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Hull KL, Greenwood MP, Lloyd M, Brink-Hull M, Bester-van der Merwe AE, Rhode C. Drivers of genomic diversity and phenotypic development in early phases of domestication in Hermetia illucens. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38963286 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has the ability to efficiently bioremediate organic waste into usable bio-compounds. Understanding the impact of domestication and mass rearing on fitness and production traits is therefore important for sustainable production. This study aimed to assess patterns of genomic diversity and its association to phenotypic development across early generations of mass rearing under two selection strategies: selection for greater larval mass (SEL lines) and no direct artificial selection (NS lines). Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were generated using 2bRAD sequencing, while phenotypic traits relating to production and population fitness were measured. Declining patterns of genomic diversity were observed across three generations of captive breeding, with the lowest diversity recorded for the F3 generation of both selection lines, most likely due to founder effects. The SEL cohort displayed statistically significantly greater larval weight com the NS lines with pronounced genetic and phenotypic directional changes across generations. Furthermore, lower genetic and phenotypic diversity, particularly for fitness traits, were evident for SEL lines, illustrating the trade-off between selecting for mass and the resulting decline in population fitness. SNP-based heritability was significant for growth, but was low or non-significant for fitness traits. Genotype-phenotype correlations were observed for traits, but individual locus effect sizes where small and very few of these loci demonstrated a signature for selection. Pronounced genetic drift, due to small effective population sizes, is likely overshadowing the impacts of selection on genomic diversity and consequently phenotypic development. The results hold particular relevance for genetic management and selective breeding for BSF in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin L Hull
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Melissa Lloyd
- Research and Development Department, Insect Technology Group Holdings UK Ltd., Guildford, UK
| | - Marissa Brink-Hull
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Clint Rhode
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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2
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Cai Z, Hansen LS, Laursen SF, Nielsen HM, Bahrndorff S, Tomberlin JK, Kristensen TN, Sørensen JG, Sahana G. Whole-genome sequencing of two captive black soldier fly populations: Implications for commercial production. Genomics 2024; 116:110891. [PMID: 38909907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is a promising insect species for food and feed production as its larvae can convert different organic waste to high-value protein. Selective breeding is one way to optimize production, but the potential of breeding is only starting to be explored and not yet utilized for BSF. To assist in monitoring a captive population and implementing a breeding program, genomics tools are imperative. We conducted whole genome sequencing of two captive populations separated by geographical distance - Denmark (DK) and Texas, USA (TX). Various population genetics analyses revealed a moderate genetic differentiation between two populations. Moreover, we observed higher inbreeding in the DK population, and the detection of a subpopulation within DK population aligned well with the recent foundation of the DK population from two captive populations. Additionally, we generated gene ontology annotation and variants annotation for wider potential applications. Our findings establish a robust marker set for research in population genetics, facilitating the monitoring of inbreeding and laying the groundwork for practical breeding programs for BSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Cai
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, C F Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Laura Skrubbeltrang Hansen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, C F Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Stine Frey Laursen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Hanne Marie Nielsen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, C F Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | - Goutam Sahana
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, C F Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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Sellem E, Paul K, Donkpegan A, Li Q, Masseron A, Chauveau A, Gagnepain-Germain F, Lefebvre T. Multitrait genetic parameter estimates in a Tenebrio molitor reference population: high potential for breeding gains. Animal 2024; 18:101197. [PMID: 38850579 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
To address multiple issues impacting the climate imbalance, insects, and in particular Tenebrio molitor, represent now a promising alternative for producing high-quality protein products with low environmental impact. As with any new species farmed on an industrial scale, insect breeding production must be improved through the accumulation of knowledge on rearing techniques and genetic management. Little information on the inheritance of agronomically interesting traits, dedicated to Tenebrio molitor, is available. This study aims to decipher the genetic parameters (heritability and genetic correlations) of reproduction, larval growth and survival, pupation rate and developmental time from a reference population made up of 1 931 sib-groups reared under pedigree, in controlled and stable environments and generated with single pair mating. Considering all sib-groups, 29 599 offspring have been generated and phenotyped over four generations to support this study and provide enough data to estimate, under linear animal models, the additive genetic and common environmental effects. Phenotypic analyses underlined an important variability among sib-groups and individuals, as for the total oviposition during 4 weeks counting (0-680 eggs, min - max, respectively) or larval body mass 63 days posteclosion (36.3-206.8 mg, min - max, respectively). Moderate to important heritability values have been obtained and ranged from 0.17 to 0.54 for reproduction phenotypes, 0.10-0.44 for growth parameters, 0.06-0.22 for developmental time and 0.10-0.17 for larval survival rates. The proportion of phenotypic variance explained by the environmental part varyies from 0.10 to 0.36 for reproductive traits, from 0.17 to 0.38 for growth parameters, from 0.06 to 0.36 for developmental time and 0.17-0.22 for survival rates. Genetic correlations underline relationships among phenotypes such as the trade-off between developmental time from egg to pupae and pupae weight (r2 = 0.48 ± 0.06). These important phenotypic variations coupled with promising heritability values pave the road for future breeding programs in Tenebrio molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sellem
- Ÿnsect, R&D Biotech Innovations, Evry 91000, France.
