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Albshri M, Manikandan P, Allahyani M, Aljuaid A, Almehmadi MM, Alzabeedi K, Babalgaith M, Alghamdi M, Alharbi F, Alhazmi M. The Prevalence of Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases Among Blood Donors in the Central Blood Bank in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e48881. [PMID: 38106789 PMCID: PMC10724763 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to analyze the health and demographic characteristics of blood donors in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and assess the prevalence and correlation of two markers related to hepatitis B infection: hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis B virus surface antibody (HBsAb). Materials and methods The study used a retrospective design and collected data from the Central Blood Bank in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, in 2022. The sample size was 7,875 blood donors. The study used various methods, such as serological testing, nucleic acid testing (NAT), and statistical analysis. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation to examine the relationships between different variables. Results The predominant age group was 29-39 years, accounting for 46.9% of the total donors. In terms of blood types, O+ve was the most common, representing 40.3% of the donors. The investigation into infectious markers revealed overall low levels of reactivity among donors. For HBsAg, a marker of active hepatitis B infection, only 0.36% of the units were reactive. Conversely, the anti-HBsAb, which indicates immunity to hepatitis B, was reactive in 6.83% of the units. The correlation analysis illuminated some critical relationships. The total number of units tested had a statistically significant, albeit weak, positive relationship with HBsAg reactivity, shown by a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.030 and a p-value of 0.008. Conversely, the total number of units tested and anti-HBsAb reactivity showed a moderate negative correlation, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.437 and a p-value of less than 0.001. However, no significant correlation was identified between HBsAg and anti-HBsAb reactivity, indicating that active infection and immunity status might not be directly linked. Conclusion This extensive study provides in-depth insights into the sociodemographic characteristics of blood donors and the prevalence of key infectious markers within this population. It underlines the imperative of rigorous screening of blood units, particularly given the low immunity levels to hepatitis B identified. Also, the study showed the importance of screening blood units and vaccinating people against hepatitis B. It also suggested the need for more research on blood safety and infection-immunity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanisamy Manikandan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, SAU
| | - Mamdouh Allahyani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, SAU
| | - Abdulelah Aljuaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, SAU
| | - Mazen M Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, SAU
| | - Kamal Alzabeedi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Regional Laboratory, Makkah, SAU
| | - Mohamed Babalgaith
- Central Blood Bank, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Makkah Region, Makkah, SAU
| | - Mosa Alghamdi
- Central Blood Bank, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Makkah Region, Makkah, SAU
| | - Faris Alharbi
- Central Blood Bank, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Makkah Region, Makkah, SAU
| | - Mohammed Alhazmi
- Central Blood Bank, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Makkah Region, Makkah, SAU
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Cipek V, Ferenac Kiš M, Ratić D, Piškorjanac S, Samardžija M, Kralik K, Samardžija M. REASONS FOR DEFERRAL IN DEFERRED VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONORS IN EASTERN CROATIA. Acta Clin Croat 2023; 62:93-105. [PMID: 38304378 PMCID: PMC10829957 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2023.62.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
When choosing a voluntary blood donor (VBD), it is important to ensure the donor health, and at the same time to produce a quality and safe blood product. The donor selection process leads to donor rejection related to their current health condition. The aim of this study was to determine gender differences in VBDs, to examine the reasons for their rejection, and to determine the share of permanently and temporarily deferred VBD, especially due to low hemoglobin levels. The research was conducted in eastern Croatia in the 2014 to 2018 period. The study included 144,041 blood donations from a total of 80,418 VBDs, of which 83.3% of donations were from male VBDs and 16.7% from female VBDs. There were 11.46% of temporarily deferred and permanently rejected donors. Out of all temporarily deferred donors and possible reasons for deferral, the largest share of deferrals referred to a reduced hemoglobin level, which accounted for 54% in female VBD and 46% in male VBD. Female VBDs made up to one-third of total VBDs and account for one-sixth of total blood donations. Low hemoglobin was the most common reason for VBD deferral. Gender and age are related to blood hemoglobin levels in rejected and accepted donors. Female VBDs represent a potential reservoir for increasing the total number of VBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Cipek
- Fresenius Kabi, EMEA Region, Bad Homburg, Germany
- University Hospital Centre Osijek, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marina Ferenac Kiš
- University Hospital Centre Osijek, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dalibor Ratić
- University Hospital Centre Osijek, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Silvija Piškorjanac
- University Hospital Centre Osijek, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Samardžija
- Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust – Namsos Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Namsos, Norway
| | - Kristina Kralik
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marina Samardžija
