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Sun J, Li P, Gui H, Rittié L, Lombard DB, Rietscher K, Magin TM, Xie Q, Liu L, Omary MB. Deacetylation via SIRT2 prevents keratin-mutation-associated injury and keratin aggregation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166314. [PMID: 37485877 PMCID: PMC10443796 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin (K) and other intermediate filament (IF) protein mutations at conserved arginines disrupt keratin filaments into aggregates and cause human epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS; K14-R125C) or predispose to mouse liver injury (K18-R90C). The challenge for more than 70 IF-associated diseases is the lack of clinically utilized IF-targeted therapies. We used high-throughput drug screening to identify compounds that normalized mutation-triggered keratin filament disruption. Parthenolide, a plant sesquiterpene lactone, dramatically reversed keratin filament disruption and protected cells and mice expressing K18-R90C from apoptosis. K18-R90C became hyperacetylated compared with K18-WT and treatment with parthenolide normalized K18 acetylation. Parthenolide upregulated the NAD-dependent SIRT2, and increased SIRT2-keratin association. SIRT2 knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition blocked the parthenolide effect, while site-specific Lys-to-Arg mutation of keratin acetylation sites normalized K18-R90C filaments. Treatment of K18-R90C-expressing cells and mice with nicotinamide mononucleotide had a parthenolide-like protective effect. In 2 human K18 variants that associate with human fatal drug-induced liver injury, parthenolide protected K18-D89H- but not K8-K393R-induced filament disruption and cell death. Importantly, parthenolide normalized K14-R125C-mediated filament disruption in keratinocytes and inhibited dispase-triggered keratinocyte sheet fragmentation and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, keratin acetylation may provide a novel therapeutic target for some keratin-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Sun
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Pei Li
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Honglian Gui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Laure Rittié
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David B. Lombard
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Katrin Rietscher
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Magin
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Li P, Maitra D, Kuo N, Kwan R, Song Y, Tang W, Chen L, Xie Q, Liu L, Omary MB. PP2 protects from keratin mutation-associated liver injury and filament disruption via SRC kinase inhibition in male but not female mice. Hepatology 2023; 77:144-158. [PMID: 35586977 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocyte keratin polypeptides 8/18 (K8/K18) are unique among intermediate filaments proteins (IFs) in that their mutation predisposes to, rather than causes, human disease. Mice that overexpress human K18 R90C manifest disrupted hepatocyte keratin filaments with hyperphosphorylated keratins and predisposition to Fas-induced liver injury. We hypothesized that high-throughput screening will identify compounds that protect the liver from mutation-triggered predisposition to injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using A549 cells transduced with a lentivirus K18 construct and high-throughput screening, we identified the SRC-family tyrosine kinases inhibitor, PP2, as a compound that reverses keratin filament disruption and protects from apoptotic cell death caused by K18 R90C mutation at this highly conserved arginine. PP2 also ameliorated Fas-induced apoptosis and liver injury in male but not female K18 R90C mice. The PP2 male selectivity is due to its lower turnover in male versus female livers. Knockdown of SRC but not another kinase target of PP2, protein tyrosine kinase 6, in A549 cells abrogated the hepatoprotective effect of PP2. Phosphoproteomic analysis and validation showed that the protective effect of PP2 associates with Ser/Thr but not Tyr keratin hypophosphorylation, and differs from the sex-independent effect of the Ser/Thr kinase inhibitor PKC412. Inhibition of RAF kinase, a downstream target of SRC, by vemurafenib had a similar protective effect to PP2 in A549 cells and male K18 R90C mice. CONCLUSIONS PP2 protects, in a male-selective manner, keratin mutation-induced mouse liver injury by inhibiting SRC-triggered downstream Ser/Thr phosphorylation of K8/K18, which is phenocopied by RAF kinase inhibitor vemurafenib. The PP2/vemurafenib-associated findings, and their unique mechanisms of action, further support the potential role of select kinase inhibition as therapeutic opportunities for keratin and other IF-associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
- Early-Stage Method Development & Characterization Unit , Bristol Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
| | - Ning Kuo
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Raymond Kwan
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