| | - K Paul
- Ÿnsect, R&D Biotech Innovations, Evry 91000, France
| | - A Donkpegan
- SYSAAF-Centre INRAE Val de Loire, UMR BOA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Q Li
- Ÿnsect, R&D Biotech Innovations, Evry 91000, France
| | - A Masseron
- Ÿnsect, R&D Biotech Innovations, Evry 91000, France
| | - A Chauveau
- Ÿnsect, R&D Biotech Innovations, Evry 91000, France
| | | | - T Lefebvre
- Ÿnsect, R&D Biotech Innovations, Evry 91000, France
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Lai‐Foenander AS, Kuppusamy G, Manogoran J, Xu T, Chen Y, Tang SY, Ser H, Yow Y, Goh KW, Ming LC, Chuah L, Yap W, Goh B. Black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens L.): A potential small mighty giant in the field of cosmeceuticals. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2120. [PMID: 38831777 PMCID: PMC11144625 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Natural products are widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries due to their high-value bioactive compounds, which make for "greener" and more environmentally friendly ingredients. These natural compounds are also considered a safer alternative to antibiotics, which may result in antibiotic resistance as well as unfavorable side effects. The development of cosmeceuticals, which combine the cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields to create skincare products with therapeutic value, has increased the demand for unique natural resources. The objective of this review is to discuss the biological properties of extracts derived from larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens), the appropriate extraction methods, and the potential of this insect as a novel active ingredient in the formulation of new cosmeceutical products. This review also addresses the biological actions of compounds originating from the BSF, and the possible association between the diets of BSF larvae and their subsequent bioactive composition. Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify and evaluate the various biological properties of the BSF. Results One such natural resource that may be useful in the cosmeceutical field is the BSF, a versatile insect with numerous potential applications due to its nutrient content and scavenging behavior. Previous research has also shown that the BSF has several biological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing effects. Conclusion Given the range of biological activities and metabolites possessed by the BSF, this insect may have the cosmeceutical potential to treat a number of skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sean Lai‐Foenander
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of PharmacyMonash University MalaysiaBandar SunwayMalaysia
| | - Giva Kuppusamy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Research and DevelopmentGK Aqua Sdn Bhd, Port DicksonNegeri SembilanMalaysia
| | - Janaranjani Manogoran
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Research and DevelopmentGK Aqua Sdn Bhd, Port DicksonNegeri SembilanMalaysia
| | - Tengfei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of EngineeringMonash University Malaysia, Bandar SunwaySelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Hooi‐Leng Ser
- Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway UniversityBandar SunwayMalaysia
| | - Yoon‐Yen Yow
- Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway UniversityBandar SunwayMalaysia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information TechnologyINTI International UniversityNilaiMalaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Medical SciencesSchool of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway UniversityBandar SunwayMalaysia
| | - Lay‐Hong Chuah
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of PharmacyMonash University MalaysiaBandar SunwayMalaysia
| | - Wei‐Hsum Yap
- School of BiosciencesTaylor's University, Subang JayaSelangorMalaysia
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP)Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (FHMS), Taylor's University, Subang JayaSelangorMalaysia
| | - Bey‐Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of PharmacyMonash University MalaysiaBandar SunwayMalaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC)School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway UniversitySunwayMalaysia
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative MedicineUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNSWAustralia
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Ma C, Huang Z, Feng X, Memon FU, Cui Y, Duan X, Zhu J, Tettamanti G, Hu W, Tian L. Selective breeding of cold-tolerant black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae: Gut microbial shifts and transcriptional patterns. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 177:252-265. [PMID: 38354633 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL) convert organic waste into insect proteins used as feedstuff for livestock and aquaculture. BSFL production performance is considerably reduced during winter season. Herein, the intraspecific diversity of ten commercial BSF colonies collected in China was evaluated. The Bioforte colony was subjected to selective breeding at 12 °C and 16 °C to develop cold-tolerant BSF with improved production performance. After breeding for nine generations, the weight of larvae, survival rate, and the dry matter conversion rate significantly increased. Subsequently, intestinal microbiota in the cold-tolerant strain showed that bacteria belonging to Morganella, Dysgonomonas, Salmonella, Pseudochrobactrum, and Klebsiella genera were highly represented in the 12 °C bred, while those of Acinetobacter, Pseudochrobactrum, Enterococcus, Comamonas, and Leucobacter genera were significantly represented in the 16 °C bred group. Metagenomic revealed that several animal probiotics of the Enterococcus and Vagococcus genera were greatly enriched in the gut of larvae bred at 16 °C. Moreover, bacterial metabolic pathways including carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids, and cofactors and vitamins, were significantly increased, while organismal systems and human diseases was decreased in the 16 °C bred group. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the upregulated differentially expressed genes in the 16 °C bred groups mainly participated in Autophagy-animal, AMPK signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway at day 34 under 16 °C conditions, suggesting their significant role in the survival of BSFL. Taken together, these results shed lights on the role of intestinal microflora and gene pathways in the adaptation of BSF larvae to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xingbao Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Fareed Uddin Memon
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xinyu Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy; Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China; Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China.
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Sukmak R, Suttinun C, Kovitvadhi U, Kovitvadhi A, Vongsangnak W. Uncovering nutrients and energy related gene functions of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens strain KUP. Gene 2024; 896:148045. [PMID: 38042219 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has emerged as a significant insect species in the decomposition of organic waste for sustainable agricultural practices. Due to its remarkable characteristics and performance, H. illucens is increasingly utilised for insect farming, particularly for industrial-scale rearing throughout the world. In this study, we employed whole-genome sequencing to annotate the gene and protein functions of H. illucens and to explore the functional genomics related to nutrients and energy. As a result, a genome size of H. illucens strain KUP 1.68 Gb with a GC content of 42.13 % was achieved. Of the 14,036 coding sequences, we determined the function of 12,046 protein-coding genes. Based on metabolic functional assignment, we classified 4,218 protein-coding genes; the main category was metabolism (32.86 %). Comparative genomic analysis across the other H. illucens strain and insect species revealed that the major metabolic gene functions and pathways related to nutrient and energy sources of H. illucens KUP are involved in key amino acid metabolism (e.g., cysteine and methionine) as well as fatty acid biosynthesis and glycerolipid metabolism. These findings underscore the metabolic capability and versatility of H. illucens, which is regarded as a potential source of proteins and lipids. Our study contributes to the knowledge regarding the feed utilisation of H. illucens and offers insights into transforming waste into valuable products. H. illucens has the potential to create globally sustainable nutrients and environmentally friendly solutions, aligning with the goal of responsible resource utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachrapee Sukmak
- Graduate Student in Animal Health and Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanaporn Suttinun
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand.