- University Hospital Centre Osijek, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Review of blood donor deferral with emphasis on donor and patient safety. Transfus Clin Biol 2023; 30:56-62. [PMID: 35835317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood donor deferral is a part and parcel of the commitment of the blood transfusion services to assure the safety and health of the blood donor as well as the recipient. Periodic review of blood donor deferral is to incorporate or revoke deferral reasons based on the evidence generated in the process of review. Therefore, emphasis must be laid on preparing strategies to only judiciously defer blood donors, recruit and retain first time blood donors, which needs critical appraisal of the existing deferral policies, so that the evidence based changes can be done. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of deferral in blood donors who presented at the blood donation centre of an institute of national importance over a span of nine years (2011-2019). Donors were screened as per the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 given by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India. RESULTS There were 1,37,935 donors attempts, out of which 20,167 (14.6%) donors were deferred from donating blood. Most of the deferred donors were male (88.5%), first time (86.1%) and temporarily deferred (87.6%). Almost comparable number of donors (49.1 % & 48.5%) were deferred for donor safety and patient safety reasons respectively. Overall the three most common reasons for deferral were low hemoglobin (21.6%), hypertension (11.4%) and history of jaundice (9%). In donor safety reasons, low hemoglobin (43.4%), hypertension (22.9%) and low blood pressure (4.5%), and in patient safety, a history of jaundice (18.6%), common cold (15.8%), and high-risk behavior (8.8%) emerged as the three most common reasons for deferral respectively. CONCLUSION Blood donor deferral is an essential quality indicator of the blood donor selection process. Initiatives like fortification of dietary ingredients with iron, optimizing protein in diet served in schools under mid-day meal program, screening for iron deficiency, hypertension and education about high-risk behavior in schools and colleges may have long term effects of promotion of better health.
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Woldu B, Melku M, Shiferaw E, Biadgo B, Abebe M, Gelaw Y. Phenotype, Allele and Genotype Frequency of ABO and Rhesus D Blood Groups of Blood Donors at the North Gondar District Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia. J Blood Med 2022; 13:11-19. [PMID: 35023982 PMCID: PMC8747761 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s346904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of the ABO and RhD group distribution is essential for blood banks inventory and assuring quality blood transfusion services. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of ABO and RhD phenotype, allele, and genotype among blood donors at North Gondar District Blood Bank from 2010 to 2012, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods The data of the current study were obtained from registration logbooks of blood donors registered. The ABO and RhD grouping was done by using commercially available monoclonal antibodies (anti-A, anti-B and anti-D) by slide methods. Results with no agglutination by anti-D antibody were confirmed using anti-human globulin test. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The allele and genotype frequency of the donors was determined by Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumption. The difference between the observed and expected frequency was tested by online Chi-square calculator. P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Among 6471 blood donors, 82.1%, 94.1% and 55.4% were males, replacement donors and in the age group of 21–30 years, respectively. Blood group O (47.04%) and blood group AB (4.81%) were the dominant and least common, respectively. The distribution of the RhD negative blood group was 5.76%. The distribution of A, B and O alleles was 0.1714, 0.1433 and 0.6859, respectively. Moreover, the genotype frequency of AA, AO, BB, BO, AB and OO was 0.0294, 0.2350, 0.0205, 0.1966, 0.0491 and 0.4704, respectively. The genotype frequency of DD, Dd and dd was 0.5774, 0.3649 and 0.0576, respectively. The result showed that there was no statistically significant difference between observed and expected allele and genotype frequency (P-value >0.05). Conclusion Blood group O and AB were the most and least prevalent, respectively. The allele and genotype frequency of the population was fulfilled the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumption. This finding might be useful for blood transfusion services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Woldu
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Melku
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Elias Shiferaw
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Belete Biadgo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Molla Abebe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yemataw Gelaw
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Shenge JA, Osiowy C. Rapid Diagnostics for Hepatitis B and C Viruses in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.742722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global health challenge posed by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) persists, especially in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), where underdiagnosis of these viral infections remains a barrier to the elimination target of 2030. HBV and HCV infections are responsible for most liver-related mortality worldwide. Infected individuals are often unaware of their condition and as a result, continue to transmit these viruses. Although conventional diagnostic tests exist, in LMIC they are largely inaccessible due to high costs or a lack of trained personnel, resulting in poor linkage to care and increased infections. Timely and accurate diagnosis is needed to achieve elimination of hepatitis B and C by the year 2030 as set out by the World Health Organization Global Health Sector Strategy. In this review rapid diagnostic tests allowing for quick and cost-effective screening and diagnosis of HBV and HCV, are discussed, as are their features, including suitability, reliability, and applicability in LMIC, particularly those within Africa.
