its determinants. However, questions remain about how they work in practice. This article presents the findings from a systematic scoping review of the empirical literature on asset-based approaches in communities. The aim was to identify the key elements of asset-based approaches, and how they are operationalised in interventions aimed at promoting health and reducing inequalities in local communities. Four databases were searched (Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ASSIA) and papers were included if they described interventions explicitly adopting an asset-based approach but excluded if limited to asset identification. Thirty articles were included in the review. Data were extracted on the type of assets that the intervention built upon, how assets were mobilised, the expected outcomes and evaluation methods. A framework is presented that synthesises the key characteristics of asset-based interventions to promote health in communities. Three main approaches to mobilising assets were identified in the literature: (A) connecting assets, (B) raising awareness of assets and (C) enabling assets to thrive. It is argued that asset-based approaches to health promotion take a wide variety of forms, making it difficult to anticipate outcomes and to evaluate interventions. The framework presented here can be used to better understand the processes through which asset-based approaches work in practice to promote health and reduce inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Cassetti
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Powell
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Barnes
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Sanders
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
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McCrum K. Is care for people with long-term conditions 'proactive', 'preventive' and 'patient centred'? Br J Community Nurs 2019; 24:328-331. [PMID: 31265340 DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2019.24.7.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate McCrum
- Student Nurse, University of Gloucestershire
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Chattopadhyay K, Biswas M, Moore R. NHS Health Check and healthy lifestyle in Leicester, England: analysis of a survey dataset. Perspect Public Health 2019; 140:27-37. [PMID: 31070547 DOI: 10.1177/1757913919834584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A major component of the National Health Service (NHS) Health Check in England is to provide lifestyle advice to eligible participants. The aims of the study were to explore the variations (in terms of uptake) in the NHS Health Check in Leicester and to determine its association with a healthy lifestyle. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the Leicester Health and Wellbeing Survey (2015). RESULTS The odds of having an NHS Health Check were found to be higher in Black and minority ethnic groups and in people of other religions. The odds were lower in people without a religion, residing in the fourth index of multiple deprivation quintile and in ex-smokers. No associations were found between having an NHS Health Check and describing a healthy lifestyle, following a healthy lifestyle, thinking of making lifestyle changes in the next 6 months, cutting down on/stopping smoking among current smokers, or amount of alcohol current drinkers would like to drink. CONCLUSIONS In Leicester, a few variations in having an NHS Health Check were found among different socio-economic, demographic and behavioural groups. No association was found between the NHS Health Check and a healthy lifestyle. Thus, the improvement work should focus on reducing these variations in having the NHS Health Check and bringing its benefits on promoting a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chattopadhyay
- Assistant Professor in Evidence Based Healthcare, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Biswas
- Research Fellow in Health Economics, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - R Moore
- Consultant in Public Health, Leicester City Council, Leicester, UK; Honorary Senior Lecturer, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Brangan E, Stone TJ, Chappell A, Harrison V, Horwood J. Patient experiences of telephone outreach to enhance uptake of NHS Health Checks in more deprived communities and minority ethnic groups: A qualitative interview study. Health Expect 2018; 22:364-372. [PMID: 30585389 PMCID: PMC6543263 DOI: 10.1111/hex.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The NHS Health Checks preventative programme aims to reduce cardiovascular morbidity across England. To improve equity in uptake, telephone outreach was developed in Bristol, involving community workers telephoning patients amongst communities potentially at higher risk of cardiovascular disease and/or less likely to take up a written invitation, to engage them with NHS Health Checks. Where possible, caller cultural background/main language is matched with that of the patient called. The call includes an invitation to book an NHS Health Check appointment, lifestyle questions from the Health Check, and signposting to lifestyle services. Objective To explore the experiences of patients who received an outreach call. Design/Setting/Participants Thematic analysis of semi‐structured interviews with 24 patients (15 female), from seven primary care practices, who had received an outreach call. Results The call increased participants’ understanding of NHS Health Checks and overcame anticipated difficulties with making an appointment. Half reported that they would not have booked if only invited by letter. The cultural identity/language skills of the caller were important in facilitating the interaction for some who might otherwise encounter language or cultural barriers. The inclusion of lifestyle questions and signposting prompted a minority to make lifestyle changes. Conclusions Participants valued easily generalizable aspects of the intervention—a telephone invitation with ability to book during the call—and reported that it prompted acceptance of an NHS Health Check. A caller who shared their main language/cultural background was important for a minority of participants, and improved targeting of this would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer Brangan