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Potential Effects of Dietary Isoflavones on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/2870969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous prescribed drugs and herbal and dietary supplements have been reported to cause drug-induced acute liver injury, which is a frequent cause of acute liver failure (ALF). It is a tremendous challenge with ever-increasing drug application in the medication system for huge populations. Drug-induced acute liver injury can lead to diverse pathologies similar to acute and chronic hepatitis, acute liver failure, biliary obstruction, fatty liver disease, and so on. Recently, extensive work demonstrated that isoflavones play an essential and protecting role in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The isoflavones mediated hepatoprotection by modulating specific genes linked with control of cellular redox homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Isoflavones upregulate oxidative stress-responsive nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2), downregulate inflammatory nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, and modulate a balance between cell survival and death. Moreover, isoflavones actively inhibit the expression of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) enzyme during drug metabolism. Moreover, isoflavones are also linked with farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in hepatoprotection DILI. In vivo and in vitro studies clearly stated that isoflavones bear strong antioxidant potential and promising agents for hepatotoxicity prevention and stressed their potential role as therapeutic supplements in DILI. The current review will elaborate on isoflavones’ preventive and therapeutic potential concisely and highlight various molecular targets to exert a protective effect on DILI.
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Ye J, Wu Y, Li M, Gong X, Zhong B. Keratin 8 Mutations Were Associated With Susceptibility to Chronic Hepatitis B and Related Progression. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:464-473. [PMID: 31515557 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratin 8 and 18 (K8/K18) are the exclusively expressed keratins intermediate filaments pair in hepatocytes that protect against liver injuries and viral infection. We aimed to explore the genetic link between keratin variants and chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection in a large cohort from a high-epidemic area. METHODS Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated from patients, and Sanger sequencing was applied to analyze variations in exon regions of K8/18. Biochemical and functional analysis of novel mutations was also performed. RESULTS The 713 participants comprised 173 healthy controls and 540 patients, which covered chronic hepatitis (n = 174), decompensated cirrhosis (n = 192), and primary liver carcinoma (n = 174). The frequency of mutations in K8/18 was significantly higher among patients than among controls (8.15% vs 0.58%, P < .001). Significant differences were found between the chronic hepatitis subgroup and controls in multiple comparisons (6.32% vs 0.58%, P = .006). All 21 missense mutations (3.89%) were detected in the keratin 8 (K8), including 4 novel conserved missense variants (R469C, R469H, A447V, and K483T). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated a higher risk of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and missense variants (odds ratio = 4.38, P = .035). Transfection of these variants caused keratin network disruption in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Novel K8 cytoskeleton-disrupting variants predispose toward ACLF in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhao Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Minrui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaorong Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Bihui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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Mosedale M, Watkins PB. Understanding Idiosyncratic Toxicity: Lessons Learned from Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6436-6461. [PMID: 32037821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) encompass a diverse group of toxicities that can vary by drug and patient. The complex and unpredictable nature of IADRs combined with the fact that they are rare makes them particularly difficult to predict, diagnose, and treat. Common clinical characteristics, the identification of human leukocyte antigen risk alleles, and drug-induced proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from patients support a role for the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of IADRs. Significant evidence also suggests a requirement for direct, drug-induced stress, neoantigen formation, and stimulation of an innate response, which can be influenced by properties intrinsic to both the drug and the patient. This Perspective will provide an overview of the clinical profile, mechanisms, and risk factors underlying IADRs as well as new approaches to study these reactions, focusing on idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrie Mosedale
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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6
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Wen F, Xia Q, Zhang H, Shia H, Rajesh A, Wu Y, Yang Y, Yang Z. Resistin Activates p65 Pathway and Reduces Glycogen Content through Keratin 8. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:9767926. [PMID: 32508919 PMCID: PMC7251471 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9767926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistin is associated with metabolic syndrome and inflammatory conditions. Many studies have suggested that resistin inhibits the accumulation of glycogen; however, the exact mechanisms of resistin-induced decrease in glycogen content remain unclear. Keratin 8 is a typical epithelial intermediate filament protein, but numerous studies suggest a vital role of K8 in glucose metabolism. However, it is still not known whether K8 participates in the mediation of resistin-induced reduction of cellular glycogen accumulation. In this study, we found that resistin upregulated expression of the p65 subunit of NF-κB, which led to the promotion of K8 transcriptional expression; in turn, the expression of K8 inhibited glycogen accumulation in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
