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Zhao L, Li J, Barrett RL, Liu B, Hu H, Lu L, Chen Z. Spatial heterogeneity of extinction risk for flowering plants in China. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6352. [PMID: 39069525 PMCID: PMC11284212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the variability of extinction risk and its potential drivers across different spatial extents is crucial to revealing the underlying processes of biodiversity loss and sustainability. However, in countries with high climatic and topographic heterogeneity, studies on extinction risk are often challenged by complexities associated with extent effects. Here, using 2.02 million fine-grained distribution records and a phylogeny including 27,185 species, we find that the extinction risk of flowering plants in China is spatially concentrated in southwestern China. Our analyses suggest that spatial extinction risks of flowering plants in China may be caused by multiple drivers and are extent dependent. Vegetation structure based on proportion of growth forms is likely the dominant extinction driver at the national extent, followed by climatic and evolutionary drivers. Finer extent analyses indicate that the potential dominant extinction drivers vary across zones and vegetation regions. Despite regional heterogeneity, we detect a geographical continuity potential in extinction drivers, with variation in West China dominated by vegetation structure, South China by climate, and North China by evolution. Our findings highlight that identification of potential extent-dependent drivers of extinction risk is crucial for targeted conservation practice in countries like China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Jinya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
| | - Russell L Barrett
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Australian Botanic Garden, Locked Bag 6002, Mount Annan, 2567, NSW, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, 100093, Beijing, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Haihua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, 100093, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiduan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, 100093, Beijing, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Dong P, Wang L, Qiu D, Liang W, Cheng J, Wang H, Guo F, Chen Y. Evaluation of the environmental factors influencing the quality of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus based on HPLC and the Maxent model. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:697. [PMID: 39044138 PMCID: PMC11264576 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, global climate change in tandem with increased human activity has resulted in habitat degradation or the migration of rare medicinal plants, potentially impacting the quality of medicinal herbs. Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus is a valuable bulk medicinal material in Northwest China. As the demand for this medicinal herb continues to increase in both domestic and international markets, ensuring the sustainable development of high-quality Astragali Radix is important. In this study, the maximum entropy (Maxent) model was applied, thereby incorporating 136 distribution records, along with 39 environmental factors of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, to assess the quality zonation and potential distribution of this species in China under climate change. RESULTS The results showed that the elevation, annual mean temperature, precipitation of wettest month, solar radiation in June, and mean temperature of warmest quarter were the critical environmental factors influencing the accumulation of astragaloside IV and Astragalus polysaccharide in A. membranaceus var. mongholicus. Among the twelve main environmental variables, annual mean temperature, elevation, precipitation of the wettest month, and solar radiation in November were the four most important factors influencing the distribution of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus. In addition, ecological niche modelling revealed that highly suitable habitats were mainly located in central and western Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, southern Ningxia, central Inner Mongolia, central Shanxi, and northern Hebei. However, the future projections under climate change suggested a contraction of these suitable areas, shifting towards northeastern high-latitude and high-elevation mountains. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide essential insights for developing adaptive strategies for A. membranaceus var. mongholicus cultivation in response to climate change and can inform future research on this species. By considering the identified environmental factors and the potential impacts of the predicted climate changes, we can visualize the regional distribution of high-quality Radix Astragali and develop conservation strategies to protect and restore its suitable habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbin Dong
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Lingjuan Wang
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Daiyu Qiu
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wei Liang
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Fengxia Guo
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Ather S, Bhattacharyya C, Gupta H, Patil Y, Palicherla SR, Patil G, Khatoon Y, Gupta PP, Thakur KS, Thakur M. Exploring the neuropharmacological properties of scopoletin-rich Evolvulus alsinoides extract using in-silico and in-vitro methods. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:2103-2121. [PMID: 38883392 PMCID: PMC11170599 DOI: 10.62347/ivap2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigates the neuropharmacologic properties of Scopoletin, a bioactive compound in Evolvulus alsinoides (EA) extract, for managing cognitive impairment using in-vitro, in-silico, and zebrafish embryo toxicity assays. METHODS The study estimates Scopoletin concentration in EA extract using HPTLC, assesses antioxidant properties using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays, and uses bioinformatic tools for scopoletin targets. Zebrafish embryo toxicity (ZET) is used to assess its toxicological profile. RESULTS 0.0076% w/w Scopoletin in the samples was quantified using HPTLC, further studies on the DPPH (0.5 mM) and FRAP gave EC50 at 440.0 μg/ml and 84.29 μg/ml respectively. Twelve common targets associated with cognitive impairment (CI) were identified, along with possible pathways and molecular interactions. Our results indicate significant binding affinities of Scopoletin with ERAP1, SCN3A, and COMT. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirm the stability of these interactions. ZET assessment demonstrated mortality after 450 µg/ml concentration of EA extract. CONCLUSION The study verifies the presence of Scopoletin in EA, along with their targets playing a crucial role in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. The ZET demonstrated concentration-dependent effects, emphasizing the importance of dosage considerations in developing new formulations or therapeutics. This comprehensive study contributes valuable insight into the therapeutic potential of Scopoletin from EA for cognitive impairment, paving the way for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Ather