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Salahuddin M, Abdel-Wareth AAA, Hiramatsu K, Tomberlin JK, Luza D, Lohakare J. Flight toward Sustainability in Poultry Nutrition with Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:510. [PMID: 38338153 PMCID: PMC10854853 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), have emerged as a promising feed ingredient in broiler chicken diets, known for their high protein content, nutritional richness, and environmental sustainability. This review examines the effects of integrating BSFL into broiler feeds, focusing on aspects such as growth performance, nutrient digestibility, physiological responses, and immune health. The ability of BSFL to transform waste into valuable biomass rich in proteins and lipids underscores their efficiency and ecological benefits. Protein levels in BSFL can range from 32% to 53%, varying with growth stage and diet, offering a robust source of amino acids essential for muscle development and growth in broilers. While the chitin in BSFL poses questions regarding digestibility, the overall impact on nutrient utilization is generally favorable. The inclusion of BSFL in diets has been shown to enhance growth rates, feed efficiency, and carcass quality in broilers, with the larvae's balanced amino acid profile being particularly advantageous for muscle development. BSFL may also support gut health and immunity in broilers due to its bioactive components, potentially influencing the gut's microbial composition and enhancing nutrient absorption and overall health. Moreover, the capacity of BSFL to efficiently convert organic waste into protein highlights their role as an environmentally sustainable protein source for broiler nutrition. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to fully understand the long-term effects of BSFL, ideal inclusion rates, and the impact of varying larval diets and rearing conditions. It is crucial for poultry producers to consult nutritionists and comply with local regulations when incorporating new feed ingredients like BSFL into poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salahuddin
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan;
| | - Jeffery K. Tomberlin
- Center for Environmental Sustainability through Insect Farming, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Daylan Luza
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
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Alagappan S, Hoffman L, Mikkelsen D, Mantilla SO, James P, Yarger O, Cozzolino D. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for monitoring the nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and frass. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:1487-1496. [PMID: 37824746 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for protein obtained from animal sources is growing rapidly, as is the necessity for sustainable animal feeds. The use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) reared on organic side streams as sustainable animal feed has been receiving attention lately. This study assessed the ability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with chemometrics to evaluate the nutritional profile of BSFL instars (fifth and sixth) and frass obtained from two different diets, namely soy waste and customised bread-vegetable diet. Partial least squares (PLS) regression with leave one out cross-validation was used to develop models between the NIR spectral data and the reference analytical methods. RESULTS Calibration models with good [coefficient of determination in calibration (Rcal 2 ): 0.90; ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) value: 3.6] and moderate (Rcal 2 : 0.76; RPD value: 2.1) prediction accuracy was observed for acid detergent fibre (ADF) and total carbon (TC), respectively. However, calibration models with moderate accuracy were observed for the prediction of crude protein (CP) (Rcal 2 : 0.63; RPD value: 1.4), crude fat (CF) (Rcal 2 : 0.70; RPD value: 1.6), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (Rcal 2 : 0.60; RPD value: 1.6), starch (Rcal 2 : 0.52; RPD value: 1.4), and sugars (Rcal 2 : 0.52; RPD value: 1.4) owing to the narrow or uneven distribution of data over the range evaluated. CONCLUSION The near-infrared (NIR) calibration models showed a good to moderate prediction accuracy for the prediction of ADF and TC content for two different BSFL instars and frass reared on two different diets. However, calibration models developed for predicting CP, CF, starch, sugars and NDF resulted in models with limited prediction accuracy. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Alagappan
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Fight Food Waste Cooperative Research Centre, Wine Innovation Central Building Level 1, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Louwrens Hoffman
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Fight Food Waste Cooperative Research Centre, Wine Innovation Central Building Level 1, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Deirdre Mikkelsen
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sandra Olarte Mantilla
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter James
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Olympia Yarger
- Fight Food Waste Cooperative Research Centre, Wine Innovation Central Building Level 1, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Goterra, Hume, ACT, Australia
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Gligorescu A, Chen L, Jensen K, Moghadam NN, Kristensen TN, Sørensen JG. Rapid Evolutionary Adaptation to Diet Composition in the Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens). INSECTS 2023; 14:821. [PMID: 37887833 PMCID: PMC10607891 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Genetic adaptation of Hermetia illucens (BSF) to suboptimal single sourced waste streams can open new perspectives for insect production. Here, four BSF lines were maintained on a single sourced, low-quality wheat bran diet (WB) or on a high-quality chicken feed diet (CF) for 13 generations. We continuously evaluated presumed evolutionary responses in several performance traits to rearing on the two diets. Subsequently, we tested responses to interchanged diets, i.e., of larvae that had been reared on low-quality feed and tested on high-quality feed and vice versa to evaluate costs associated with adaptation to different diets. BSF were found to experience rapid adaptation to the diet composition. While performances on the WB diet were always inferior to the CF diet, the adaptive responses were stronger to the former diet. This stronger response was likely due to stronger selection pressure experienced by BSF fed on the low-quality single sourced diet. The interchanged diet experiment found no costs associated with diet adaptation, but revealed cross generational gain associated with the parental CF diet treatment. Our results revealed that BSF can rapidly respond adaptively to diet, although the mechanisms are yet to be determined. This has potential to be utilized in commercial insect breeding to produce lines tailored to specific diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gligorescu
- Department of Biology, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.C.); (K.J.)
| | - Kim Jensen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.C.); (K.J.)
| | - Neda Nasiri Moghadam
- Life Science Division, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvangs Allé 29, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section for Bioscience and Engineering, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg E, Denmark;
| | - Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
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10
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Giesen A, Blanckenhorn WU, Schäfer MA, Shimizu KK, Shimizu-Inatsugi R, Misof B, Podsiadlowski L, Niehuis O, Lischer HEL, Aeschbacher S, Kapun M. Geographic Variation in Genomic Signals of Admixture Between Two Closely Related European Sepsid Fly Species. Evol Biol 2023; 50:395-412. [PMID: 37854269 PMCID: PMC10579158 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-023-09612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The extent of interspecific gene flow and its consequences for the initiation, maintenance, and breakdown of species barriers in natural systems remain poorly understood. Interspecific gene flow by hybridization may weaken adaptive divergence, but can be overcome by selection against hybrids, which may ultimately promote reinforcement. An informative step towards understanding the role of gene flow during speciation is to describe patterns of past gene flow among extant species. We investigate signals of admixture between allopatric and sympatric populations of the two closely related European dung fly species Sepsis cynipsea and S. neocynipsea (Diptera: Sepsidae). Based on microsatellite genotypes, we first inferred a baseline demographic history using Approximate Bayesian Computation. We then used genomic data from pooled DNA of natural and laboratory populations to test for past interspecific gene flow based on allelic configurations discordant with the inferred population tree (ABBA-BABA test with D-statistic). Comparing the detected signals of gene flow with the contemporary geographic relationship among interspecific pairs of populations (sympatric vs. allopatric), we made two contrasting observations. At one site in the French Cevennes, we detected an excess of past interspecific gene flow, while at two sites in Switzerland we observed lower signals of past microsatellite genotypes gene flow among populations in sympatry compared to allopatric populations. These results suggest that the species boundaries between these two species depend on the past and/or present eco-geographic context in Europe, which indicates that there is no uniform link between contemporary geographic proximity and past interspecific gene flow in natural populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11692-023-09612-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athene Giesen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin A. Schäfer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rie Shimizu-Inatsugi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heidi E. L. Lischer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Aeschbacher
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kapun