| | - Haipeng Shia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
| | - Amin Rajesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 36849-5501 Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zaiqing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
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7
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Klymkowsky MW. Filaments and phenotypes: cellular roles and orphan effects associated with mutations in cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31602295 PMCID: PMC6774051 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19950.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments (IFs) surround the nucleus and are often anchored at membrane sites to form effectively transcellular networks. Mutations in IF proteins (IFps) have revealed mechanical roles in epidermis, muscle, liver, and neurons. At the same time, there have been phenotypic surprises, illustrated by the ability to generate viable and fertile mice null for a number of IFp-encoding genes, including vimentin. Yet in humans, the vimentin ( VIM) gene displays a high probability of intolerance to loss-of-function mutations, indicating an essential role. A number of subtle and not so subtle IF-associated phenotypes have been identified, often linked to mechanical or metabolic stresses, some of which have been found to be ameliorated by the over-expression of molecular chaperones, suggesting that such phenotypes arise from what might be termed "orphan" effects as opposed to the absence of the IF network per se, an idea originally suggested by Toivola et al. and Pekny and Lane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Klymkowsky
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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8
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Abstract
Acute liver failure of all causes is diagnosed in between 2000 and 2500 patients annually in the United States. Drug-induced acute liver failure is the leading cause of acute liver failure, accounting for more than 50% of cases. Nonacetaminophen drug injury represents 11% of all cases in the latest registry from the US Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Although rare, acute liver failure is clinically dramatic when it occurs, and requires a multidisciplinary approach to management. In contrast with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure, non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure has a more ominous prognosis with a lower liver transplant-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul M Thomas
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - James H Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road Northwest, Room M2408, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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9
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Li R, Liao XH, Ye JZ, Li MR, Wu YQ, Hu X, Zhong BH. Association of keratin 8/18 variants with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in Chinese patients: A case-control study. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4047-4053. [PMID: 28652657 PMCID: PMC5473123 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i22.4047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that K8/K18 variants predispose humans to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression and its metabolic phenotypes.
METHODS We selected a total of 373 unrelated adult subjects from our Physical Examination Department, including 200 unrelated NAFLD patients and 173 controls of both genders and different ages. Diagnoses of NAFLD were established according to ultrasonic signs of fatty liver. All subjects were tested for population characteristics, lipid profile, liver tests, as well as glucose tests. Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood with a DNeasy Tissue Kit. K8/K18 coding regions were analyzed, including 15 exons and exon-intron boundaries.
RESULTS Among 200 NAFLD patients, 10 (5%) heterozygous carriers of keratin variants were identified. There were 5 amino-acid-altering heterozygous variants and 6 non-coding heterozygous variants. One novel amino-acid-altering heterozygous variant (K18 N193S) and three novel non-coding variants were observed (K8 IVS5-9A→G, K8 IVS6+19G→A, K18 T195T). A total of 9 patients had a single variant and 1 patient had compound variants (K18 N193S+K8 IVS3-15C→G). Only one R341H variant was found in the control group (1 of 173, 0.58%). The frequency of keratin variants in NAFLD patients was significantly higher than that in the control group (5% vs 0.58%, P = 0.015). Notably, the keratin variants were significantly associated with insulin resistance (IR) in NAFLD patients (8.86% in NAFLD patients with IR vs 2.5% in NAFLD patients without IR, P = 0.043).
CONCLUSION K8/K18 variants are overrepresented in Chinese NAFLD patients and might accelerate liver fat storage through IR.