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.,The Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tracey J Stone
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.,The Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Jeremy Horwood
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.,The Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Sommer I, Titscher V, Gartlehner G. Participants' expectations and experiences with periodic health examinations in Austria - a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:823. [PMID: 30376830 PMCID: PMC6208031 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The engagement of citizens in the development of evidence-based screening programs is internationally supported. The aim of our research was to explore the motivations and reasons of adult citizens in Austria for attending periodic health examinations (PHE) as well as their satisfaction with the way PHE are organized. Methods We conducted three focus groups with a random sample of previous attenders of PHE. Participants were stratified by age, gender, and education. The discussions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results Main motivations of attenders (n = 30) were to detect diseases early, to prevent suffering, and to live a long, healthy life. They believed that PHE work as an incentive of health behavior change. As possible reasons not to attend PHE, participants mentioned lack of awareness, time constraints, unpleasant prior experiences, and fear of harm or negative consequences. They wanted the range of examinations to be selected based on individual risks and to be more comprehensive. Some participants expressed frustration with the lack of time doctors dedicated to the examination or discussion of the results. Throughout the discussion, participants realized there is a great diversity among doctors in the quality of health examinations and how content is delivered. Conclusion The study showed that attenders of PHE have high expectations concerning the beneficial outcomes of PHE. They requested a comprehensive and individualized program that does not reflect the scientific evidence from effectiveness studies of PHE. These findings indicate serious shortcomings in the communication of benefits and harms of screening interventions and highlight the need for a more proactive communication about aims and content of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolde Sommer
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Continuing Education (Danube University Krems), Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.
| | - Viktoria Titscher
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Continuing Education (Danube University Krems), Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Gerald Gartlehner
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Continuing Education (Danube University Krems), Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.,RTI-UNC Evidence-based Practice Center, Research Triangle Institute International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27709-2194, USA
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NHS health checks: a cross- sectional observational study on equity of uptake and outcomes. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:238. [PMID: 29615026 PMCID: PMC5883605 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Health Checks programme aims to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and health inequalities in England. We assessed equity of uptake and outcomes from NHS Health Checks in general practices in Bristol, UK. METHODS A cross-sectional study using patient-level data, from 38 general practices. We descriptively analysed the socioeconomic status (SES) of patients invited and the SES and ethnicity of those attending. Logistic regression was used to test associations between invitation and attendance, with population characteristics. RESULTS Between June 2010 to October 2014, 31,881 patients were invited, and 13,733 NHS Health Checks completed. 47% of patients invited from the three least and 39% from the two most-deprived index of multiple deprivation quintiles, completed a Check. Proportions of invited patients, by ethnicity were 64% non-black and Asian and 31% black and Asian. Men were less likely to attend than women (OR 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.80), as were patients ≤ 49 compared to ≥ 70 years (OR 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 0.83). After controlling for SES and population characteristics, compared to patients with low CVD risk, high risk patients were more likely to be prescribed cardiovascular drugs (OR 6.2, 95% confidence interval 4.51 to 8.40). Compared to men, women (OR 01.18, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.35) were more likely to be prescribed cardiovascular drugs, as were those ≤ 49 years (50-59 years, OR 1.42, 95% confidence intervals 1.13-1.79, 60-69 years, OR 1.60, 95% confidence intervals, 1.22-2.10, ≥ 70 years, OR 1.64, 95% confidence intervals, 1.14 to 2.35). Controlling for population characteristics, the following groups were most likely to be referred to lifestyle services: younger women (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.94), those in the most deprived IMD quintile (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.63 to 6.36) and those at highest risk of CVD (OR, 2.77, 95% CI 1.91 to 4.02). CONCLUSIONS We found no statistically significant evidence of inequity in attendance for an NHS Health Check by SES. Being older or a woman were associated with better attendance. Targeting men, younger patients and ethnic minority groups may improve equity in uptake for NHS Health Checks.