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Alagappan S, Dong A, Mikkelsen D, Hoffman LC, Mantilla SMO, James P, Yarger O, Cozzolino D. Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Prediction of Yeast and Mould Counts in Black Soldier Fly Larvae, Feed and Frass: A Proof of Concept. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6946. [PMID: 37571729 PMCID: PMC10422329 DOI: 10.3390/s23156946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) grown on different organic waste streams as a source of feed ingredient is becoming very popular in several regions across the globe. However, information about the easy-to-use methods to monitor the safety of BSFL is a major step limiting the commercialization of this source of protein. This study investigated the ability of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to predict yeast and mould counts (YMC) in the feed, larvae, and the residual frass. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was employed to predict the YMC in the feed, frass, and BSFL samples analyzed using NIR spectroscopy. The coefficient of determination in cross validation (R2CV) and the standard error in cross validation (SECV) obtained for the prediction of YMC for feed were (R2cv: 0.98 and SECV: 0.20), frass (R2cv: 0.81 and SECV: 0.90), larvae (R2cv: 0.91 and SECV: 0.27), and the combined set (R2cv: 0.74 and SECV: 0.82). However, the standard error of prediction (SEP) was considered moderate (range from 0.45 to 1.03). This study suggested that NIR spectroscopy could be utilized in commercial BSFL production facilities to monitor YMC in the feed and assist in the selection of suitable processing methods and control systems for either feed or larvae quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Alagappan
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Fight Food Waste Cooperative Research Centre, Wine Innovation Central Building Level 1, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Anran Dong
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Deirdre Mikkelsen
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Louwrens C. Hoffman
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Fight Food Waste Cooperative Research Centre, Wine Innovation Central Building Level 1, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Sandra Milena Olarte Mantilla
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter James
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Olympia Yarger
- Goterra, 14 Arnott Street, Hume, Canberra, ACT 2620, Australia
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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12
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Tomberlin JK, Miranda C, Flint C, Harris E, Wu G. Nutrients limit production of insects for food and feed: an emphasis on nutritionally essential amino acids. Anim Front 2023; 13:64-71. [PMID: 37583806 PMCID: PMC10425138 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea Miranda
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Casey Flint
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Erin Harris
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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13
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Kou Z, Luo X, Jiang Y, Chen B, Song Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Tomberlin JK, Huang Y. Establishment of highly efficient transgenic system for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:888-900. [PMID: 36624657 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is a promising insect for mitigating solid waste problems as its larvae are able to bioconvert organic waste into valuable biomass. We recently reported a high-quality genome assembly of the BSF; analysis of this genome sequence will further the understanding of insect biology and identify genes that can be manipulated to improve efficiency of bioconversion. To enable genetic manipulation of the BSF, we have established the first transgenic methods for this economically important insect. We cloned and identified the ubiquitous actin5C promoter (Hiactin5C-p3k) and 3 endogenous U6 promoters (HiU6:1, HiU6:2, and HiU6:3). The Hiactin5C promoter was used to drive expression of a hyperactive variant of the piggyBac transposase, which exhibited up to 6-fold improvement in transformation rate when compared to the wild-type transposase. Furthermore, we evaluated the 3 HiU6 promoters using this transgenic system. HiU6:1 and HiU6:2 promoters provided the highest knockdown efficiency with RNAi and are thus promising candidates for future Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) development. Overall, our findings provide valuable genetic engineering toolkits for basic research and genetic manipulation of the BSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongqing Kou
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bihui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Song
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yongping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Deguerry A, Preteseille N, Kovitvadhi A, Allan DJ, Nampanya S, Newman S. From the heart of the animal feed industry: a Southeast Asian perspective on insects for feed in Asia. Anim Front 2023; 13:41-49. [PMID: 37583803 PMCID: PMC10425143 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
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15
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Dong Z, Li G, Zhang K, Kou Z, Zhang Y, Zhan S, Huang Y, Fang G. BSFbase: The comprehensive genomic resource for a natural recycler, the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.). INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:1011-1016. [PMID: 37526240 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiyun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongqing Kou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gangqi Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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16
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Li C, Addeo NF, Rusch TW, Tarone AM, Tomberlin JK. Black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larval heat generation and management. INSECT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 37189246 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mass production of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), larvae results in massive heat generation, which impacts facility management, waste conversion, and larval production. We tested daily substrate temperatures with different population densities (i.e., 0, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10 000 larvae/pan), different population sizes (i.e., 166, 1000, and 10 000 larvae at a fixed feed ratio) and air temperatures (i.e., 20 and 30 °C) on various production parameters. Impacts of shifting larvae from 30 to 20 °C on either day 9 or 11 were also determined. Larval activity increased substrate temperatures significantly (i.e., at least 10 °C above air temperatures). Low air temperature favored growth with the higher population sizes while high temperature favored growth with low population sizes. The greatest average individual larval weights (e.g., 0.126 and 0.124 g) and feed conversion ratios (e.g., 1.92 and 2.08 g/g) were recorded for either 10 000 larvae reared at 20 °C or 100 larvae reared at 30 °C. Shifting temperatures from high (30 °C) to low (20 °C) in between (∼10-d-old larvae) impacted larval production weights (16% increases) and feed conversion ratios (increased 14%). Facilities should consider the impact of larval density, population size, and air temperature during black soldier fly mass production as these factors impact overall larval production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujun Li
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Unique Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nicola F Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Travis W Rusch
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Aaron M Tarone
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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17
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Pazmiño MF, Del Hierro AG, Flores FJ. Genetic diversity and organic waste degrading capacity of Hermetia illucens from the evergreen forest of the Equatorial Choco lowland. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14798. [PMID: 36755868 PMCID: PMC9901308 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, microplastics (MP) represent a growing burden for ecosystems due to their increasing presence at different trophic levels. In Ecuador, the lack of waste segregation has increased the quantity of waste, primarily organics and plastics, overloading landfills and water sources. Over time, plastics reduce in size and silently enter the food chain of animals, such as insects. The black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), is a species with devouring behavior used for waste management because of its beneficial qualities such as fly pest control, biomass production, and rapid organic waste degradation. Studies have uncovered the insect's ability to tolerate MP, and consider the possibility that they may be able to degrade polymers. For the first time in Ecuador, the present study characterized H. illucens using the sequences of different molecular markers. Finally, H. illucens' degrading capacity was evaluated in the presence of MP and decaying food residues, resembling landfill conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Pazmiño
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Agricultura, Facultad de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador,Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada—Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad-INABIO, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Ana G. Del Hierro
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada—Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad-INABIO, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Javier Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Agricultura, Facultad de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador,Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería e Industrias, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
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18