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Rapodile T, Mitchel J, Swanevelder R, Murphy EL, van den Berg K. Re-engineering the medical assessment of blood donors in South Africa: The balance between supply and safety. Transfusion 2021; 61:3361-3371. [PMID: 34643286 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The balance between ensuring blood donor and recipient safety while maintaining a sufficient blood supply can be affected by excessive deferral of blood donors. In 2018, a biannual regulatory review of donor eligibility criteria provided the South African National Blood Service (SANBS) the opportunity to review the existing criteria. Changes to these criteria were implemented in April 2019 after an extensive review. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of SANBS whole-blood donor presentations to determine the impact of the changed donor eligibility criteria on deferrals and blood safety. We compared donor presentations, deferrals, and HIV-positive cases for the 12-month period (April 2019-March 2020) after the implementation of the updated donor eligibility criteria to those of the previous year. RESULTS Of the 2,112,917 donor presentations, 51.1% (1079506) occurred in the post-implementation study period. Overall, deferrals decreased from 18.6% to 14.5%, whereas HIV-positive donations increased by 0.03%. A multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, geographical location, donor, and clinic type showed significantly lower odds of deferral (OR 0.70; 95% CI: 0.69-0.70) and greater odds of HIV-positive cases in the study period than those in the control period (OR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.10-1.25). CONCLUSION We confirmed that the change in donor eligibility criteria was associated with a decrease in deferrals and an increase in the country's blood supply. The impact of the increased number of HIV-positive donations on blood safety in a country performing individual donation nucleic acid amplification testing requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabiso Rapodile
- Medical department, Collections department, IT department, South African National Blood Service (SANBS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Josephine Mitchel
- Medical department, Collections department, IT department, South African National Blood Service (SANBS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ronel Swanevelder
- Medical department, Collections department, IT department, South African National Blood Service (SANBS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Edward L Murphy
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Epidemiology/Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Affiliate Investigator, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karin van den Berg
- Medical department, Collections department, IT department, South African National Blood Service (SANBS), Johannesburg, South Africa.,Translational Research Department, Medical Division, South African National Blood Service, Roodepoort, South Africa.,Division of Clinical Haematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Clinical Haematology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Ogar CO, Okpokam DC, Okoroiwu HU, Okafor IM. Comparative analysis of hematological parameters of first-time and repeat blood donors: Experience of a blood bank in southern Nigeria. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2021; 44:512-518. [PMID: 34538762 PMCID: PMC9605908 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The safety of a blood transfusion practice is anchored on safe blood from a healthy donor, while further protecting the donor from future harm. This study aimed to evaluate the hematological parameters of blood donors in view of their donor category to aid in assessing the safety threshold in terms of donation frequency. Methods This study made use of the descriptive cross-sectional design. The blood donors were bled and their samples analyzed using a hematology autoanalyzer. Results A total of 178 male blood donors were recruited. Most of the donors were aged 18 to 39 years and were mostly students. A greater part of them were repeat donors who had donated blood more than four times. First- and second-time donors constituted the majority of the voluntary donors. While the total red cell count was significantly lower in repeat third-time donors, the hemoglobin and hematocrit of the first-time donors were significantly higher than those of the repeat fourth-time donors. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of the first-time donors were significantly higher than those of the repeat fifth-time donors. The red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV) were significantly lower in the first-time donors from those of the sixth- and seventh-time donors, respectively. Most of the fifth-time donors have subclinical anemia. There was more subclinical anemia in commercial donors than in voluntary donors. Conclusion Repeat donors more than fifth-time donors are at risk of donation-induced iron deficiency anemia.