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Central Research Laboratory, Mahatma Gandhi Mission, School of Biomedical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences Navi Mumbai 410209, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Central Research Laboratory, Mahatma Gandhi Mission, School of Biomedical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences Navi Mumbai 410209, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Central Research Laboratory, Mahatma Gandhi Mission, School of Biomedical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences Navi Mumbai 410209, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Patil
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Central Research Laboratory, Mahatma Gandhi Mission, School of Biomedical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences Navi Mumbai 410209, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sairam Reddy Palicherla
- Heartfulness Institute Kanha Shanti Vanam, Kanha Village, Nandigama Mandal, Rangareddy District, Hyderabad 509325, Telangana, India
| | - Gauri Patil
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Central Research Laboratory, Mahatma Gandhi Mission, School of Biomedical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences Navi Mumbai 410209, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yasmin Khatoon
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Central Research Laboratory, Mahatma Gandhi Mission, School of Biomedical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences Navi Mumbai 410209, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pramodkumar P Gupta
- Department of Bioinformatics, DY Patil College School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400614, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kapil Singh Thakur
- Nuvox Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. Hiranandani Gardens, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mansee Thakur
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Central Research Laboratory, Mahatma Gandhi Mission, School of Biomedical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences Navi Mumbai 410209, Maharashtra, India
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Ye C, Liu H, Qin H, Shu J, Zhou Z, Jin X. Geographical distribution and conservation strategy of national key protected wild plants of China. iScience 2023; 26:107364. [PMID: 37539030 PMCID: PMC10393829 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
National key protected wild plants (NKPWPs) are considered flagship species for plant diversity conservation in China. Using data for 1101 species, we characterized NKPWPs distribution patterns in China and assessed conservation effectiveness and conservation gaps. In total, 4880 grid cells at a 20 × 20 km resolution were filled with occurrence records for NKPWPs. We identified 444 hotspot grid cells and 27 diversity hotspot regions, containing 92.37% of NKPWPs. However, 43.24% of these hotspot grid cells were fully or partially covered by national nature reserves (NNRs), where 70.21% of species were distributed. Approximately 61.49% of the NKPWPs species were protected by NNRs, but the populations or habitats of 963 species were partially or fully outside of NNRs. With global warming, the overall change in the extent of suitable habitats for NKPWPs is expected to be small, however, habitat quality in some areas with a high habitat suitability index will decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Huiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Haining Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jiangping Shu
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 18, Hepingli Dongjie, Beijing 100714, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The Orchid Conservation and Research Centre of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518114, China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 18, Hepingli Dongjie, Beijing 100714, China
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
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Liu Q, Xue TT, Zhang XX, Yang XD, Qin F, Zhang WD, Wu L, Bussmann RW, Yu SX. Distribution and conservation of near threatened plants in China. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:272-283. [PMID: 37397594 PMCID: PMC10311197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants classified as Near Threatened (NT) are at high risk of becoming threatened because of anthropogenic interference and climate change. Especially in conservation efforts, such species have however long been overlooked. Here, we obtained 98,419 precise occurrence points for 2442 NT plants in China, and used species richness, species complementarity, and weighted endemism that consider all, endemic and narrow-ranged species in order to identify the diversity hotspots of NT plants. Then we evaluated the conservation effectiveness of current nature reserves for them. Our results indicate that the diversity hotspots of NT plants were mainly confined to southwestern and southern China, and only 35.87% of hotspots and 71.5% of species were protected by nature reserves. Numerous hotspots in southwestern China (e.g., Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, and Hainan) were identified as conservation gaps. Given that NT plants include large proportions of endemic and narrow-ranged species, they represent an important value in conservation priority. So, more conservation efforts in the future should be tilted towards NT plants. Additionally, when comparing with the recently updated NT list, there are already 87 species raised to threatened categories, while 328 species were lowered to least concern, 56 species were now categorized as data deficient, and 119 species considered as uncertain due to changes of scientific names. It is essential to carry out a continuous assessment of species' threatened categories to realize targeting conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Tian-Tian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen-Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Rainer W. Bussmann
- Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Botanical Str. 1, Tbilisi 0105, Georgia
- Department of Botany, State Museum for Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstraße 13, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany
| | - Sheng-Xiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhao Z, Feng X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhou Z. Species diversity, hotspot congruence, and conservation of North American damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera). Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1087866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid extinction of species is of considerable concern for biodiversity conservation. Identifying the drivers of species diversity and hotspots is beneficial for developing conservation strategies. Studies on insects have mainly focused on terrestrial species and rarely on semiaquatic species. Using 135,208 georeferenced occurrence records of 296 damselflies across North America, their species richness and endemism (represented by weighted endemism) patterns were mapped in a 100 × 100-km grid size, and the effects of environmental variables on species richness and endemism were investigated using generalized linear models and hierarchical partitioning. Subsequently, the top 5% grids with species richness and weighted endemism were separately selected as hotspots and their congruence was evaluated. Finally, species diversity hotspots were identified by integrating two types of hotspot grids, and gap analysis was performed to evaluate their conservation status. Temperature conditions and water availability had the strongest influence on species richness and endemism, respectively. Low congruence among species richness and endemism hotspots was observed. Moreover, four species diversity hotspots were identified, namely, region of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, southwestern United States, central Mexico, and southernmost North America. Approximately 69.31% of the hotspot grids are not a part of the existing protected areas, presenting a significant conservation gap. The habitats of taxonomic groups should be considered while identifying the most common driving mechanisms of endemism. Strengthening the establishment of protected areas in regions with conservation gaps is urgently needed to promote the conservation of damselflies in North America.
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Zhao Z, Feng X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhou Z. Species richness, endemism, and conservation of wild Rhododendron in China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Zhang MX, Chen Y, Guo JX, Zhang R, Bi YQ, Wei XX, Niu H, Zhang CH, Li MH. Complex ecological and socioeconomic impacts on medicinal plant diversity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979890. [PMID: 36339592 PMCID: PMC9627218 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plant diversity (MPD) is an important component of plant diversity. Over-collection based on medicinal and economic value has the potential to damage the stability of the regional ecosystem. It is important to understand the current distribution of MPD and the factors influencing it. However, it is still unclear whether environmental and socioeconomic conditions have an impact on their distribution. We selected the Inner Mongolia as a representative study area which covers a wide area, accounting for 12.29% of China’s national land area and 0.79% of the world’s land area. At the same time, the region is a long-standing traditional medicinal area for Mongolians in China. Therefore, the region is significantly influenced by changes in environmental factors and socio-economic factors. We used 9-years field survey of the distribution of medicinal plants in Inner Mongolia for assessing the distribution of MPD as influenced by environmental and socioeconomic activities by combining spatial analyses, species distribution models, and generalized additive models. The results from the spatial analysis show that the western region of Inner Mongolia is the main cold spot area of the MPD, and the central-eastern and northeastern regions of Inner Mongolia are the main hot spot areas of the MPD. At the same time, the distribution of cold spots and hot spots of MPD is more obvious at large spatial scales, and with the refinement of spatial scales, the cold spots in scattered areas are gradually revealed, which is indicative for the conservation and development of MPD at different spatial scales. Under the future climate change of shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP), areas with high habitat suitability for medicinal plants remain mainly dominated by the Yellow River, Yin Mountains, and Greater Khingan Range. Notably, the SSP245 development pathway remains the most significant concern in either long- or short-term development. The nonlinear relationship between the driving factors of MPD at different spatial scales shows that temperature, precipitation and socioeconomic development do have complex effects on MPD. The presence of a certain temperature, altitude, and precipitation range has an optimal facilitation effect on MPD, rather than a single facilitation effect. This complex nonlinear correlation provides a reference for further studies on plant diversity and sustainable development and management. In this study, the spatial distribution of medicinal plant resources and the extent to which they are driven by ecological and socioeconomic factors were analyzed through a macroscopic approach. This provides a reference for larger-scale studies on the environmental and socioeconomic influences on the distribution of plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xu Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | | | - Ru Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Bi
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, China
| | | | - Hui Niu
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Chun-Hong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- *Correspondence: Chun-Hong Zhang, ; Min-Hui Li,
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou, China
- *Correspondence: Chun-Hong Zhang, ; Min-Hui Li,
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