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Jeong G, Han A, Kang H, Jeong YW, Jin SD. Complete mitochondrial genome of the decomposer Ptecticus tenebrifer Walker, 1849 (Insecta: Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:375-378. [PMID: 36926646 PMCID: PMC10013550 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2184659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ptecticus tenebrifer (Walker, 1849), which is endemic in East Asia, plays a critical role in natural processing of organic waste. In this study, we found that the complete mitochondrial genome of P. tenebrifer is 15681 bp in length obtained from the MGIseq system (MGI) with 150 bp paired-end reads. As with typical animal mitochondrial genomes, it contains 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method with a bootstrap value of 500 and the Tamura-Nei model and reveals the close relationship with P. aurifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilsang Jeong
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Youngyang-gun, Gyeongsanbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Han
- Ecological Observation Team on Climate Change, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kang
- Ecological Observation Team on Climate Change, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Won Jeong
- Department of Zoological Management, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Deok Jin
- Planning and Budget Dept., National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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19
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Kaczor M, Bulak P, Proc-Pietrycha K, Kirichenko-Babko M, Bieganowski A. The Variety of Applications of Hermetia illucens in Industrial and Agricultural Areas-Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 36671718 PMCID: PMC9855018 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Linnaeus, 1978), commonly known as the black soldier fly (BSF), is a saprophytic insect, which in recent years has attracted significant attention from both the scientific community and industry. The unrestrained appetite of the larvae, the ability to forage on various organic waste, and the rapid growth and low environmental impact of its breeding has made it one of the insect species bred on an industrial scale, in the hope of producing fodder or other ingredients for various animals. The variety of research related to this insect has shown that feed production is not the only benefit of its use. H. illucens has many features and properties that could be of interest from the point of view of many other industries. Biomass utilization, chitin and chitosan source, biogas, and biodiesel production, entomoremediation, the antimicrobial properties of its peptides, and the fertilizer potential of its wastes, are just some of its potential uses. This review brings together the work of four years of study into H. illucens. It summarizes the current state of knowledge and introduces the characteristics of this insect that may be helpful in managing its breeding, as well as its use in agro-industrial fields. Knowledge gaps and under-studied areas were also highlighted, which could help identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaczor
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Bulak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga Proc-Pietrycha
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marina Kirichenko-Babko
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, B. Khmelnitsky 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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20
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Vitenberg T, Opatovsky I. Assessing Fungal Diversity and Abundance in the Black Soldier Fly and its Environment. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:3. [PMID: 36398851 PMCID: PMC9673256 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Detritivorous insects that flourish in decaying environments encounter microorganisms throughout their life cycle. However, it is not clear whether the microbial composition of the decaying environment affects the microbial composition of the insect gut, or whether the opposite is true, with the microorganisms that are adapted to the insect's digestive system being dispersed by the insects to new habitats, thereby becoming more and more common in the environment. To test these questions the fungal composition of the black soldier fly (BSF) (Stratiomyidae; Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) larval gut and its surrounding decaying environment (household compost bins) were analyzed using amplicon sequencing. Constancy in the dominance of the genus Candida (Debaryomycetaceae) in most of the environments and larval guts was found. This finding may suggest a 'core' structure to the fungal community of the BSF. In locations where nutrient composition of the environment had higher fiber content, the Candida was not dominant and the most common fungi were the genus Gibberella (Nectriaceae) and the family Dipodascaceae. The later was dominant also in the larval gut and the former was replaced with Meyerozyma (Debaryomycetaceae), which may suggest a selection process by the insect's gut. Little is known about the ecological interactions of insects with eukaryotic microorganisms, such as yeast-like fungi. As their metabolic complexity and ability is intense, they have the potential to dramatically affect the physiological condition of the insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzach Vitenberg
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, MIGAL - Galilee Research Centre, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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21
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Eriksen NT. Dynamic modelling of feed assimilation, growth, lipid accumulation, and CO2 production in black soldier fly larvae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276605. [PMID: 36288352 PMCID: PMC9605037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF) is becoming a novel farm animal. BSF larvae can be reared on different substrates. Their performance is important but highly variable and different models have been employed to analyze their growth, so far without considering that metabolic rates, growth, and biochemical composition of the larvae are interrelated. This work develops a dynamic model, which describes general growth patterns of BSF larvae and predicts observed variability in larval performances. The model was tested against data from literature, which combines kinetic growth data with measurements of lipid or dry weight content, and CO2 production. The model combines the kinetics of the logistic model with principles from differential energy budget models and considers key events in larval life history, moulting and metamorphosis. Larvae are compartmentised into structural biomass, storage lipids, and a pool of assimilates. Feed assimilation is considered the overall rate limiting process and is reduced in relation to larval weight by a logistic function. A second logistic function further reduces the specific growth rate of structural biomass, causes imbalance between and feed assimilation and growth rates, and leaves a surplus of assimilates to be stored as lipids. Fluxes between compartments consider cost of synthesis of structural biomass and lipids, as well as maintenance. When assimilation falls below maintenance needs, storage lipids are recycled. The model is able to describe growth and lipid contents of BSF larvae reared on chicken feed, growth of feed limited BSF larvae, as well as growth, dry weight content, and CO2 production of BSF larvae reared on different substrate qualities and moisture contents. The model may be used for the analysis of growth and performance of BSF larvae under variable rearing conditions. It can deepen the analyses of experimental data and provide insight into the causes of variability of larval performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Thomas Eriksen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Fachin DA, Hauser M. Large Flies Overlooked: the Genus Hermetia Latreille, 1804 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in the Neotropics, with 11 Synonyms and a New Species to Brazil. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:660-690. [PMID: 35790624 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-00978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hermetia Latreille, 1804 is currently globally distributed, with ~ 80 species, but is especially diverse in tropical regions. Hitherto, 52 species occur in the Neotropics. However, apart from H. illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) and a few other common species, the group is still poorly studied. One of the main persistent problems is the limited knowledge about the identity of most species, resulting in difficulties regarding species determination and discovery of new taxa. In our efforts to revise this genus, we address several of these issues and propose the following 11 synonyms after examination of 17 type specimens: H. ampulla James, 1938 syn. nov. and H. panamensis Greene, 1940 syn. nov. of H. aurinotata Lindner, 1935; H. burmeisteri Lindner, 1949 syn. nov. of H. cornithorax (Lindner, 1928); H. fimbriata (Lindner, 1931) syn. nov. of H. crabro Osten Sacken, 1886; H. geniculata Macquart, 1855 syn. nov. of H. illucens; H. coarctata Macquart, 1846 syn. nov. and H. scutellata Macquart, 1855 syn. nov. of H. pulchra Wiedemann, 1830; H. reinhardi James, 1935 syn. nov. of H. relicta Osten Sacken, 1886; H. tincta (Walker, 1851) syn. nov. of H. rufitarsis Macquart, 1846; and H. mitis Curran, 1934 syn. nov. and H. nana Lindner, 1935 syn. nov. of H. teevani Curran, 1934. Moreover, a new striking species with a pattern of abdominal coloration resembling social wasps of Brachygastra Perty, 1833 is described from Brazil-H. brachygastropsis sp. nov.-and two species are removed from the Brazilian fauna: H. aeneipennis Giglio-Tos, 1893 and H. sexmaculata Macquart, 1834.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Aguilar Fachin
- Lab de Evolução E Morfologia de Diptera, Depto de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Univ de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Martin Hauser
- California Dept of Food and Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, Sacramento, CA, USA
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23