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Okoroiwu HU, Okafor IM, Asemota EA, Ogar CO, Uchendu IK. Coping with COVID-19 pandemic in blood transfusion services in West Africa: the need to restrategize. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2021; 43:119-125. [PMID: 33714719 PMCID: PMC8211632 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The West African region has been lagging in terms of the availability of, and accessibility to, safe blood. According to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Global Status Report on Blood Safety and Availability, none of the West African countries met the WHO benchmark of 10 blood units per 1000 inhabitants. This study is aimed at discussing the blood transfusion status of West African countries in the pre-COVID-19 period and analyze the capacity to respond to the COVID-19 blood crisis, as well as to outline the panacea. Methods Secondary data were extracted from published reports, journal articles and web pages, reviewed and analyzed. Result All the West African countries have recorded confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. The confirmed cases have reached 55,697, with 1069 deaths and a fatality rate of 1.9%, as of June 17, 2020. The assessed countries lagged in most of the WHO benchmarks for effective blood transfusion services. Conclusion Blood transfusion services in the West African region lacked the basic benchmark practice and policy, are not coordinated and may find it hard to tackle the blood transfusion crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Ogar CO, Okoroiwu HU, Obeagu EI, Etura JE, Abunimye DA. Assessment of blood supply and usage pre- and during COVID-19 pandemic: A lesson from non-voluntary donation. Transfus Clin Biol 2021; 28:68-72. [PMID: 33080420 PMCID: PMC7836417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring steady stream of safe blood is the ultimate goal of blood transfusion practice. The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected almost every part of life and economy. Consequently, this study sets off to assess the effect of the pandemic on blood supply and blood transfusion in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. METHODS Data from the Donor Clinic and Blood Group Serology Unit of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital were retrospectively extracted to evaluate supply and use of blood before and during COVID-19 pandemic. RESULT A total of 1638 donors were recorded within the study period. Age range 15-29 and 30-44 years constituted majority of the subjects (58.9% and 33.4%, respectively). The donor pool were male-dominated. Commercial donors (61.7%) and family replacement donors (30.6%) constituted majority of the donor pool. Most of the donor pool were students (37.1%), public servants (22.8%) and artisans (18.6%). A concomitant decrease of 26.1% and 18.9% were recorded in blood donation and request during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION Blood supply was not significantly affected in our study center as both requests and donations decreased. Consideration for improving family replacement donation was advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Ogar
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - H U Okoroiwu
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - E I Obeagu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Nigeria
| | - J E Etura
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - D A Abunimye
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria
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Okafor IM, Ugwu SO, Okoroiwu HU. Hepatitis C virus infection and its associated factors among prisoners in a Nigerian prison. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:360. [PMID: 33126856 PMCID: PMC7602341 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prison population is considered at high risk of acquiring infectious diseases due to confined conditions, behavioral factors, injection drug use, unprotected sexual activity, non-professional tattooing and scarification, and needle sharing. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood borne pathogen mostly transmitted via percutaneous exposure that results in inflammation of the liver. It is one of the public health problem worldwide and is the principal cause of parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. The study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of HCV among prison inmates in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria and the associated factors. Methods The study took a descriptive cross sectional approach using multi-stage sampling technique. One hundred and forty-two (142) prison inmates within the age range of 18–50 years and above were recruited for this study. Result Forty two (42); [29.6%] of the participating prison inmates were seropositive for HCV. Gender stratification showed that 31.0% of the males were seropositive for HCV while 15.4% of the females were seropositive for HCV. Fisher exact test showed that gender, age, marital status, occupation and level of education had no association in distribution of seroprevalence of HCV (p > 0.05) but the duration in prison was significantly associated with distribution of seropositivity of HCV in the studied population (p < 0.05). Bivariate logistic regression showed that tattoo/scarification, injection drug use, history of blood transfusion, sexual experience, shaving equipment sharing and multiple sexual partners were not risk factor for distribution of HCV prevalence in the studied population (p > 0.05). However, 23.5% who had tattoo/scarification, 29.6% who used injection drug, 33.3% who had history of blood transfusion, 29.8% who had sexual experience, 21.2% who shared shaving equipment, and 28.3% who had multiple sex partners were seropositive for HCV. Conclusion Approximately 29.6% prevalence of Hepatitis C virus infection observed among inmates studied is high and calls for concern. Attitude and behaviors by inmates such as tattooing/scarification, injection drugs use, sharing of shaving equipment, multiple sexual partners should be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeyinwa M Okafor
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Solomon O Ugwu
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Henshaw U Okoroiwu