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Mills K, Harte E, Martin A, MacLure C, Griffin SJ, Mant J, Meads C, Saunders CL, Walter FM, Usher-Smith JA. Views of commissioners, managers and healthcare professionals on the NHS Health Check programme: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e018606. [PMID: 29146658 PMCID: PMC5695333 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesise data concerning the views of commissioners, managers and healthcare professionals towards the National Health Service (NHS) Health Check programme in general and the challenges faced when implementing it in practice. DESIGN A systematic review of surveys and interview studies with a descriptive analysis of quantitative data and thematic synthesis of qualitative data. DATA SOURCES An electronic literature search of MEDLINE, Embase, Health Management Information Consortium, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Global Health, PsycInfo, Web of Science, OpenGrey, the Cochrane Library, NHS Evidence, Google Scholar, Google, ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry from 1 January 1996 to 9 November 2016 with no language restriction and manual screening of reference lists of all included papers. INCLUSION CRITERIA Primary research reporting views of commissioners, managers or healthcare professionals on the NHS Health Check programme and its implementation in practice. RESULTS Of 18 524 citations, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. There was evidence from both quantitative and qualitative studies that some commissioners and general practice (GP) healthcare professionals were enthusiastic about the programme, whereas others raised concerns around inequality of uptake, the evidence base and cost-effectiveness. In contrast, those working in pharmacies were all positive about programme benefits, citing opportunities for their business and staff. The main challenges to implementation were: difficulties with information technology and computer software, resistance to the programme from some GPs, the impact on workload and staffing, funding and training needs. Inadequate privacy was also a challenge in pharmacy and community settings, along with difficulty recruiting people eligible for Health Checks and poor public access to some venues. CONCLUSIONS The success of the NHS Health Check Programme relies on engagement by those responsible for its commissioning, management and delivery. Recognising and addressing the challenges identified in this review, in particular the concerns of GPs, are important for the future of the programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Mills
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Harte
- RAND Europe, Westbrook Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Martin
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Simon J Griffin
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Mant
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Catherine Meads
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Catherine L Saunders
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M Walter
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juliet A Usher-Smith
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Usher-Smith JA, Harte E, MacLure C, Martin A, Saunders CL, Meads C, Walter FM, Griffin SJ, Mant J. Patient experience of NHS health checks: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017169. [PMID: 28801437 PMCID: PMC5724113 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the experiences of patients attending NHS Health Checks in England. DESIGN A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies with a thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. DATA SOURCES An electronic literature search of Medline, Embase, Health Management Information Consortium, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Global Health, PsycInfo, Web of Science, OpenGrey, the Cochrane Library, National Health Service (NHS) Evidence, Google Scholar, Google, Clinical Trials.gov and the ISRCTN registry to 09/11/16 with no language restriction and manual screening of reference lists of all included papers. INCLUSION CRITERIA Primary research reporting experiences of patients who have attended NHS Health Checks. RESULTS 20 studies met the inclusion criteria, 9 reporting quantitative data and 15 qualitative data. There were consistently high levels of reported satisfaction in surveys, with over 80% feeling that they had benefited from an NHS Health Check. Data from qualitative studies showed that the NHS Health Check had been perceived to act as a wake-up call for many who reported having gone on to make substantial lifestyle changes which they attributed to the NHS Health Check. However, some had been left with a feeling of unmet expectations, were confused about or unable to remember their risk scores, found the lifestyle advice too simplistic and non-personalised or were confused about follow-up. CONCLUSIONS While participants were generally very supportive of the NHS Health Check programme and examples of behaviour change were reported, there are a number of areas where improvements could be made. These include greater clarity around the aims of the programme within the promotional material, more proactive support for lifestyle change and greater appreciation of the challenges of communicating risk and the limitations of relying on the risk score alone as a trigger for facilitating behaviour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet A Usher-Smith
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Harte
- RAND Europe, Westbrook Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Adam Martin
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Catherine L Saunders
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Catherine Meads
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M Walter
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon J Griffin
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Mant
- The Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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