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Barrett M, Godfrey RK, Sterner EJ, Waddell EA. Impacts of development and adult sex on brain cell numbers in the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 70:101174. [PMID: 35809527 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has been introduced across the globe, with numerous industry applications predicated on its tremendous growth during the larval stage. However, basic research on H. illucens biology (for example, studies of their central nervous system) are lacking. Despite their small brain volumes, insects are capable of complex behaviors; understanding how these behaviors are completed with such a small amount of neural tissue requires understanding processing power (e.g. number of cells) within the brain. Brain cell counts have been completed in only a few insect species (mostly Hymenoptera), and almost exclusively in adults. This limits the taxonomic breadth of comparative analyses, as well as any conclusions about how development and body size growth may impact brain cell populations. Here, we present the first images and cell counts of the H. illucens brain at four time points across development (early, mid, and late larval stages, and both male and female adults) using immunohistochemistry and isotropic fractionation. To assess sexual dimorphism in adults, we quantified the number of cells in the central brain vs. optic lobes of males and females separately. To assess if increases in body size during development might independently affect different regions of the CNS, we quantified the larval ventral nerve cord and central brain separately at all three stages. Together, these data provide the first description of the nervous system of a popular, farmed invertebrate and the first study of brain cell numbers using IF across developmental stages in any insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Barrett
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - R Keating Godfrey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, 1200 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Emily J Sterner
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Edward A Waddell
- Department of Biology, Holy Family University, 9801 Frankford Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19114, USA
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24
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Liu T, Klammsteiner T, Dregulo AM, Kumar V, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Awasthi MK. Black soldier fly larvae for organic manure recycling and its potential for a circular bioeconomy: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155122. [PMID: 35405225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Livestock farming and its products provide a diverse range of benefits for our day-to-day life. However, the ever-increasing demand for farmed animals has raised concerns about waste management and its impact on the environment. Worldwide, cattle produce enormous amounts of manure, which is detrimental to soil properties if poorly managed. Waste management with insect larvae is considered one of the most efficient techniques for resource recovery from manure. In recent years, the use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for resource recovery has emerged as an effective method. Using BSFL has several advantages over traditional methods, as the larvae produce a safe compost and extract trace elements like Cu and Zn. This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential of BSFL for recycling organic wastes from livestock farming, manure bioconversion, parameters affecting the BSFL application on organic farming, and process performance of biomolecule degradation. The last part discusses the economic feasibility, lifecycle assessment, and circular bioeconomy of the BSFL in manure recycling. Moreover, it discusses the future perspectives associated with the application of BSFL. Specifically, this review discusses BSFL cultivation and its impact on the larvae's physiology, gut biochemical physiology, gut microbes and metabolic pathways, nutrient conservation and global warming potential, microbial decomposition of organic nutrients, total and pathogenic microbial dynamics, and recycling of rearing residues as fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Thomas Klammsteiner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25d, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrei Mikhailovich Dregulo
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Saint-Petersburg State University" 7-9 Universitetskaya emb., 199034, Saint- Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Yuwen Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
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25
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Li J, Shi L, Vasseur L, Zhao Q, Chen J, You M, You S. Genetic analyses reveal regional structure and demographic expansion of the predominant tea pest Empoasca onukii (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2838-2850. [PMID: 35393736 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda, is the most destructive insect pest of tea plantations in East Asia. Despite its economic importance and previous studies on this species, it remains unclear as to how this small-sized pest can have such wide range. RESULTS By sequencing three mitochondrial genes and 17 microsatellite loci, we revealed the regional structure and demographic expansion of 59 E. onukii populations in China. Bayesian analysis of population genetic structure (BAPS) on microsatellites identified four genetic groups with spatial discontinuities, while analysis on mitochondrial genes inferred five nested and differentiated clusters. Both the Mantel test and the generalized linear model indicated a significant pattern of isolation by geographic distance in E. onukii populations. Based on the approximate Bayesian computation approach, E. onukii was found to have originated from southwestern China and expanded northward and eastward. While MIGRATE-N and Bayesian stochastic search variable selection (BSSVS) procedure in BEAST confirmed the possible eastward and northward dispersal from Yunnan, they also detected more gene flow from the derived populations in central and southeastern China. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the current distribution and structure of E. onukii is complicatedly influenced by human activities of cultivation, wide dissemination of tea in ancient China as well as recent transportation of tea seedlings for establishing new tea plantations. Insights into genetic differentiation and demographic expansion patterns from this study provide an important basis for the development of area-wide management of the E. onukii populations. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liette Vasseur
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shijun You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
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Koutsos E, Modica B, Freel T. Immunomodulatory potential of black soldier fly larvae: applications beyond nutrition in animal feeding programs. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac084. [PMID: 35854966 PMCID: PMC9280983 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-derived ingredients, including whole larvae, protein-rich meal, and oil, have been extensively studied in recent years and shown to be a sustainable source of quality nutrition for virtually all animal species and life stages. In addition to the ability to use these ingredients as a source of essential nutrition, more recent research has demonstrated the potential for the immunomodulatory activity of various components of insect-derived ingredients. For all insects studied, antimicrobial peptides make up a critical part of the insects’ innate immune system and these peptides have antimicrobial efficacy when purified from hemolymph and tested in vitro. From black soldier fly larvae, in particular, lauric acid is a predominant fatty acid deposited into the insect, and lauric acid also has potential antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the chitin and chitosan components of the insect exoskeleton may modulate microbial activity in a variety of ways. In companion animals, poultry, and livestock species, insect-derived ingredients have shown the potential to reduce the impact of actual or simulated disease challenge on several parameters of animal health and well-being. This review describes the current state of knowledge of the immunomodulatory potential of insect-derived ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bree Modica
- EnviroFlight, LLC , 1118 Progress Way, Maysville, KY 41056 , USA
| | - Tarra Freel
- EnviroFlight, LLC , 1118 Progress Way, Maysville, KY 41056 , USA
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27
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Determination of lipid requirements in black soldier fly through semi-purified diets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10922. [PMID: 35764680 PMCID: PMC9239991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect market is still far from an effective upscale and, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to know the BSF dietary requirements for the production maximization. Worldwide, given the waste variability, is not always easy to identify the optimal waste-based mixture that can allow to reach the best production, in terms of quantity and quality. Due this reason, nutritional need ranges are the basic knowledge, affordable for everyone, to increase the profitability of the insect farming. The study aims to evaluate the effects of 6 semi-purified, isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (SPII) with increasing lipid levels (1%, L1; 1.5%, L1.5; 2.5%, L2.5; 3.5% L3.5; 4.5%, L4.5) on BSF life history traits (6 replicates/treatment and 100 larvae/replicate). The Gainesville diet was used as environmental control. Considering the whole larval stage, 4.5% lipid level guarantees better performance when compared to content lower than 2.5%. The L4.5 10-day-old larvae yielded greater when compared to the other dietary treatments. At 14 and 18 days of age, the larvae of the groups above 2.5% performed better than L1, while the L1.5 showed intermediate results. Lipid levels below 1.5% on DM, when compared to 4.5%, resulted in a smaller prepupa and pupa size. The results obtained on the adult stage do not allow the identification of a lipid levels ideal range, as in the larval stage. In conclusion, in the whole larval stage and in prepupae/pupae phases, lipid percentage lower than (or equal to) 1% have a negative effect on growth. Other research will be needed in order to evaluate lipid levels above 4.5% on DM.