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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Okoroiwu HU, Uchendu KI, Essien RA. Causes of morbidity and mortality among patients admitted in a tertiary hospital in southern Nigeria: A 6 year evaluation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237313. [PMID: 32841255 PMCID: PMC7447063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on morbidity and mortality are essential in assessing disease burden, monitoring and evaluation of health policies. The aim of this study is to describe the causes of morbidity and mortality in the wards of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH). METHODS The study took a retrospective approach evaluating causes of morbidity and mortality from 2012-2017. Causes of death were documented based on International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD-10). Data were retrieved from health records department, UCTH. RESULTS Overall, 2,198 deaths were recorded out of the 49,287 admissions during the study period giving a mortality rate of 4.5% comprising 1,152 (52.4%) males and 1,046 (47.6%) females. A greater number of males were admitted via accident and emergency. Age group 15-45 years had the highest number of admissions (57.9%) and deaths (37.7%), while age group >65 years recorded the highest number of deaths per admission (9.7% mortality rate). The broad leading causes of death were infectious and parasitic disease and diseases of the circulatory system (cardiovascular diseases) accounting for 22.7% and 15.8% of all deaths, respectively. However, diseases of the circulatory system recorded the highest number of deaths per admission (13.7% mortality rate). Overall, infectious diseases were the chief cause of mortality in adults while conditions originating from perinatal period were the major cause of death in children. Septicemia (6.0%), stroke (4.2%), liver diseases (4.1%), tuberculosis (3.7%), diabetes (3.6%) and HIV/AIDS (3.4%) were the specific leading cases of deaths. Sepsis, chronic diseases of the tonsil and adenoids and malaria were the specific leading causes of death in children, while sepsis, stroke and liver diseases were the leading cause of death in adults. CONCLUSION Most causes of deaths in this study are preventable. This study revealed double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henshaw Uchechi Okoroiwu
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley Ikenna Uchendu
- Clinical Chemistry Division, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Rita A. Essien
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
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Gupta I, Nasrallah GK, Sharma A, Jabeen A, Smatti MK, Al-Thawadi HA, Sultan AA, Alkhalaf M, Vranic S, Moustafa AEA. Co-prevalence of human Papillomaviruses (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in healthy blood donors from diverse nationalities in Qatar. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:107. [PMID: 32265596 PMCID: PMC7118960 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections by both human oncoviruses, human Papillomaviruses (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) are very common in the adult human population and are associated with various malignancies. While HPV is generally transmitted sexually or via skin-to-skin contact, EBV is frequently transmitted by oral secretions, blood transfusions and organ transplants. This study aims to determine the prevalence and circulating genotypes of HPV and EBV in healthy blood donors in Qatar. Methods We explored the co-prevalence of high-risk HPVs and EBV in 378 males and only 7 females blood donors of different nationalities (mainly from Qatar, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Pakistan, and India) residing in Qatar, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA was extracted from the buffy coat and genotyping was performed using PCR and nested-PCR targeting E6 and E7 as well as LMP-1 of HPV and EBV, respectively. Results We found that from the total number of 385 cases of healthy blood donors studied, 54.8% and 61% of the samples are HPVs and EBV positive, respectively. Additionally, our data revealed that the co-presence of both high-risk HPVs and EBV is 40.4% of the total samples. More significantly, this study pointed out for the first time that the most frequent high-risk HPV types in Qatar are 59 (54.8%), 31 (53.7%), 52 (49.1%), 51 (48.6%), 58 (47%) and 35 (45.5%), while the most commonly expressed low-risk HPV types are 53 (50.6%), 11 (45.5), 73 (41.7%) and 6 (41.3%), with all the cases showing multiple HPVs infection. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that HPV and EBV are commonly co-present in healthy blood donors in Qatar. On the other hand, it is important to highlight that these oncoviruses can also be co-present in several types of human cancers where they can cooperate in the initiation and/or progression of these cancers. Therefore, more studies regarding the co-presence of these oncoviruses and their interaction are necessary to understand their cooperative role in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- 1College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Anju Sharma
- 1College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayesha Jabeen
- 1College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria K Smatti
- 2Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Moussa Alkhalaf
- 4Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Semir Vranic
- 1College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- 1College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,2Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Ekere EF, Useh MF, Okoroiwu HU, Mirabeau TY. Cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) profile of HIV-infected subjects attending University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Southern Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:5. [PMID: 31900106 PMCID: PMC6942402 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor 5 is the main HIV co-receptor involved in the virus and cell-to-cell spread. A variant of the CCR5 gene known as CCR5-Δ32 which is a product of 32 base pair deletion in the gene plays critical role in the infection and progression to AIDS. The study was carried out to determine the CCR5 genotype of HIV-infected subjects attending University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. METHODS A total of 100 subjects attending HIV clinic, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital were purposively recruited for this study. DNA was extracted from each sample using the Quick gDNA miniprep DNA extraction kit, Zymo Research. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in the amplification of CCR5 gene in each DNA in a 9700 ABI Thermo cycler and then resolved on 4% agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULT Out of the 100 samples assessed, 100 (100%) were homozygous for the CCR5 wild type gene (CCR5-wt), while none (0%) was homozygous for the CCR5-Δ32 (mutant type), and heterozygosity was not observed. CONCLUSION This study observed absence of CCR5-Δ32 deletion gene among the studied subjects in Calabar, implying lack of genetic advantage in HIV infection and possible rapid progression towards AIDS if other precautions are not checked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monday F Useh
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Henshaw Uchechi Okoroiwu
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Tatfeng Youtchou Mirabeau
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Amassama, Nigeria
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