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28
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Guilliet J, Baudouin G, Pollet N, Filée J. What complete mitochondrial genomes tell us about the evolutionary history of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:72. [PMID: 35650519 PMCID: PMC9158166 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens is a cosmopolitan fly massively used by industrial companies to reduce biowaste and produce protein and fat for poultry and aquaculture feed. However, the natural history and the genetic diversity of the BSF are poorly known. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogeny and time tree based on a large dataset of complete mitochondrial genomes better to understand the evolution and timing of the BSF. Results In this study, we analyzed 677 CO1 sequences derived from samples found all over the five continents, leading us to discover 52 haplotypes, including ten major haplotypes. This worldwide cryptic genetic and genomic diversity is mirrored at a local scale in France, in which we found five major haplotypes sometimes in sympatry. Phylogenetic analyses of 60 complete mitochondrial genomes robustly resolved the phylogeny of the major BSF haplotypes. We estimate the separation events of the different haplotypes at more than 2 million years for the oldest branches characterizing the ancestral split between present North American lineages and the other highly diverse south-central American clades, possibly the following radiation beyond the isthmus of Panama northwards. Our data confirm that this North American lineage ultimately gave birth to almost all commercial BSF stocks that participated in the worldwide BSF dissemination through farm escapements. Conclusions Our data resolve the phylogenetic relationships between the major lineages and give insights into the BSF’s short and long-term evolution. Our results indicate that commercial BSF stock’s genetic and genomic diversity is very low. These results call for a better understanding of the genomic diversity of the BSF to unravel possible specific adaptations of the different lineages for industrial needs and to initiate the selection process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-02025-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guilliet
- EGCE, CNRS, 12 rue 128, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France. .,Cycle Farms, 6 boulevard de entrepreneurs, 49250, Beaufort En Anjou, France. .,IDEEV - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes Comportement, Ecologie CNRS Université Paris Sud UMR 9191, IRD UMR 247, 12 rue 128, 91198, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - G Baudouin
- Cycle Farms, 6 boulevard de entrepreneurs, 49250, Beaufort En Anjou, France
| | - N Pollet
- EGCE, CNRS, 12 rue 128, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France.,IDEEV - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes Comportement, Ecologie CNRS Université Paris Sud UMR 9191, IRD UMR 247, 12 rue 128, 91198, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J Filée
- EGCE, CNRS, 12 rue 128, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France. .,IDEEV - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes Comportement, Ecologie CNRS Université Paris Sud UMR 9191, IRD UMR 247, 12 rue 128, 91198, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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29
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Seyedalmoosavi MM, Mielenz M, Veldkamp T, Daş G, Metges CC. Growth efficiency, intestinal biology, and nutrient utilization and requirements of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae compared to monogastric livestock species: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:31. [PMID: 35509031 PMCID: PMC9069764 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, interest in the larvae of black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably. However, knowledge on the nutritional and physiological aspects of this insect, especially compared to other conventional farmed animals is scarce. This review presents a critical comparison of data on the growth potential and efficiency of the BSF larvae (BSFL) compared to conventional monogastric livestock species. Advantages of BSFL over other monogastric livestock species includes their high growth rate and their ability to convert low-grade organic waste into high-quality protein and fat-rich biomass suitable for use in animal feed. Calculations using literature data suggest that BSFL are more efficient than broilers, pigs and fish in terms of conversion of substrate protein into body mass, but less efficient than broilers and fish in utilization of substrate gross energy to gain body mass. BSFL growth efficiency varies greatly depending on the nutrient quality of their dietary substrates. This might be associated with the function of their gastrointestinal tract, including the activity of digestive enzymes, the substrate particle characteristics, and their intestinal microbial community. The conceived advantage of BSFL having an environmental footprint better than conventional livestock is only true if BSFL is produced on low-grade organic waste and its protein would directly be used for human consumption. Therefore, their potential role as a new species to better close nutrient cycles in agro-ecological systems needs to be reconsidered, and we conclude that BSFL is a complementary livestock species efficiently utilizing organic waste that cannot be utilized by other livestock. In addition, we provide comparative insight into morpho-functional aspects of the gut, characterization of digestive enzymes, gut microbiota and fiber digestion. Finally, current knowledge on the nutritional utilization and requirements of BSFL in terms of macro- and micro-nutrients is reviewed and found to be rather limited. In addition, the research methods to determine nutritional requirements of conventional livestock are not applicable for BSFL. Thus, there is a great need for research on the nutrient requirements of BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Seyedalmoosavi
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Mielenz
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Teun Veldkamp
- Wageningen UR, Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700AH, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gürbüz Daş
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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30
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Sandrock C, Leupi S, Wohlfahrt J, Kaya C, Heuel M, Terranova M, Blanckenhorn WU, Windisch W, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Genotype-by-Diet Interactions for Larval Performance and Body Composition Traits in the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050424. [PMID: 35621760 PMCID: PMC9147266 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The bioconversion of organic waste into valuable insect protein as an alternative animal feed ingredient has the potential to improve agricultural sustainability and may become a key element of future circular economy. However, while insects farmed for feed production are considered livestock from a regulatory perspective, systematic linking of genetic resource characterisations and fundamental phenotyping, crucial for precision breeding and feeding schemes, remains scarce even for prime insect candidates, such as the black soldier fly (BSF). The present study initiated to fill this knowledge gap by experimentally assessing BSF genotype-by-diet interactions for a number of economically and ecologically relevant larval phenotypic traits. Besides pervasive diet effects, strong impact of BSF genetic background and ubiquitous environment-mediated interactions were found. This implies some of the so-far unexplained response variation across global BSF studies could be driven by previously neglected mechanisms of genetic specificity, and thus that the concept of broad conspecific plasticity in this insect is likely too simplistic. Instead, it is emphasised that matching BSF genetics to dietary contexts is vital for purposive production optimisation, particularly when extrapolated to large-scale operations. These insights highlight that establishing tailored BSF breeding as an independent branch offers veritable opportunities to efficiently support this growing agricultural sector. Abstract Further advancing black soldier fly (BSF) farming for waste valorisation and more sustainable global protein supplies critically depends on targeted exploitation of genotype-phenotype associations in this insect, comparable to conventional livestock. This study used a fully crossed factorial design of rearing larvae of four genetically distinct BSF strains (FST: 0.11–0.35) on three nutritionally different diets (poultry feed, food waste, poultry manure) to investigate genotype-by-environment interactions. Phenotypic responses included larval growth dynamics over time, weight at harvest, mortality, biomass production with respective contents of ash, fat, and protein, including amino acid profiles, as well as bioconversion and nitrogen efficiency, reduction of dry matter and relevant fibre fractions, and dry matter loss (emissions). Virtually all larval performance and body composition traits were substantially influenced by diet but also characterised by ample BSF genetic variation and, most importantly, by pronounced interaction effects between the two. Across evaluated phenotypes, variable diet-dependent rankings and the lack of generally superior BSF strains indicate the involvement of trade-offs between traits, as their relationships may even change signs. Conflicting resource allocation in light of overall BSF fitness suggests anticipated breeding programs will require complex and differential selection strategies to account for pinpointed trait maximisation versus multi-purpose resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sandrock
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; (S.L.); (J.W.); (C.K.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simon Leupi
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; (S.L.); (J.W.); (C.K.); (F.L.)
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Jens Wohlfahrt
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; (S.L.); (J.W.); (C.K.); (F.L.)
| | - Cengiz Kaya
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; (S.L.); (J.W.); (C.K.); (F.L.)
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Maike Heuel
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Melissa Terranova
- AgroVet-Strickhof, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland;
| | - Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Wilhelm Windisch
- Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Florian Leiber
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; (S.L.); (J.W.); (C.K.); (F.L.)
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31
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Anankware JP, Roberts BJ, Cheseto X, Osuga I, Savolainen V, Collins CM. The Nutritional Profiles of Five Important Edible Insect Species From West Africa-An Analytical and Literature Synthesis. Front Nutr 2021; 8:792941. [PMID: 34926558 PMCID: PMC8678595 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.792941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Undernutrition is a prevalent, serious, and growing concern, particularly in developing countries. Entomophagy—the human consumption of edible insects, is a historical and culturally established practice in many regions. Increasing consumption of nutritious insect meal is a possible combative strategy and can promote sustainable food security. However, the nutritional literature frequently lacks consensus, with interspecific differences in the nutrient content of edible insects generally being poorly resolved. Aims and methods: Here we present full proximate and fatty acid profiles for five edible insect species of socio-economic importance in West Africa: Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly), Musca domestica (house fly), Rhynchophorus phoenicis (African palm weevil), Cirina butyrospermi (shea tree caterpillar), and Macrotermes bellicosus (African termite). These original profiles, which can be used in future research, are combined with literature-derived proximate, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles to analyse interspecific differences in nutrient content. Results: Interspecific differences in ash (minerals), crude protein, and crude fat contents were substantial. Highest ash content was found in H. illucens and M. domestica (~10 and 7.5% of dry matter, respectively), highest crude protein was found in C. butyrospermi and M. domestica (~60% of dry matter), whilst highest crude fat was found in R. phoenicis (~55% of dry matter). The fatty acid profile of H. illucens was differentiated from the other four species, forming its own cluster in a principal component analysis characterized by high saturated fatty acid content. Cirina butyrospermi had by far the highest poly-unsaturated fatty acid content at around 35% of its total fatty acids, with α-linolenic acid particularly represented. Amino acid analyses revealed that all five species sufficiently met human essential amino acid requirements, although C. butyrospermi was slightly limited in leucine and methionine content. Discussion: The nutritional profiles of these five edible insect species compare favorably to beef and can meet human requirements, promoting entomophagy's utility in combatting undernutrition. In particular, C. butyrospermi may provide a source of essential poly-unsaturated fatty acids, bringing many health benefits. This, along with its high protein content, indicates that this species is worthy of more attention in the nutritional literature, which has thus-far been lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Anankware
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Production, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Benjamin J Roberts
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Cheseto
- Department of Chemical and Behavioural Sciences, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaac Osuga
- Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent Savolainen
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C M Collins
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Van Peer M, Frooninckx L, Coudron C, Berrens S, Álvarez C, Deruytter D, Verheyen G, Van Miert S. Valorisation Potential of Using Organic Side Streams as Feed for Tenebrio molitor, Acheta domesticus and Locusta migratoria. INSECTS 2021; 12:796. [PMID: 34564236 PMCID: PMC8467494 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to increasing welfare and population, the demand for alternative protein sources, obtained with minimal use of natural resources, is rising in today's society. Insects have the potential to be used as an alternative protein source since they are considered to be able to convert low-value biomass into high-value components, resulting in opportunities for valorisation of organic side streams. Moreover, insects are suggested to be a sustainable protein source, referring to the efficient "feed to body" mass conversion potential. The aim of this review was to explore the potential to rear the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) on low or not yet valorised organic side streams within the food supply chain. This was performed by collecting research information focusing on the rearing of the insects in scope on organic biomass. In addition, the nutritional composition of the produced insects as well as their dietary requirements will be reviewed. Finally, the availability of side streams in the EU will be discussed as well as their potential to be used as insects feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggie Van Peer
- Radius, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; (M.V.P.); (L.F.); (S.B.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Lotte Frooninckx
- Radius, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; (M.V.P.); (L.F.); (S.B.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Carl Coudron
- Provincial Research and Advice Centre for Agriculture and Horticulture, 8800 Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium; (C.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Siebe Berrens
- Radius, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; (M.V.P.); (L.F.); (S.B.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Carlos Álvarez
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Department of Food Quality and Sensory Science, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
| | - David Deruytter
- Provincial Research and Advice Centre for Agriculture and Horticulture, 8800 Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium; (C.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Geert Verheyen
- Radius, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; (M.V.P.); (L.F.); (S.B.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Sabine Van Miert
- Radius, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; (M.V.P.); (L.F.); (S.B.); (S.V.M.)
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Hoffmann L, Hull KL, Bierman A, Badenhorst R, Bester-van der Merwe AE, Rhode C. Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Mating Systems in a Mass-Reared Black Soldier Fly Colony. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060480. [PMID: 34064077 PMCID: PMC8224309 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is a promising candidate for the emerging insect farming industry with favourable characteristics for both bioremediation and production of animal delivered nutritive and industrial compounds. The genetic management of commercial colonies will become increasingly important for the sustainability of the industry. However, r-selected life history traits of insects pose challenges to conventional animal husbandry and breeding approaches. In this study, the long-term genetic effects of mass-rearing were evaluated as well as mating systems in the species to establish factors that might influence genetic diversity, and by implication fitness and productivity in commercial colonies. Population genetic parameters, based on microsatellite markers, were estimated and compared amongst two temporal wild sampling populations and four generations (F28, F48, F52, and F62) of a mass-reared colony. Furthermore, genetic relationships amongst mate pairs were evaluated and parentage analysis was performed to determine the oc-currence of preferential mate choice and multiple paternity. The mass-reared colony showed a reduction in genetic diversity and evidence for inbreeding with significant successive generational genetic differentiation from the wild progenitor population. Population-level analysis also gave the first tentative evidence of positive assortative mating and genetic polyandry in BSF. The homoge-neity of the mass-reared colony seems to result from a dual action caused by small effective popu-lation size and increased homozygosity due to positive assortative mating. However, the high ge-netic diversity in the wild and a polyandrous mating system might suggest the possible restoration of diversity in mass-reared colonies through augmentation with the wild population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelanie Hoffmann
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (L.H.); (K.L.H.); (A.E.B.-v.d.M.)
| | - Kelvin L. Hull
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (L.H.); (K.L.H.); (A.E.B.-v.d.M.)
| | - Anandi Bierman
- Insect Technology Group Holdings UK Ltd., 1 Farnham Road, Guildford GU2 4RG, UK; (A.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Rozane Badenhorst
- Insect Technology Group Holdings UK Ltd., 1 Farnham Road, Guildford GU2 4RG, UK; (A.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Aletta E. Bester-van der Merwe
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (L.H.); (K.L.H.); (A.E.B.-v.d.M.)
| | - Clint Rhode
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (L.H.); (K.L.H.); (A.E.B.-v.d.M.)
- Correspondence:
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