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Omary MB. Intermediate filament proteins of digestive organs: physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G628-G634. [PMID: 28360031 PMCID: PMC5495917 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00455.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filament proteins (IFs), such as cytoplasmic keratins in epithelial cells and vimentin in mesenchymal cells and the nuclear lamins, make up one of the three major cytoskeletal protein families. Whether in digestive organs or other tissues, IFs share several unique features including stress-inducible overexpression, abundance, cell-selective and differentiation state expression, and association with >80 human diseases when mutated. Whereas most IF mutations cause disease, mutations in simple epithelial keratins 8, 18, or 19 or in lamin A/C predispose to liver disease with or without other tissue manifestations. Keratins serve major functions including protection from apoptosis, providing cellular and subcellular mechanical integrity, protein targeting to subcellular compartments, and scaffolding and regulation of cell-signaling processes. Keratins are essential for Mallory-Denk body aggregate formation that occurs in association with several liver diseases, whereas an alternate type of keratin and lamin aggregation occurs upon liver involvement in porphyria. IF-associated diseases have no known directed therapy, but high-throughput drug screening to identify potential therapies is an appealing ongoing approach. Despite the extensive current knowledge base, much remains to be discovered regarding IF physiology and pathophysiology in digestive and nondigestive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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11
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Cytokeratin 18 knockdown decreases cell migration and increases chemosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2479-2487. [PMID: 27601168 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cytokeratin 18 (CK18) is a structural protein that is normally expressed in many single-layer epithelia. Previous studies have indicated that aberrant CK18 expression is associated with cancer progression. However, the functions of CK18 in lung cancer have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigate the roles of CK18 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS CK18 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a lung cancer tissue microarray containing 129 cancer samples, and correlations between CK18 expression and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis were analyzed. We then studied the effects of CK18 knockdown on cell motility and chemosensitivity in lung cancer cells. RESULTS High CK18 expression was detected in 101/129 (78.3 %) lung cancers. CK18 expression was significantly correlated to clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, the number of pathologically positive lymph nodes and recurrence and metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that CK18 was a prognostic factor for overall survival (P = 0.016) and disease-free survival (P = 0.014). In addition, CK18 knockdown decreased cell migration and enhanced the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to paclitaxel. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that CK18 plays an important role in lung cancer progression and may be a therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Ku NO, Strnad P, Bantel H, Omary MB. Keratins: Biomarkers and modulators of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in the liver. Hepatology 2016; 64:966-76. [PMID: 26853542 PMCID: PMC4977204 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Keratins, formerly known as cytokeratins, are the major epithelial-specific subgroup of intermediate filament proteins. Adult hepatocytes express keratin polypeptides 8 and 18 (K8/K18), whereas cholangiocytes express K8/K18 and keratins 7 and 19 (K7/K19). Keratins function primarily to protect hepatocytes from apoptosis and necrosis, which was revealed using several genetic mouse models. This cytoprotective function was further clarified by the identification of natural human keratin variants that are normally silent, but become pathogenic by predisposing their carriers to apoptosis during acute or chronic liver injury mediated by toxins, virus infection, or metabolic stress. During apoptosis, caspases cleave K18 and K19 at conserved aspartates (human K18/K19: (235) Val-Glu-Val-Asp(↓) ) and K18 at a unique aspartate (human K18: (394) Asp-Ala-Leu-Asp(↓) ), with the latter exposed epitope becoming recognized by the M30 antibody in blood and tissues. Additional K18-containing protein backbone epitopes are detected using the M6 and M5 (termed M65) antibodies. Intact K18 and its associated fragments, which are released into blood during apoptosis and necrosis in various diseases, have been analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the M30/M65 antibodies or their signal ratios. Furthermore, M30/M65 levels have been used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in acute and chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and acute liver failure. Other keratin biomarkers include K8/K18/K19-related tissue polypeptide antigen, K18-related tissue polypeptide-specific antigen, and K19-related CYFRA-21-1, which have been evaluated mostly in patients with epithelial tumors. CONCLUSION Keratins and their fragments are released into blood during liver and other epithelial tissue injury. The epithelial specificity of K18/K19, epitope unmasking upon caspase digestion, keratin abundance, and relative keratin stability render them useful biomarkers for hepatocyte and cholangiocyte apoptosis and necrosis. However, the precise biochemical nature and release mechanism of circulating keratins remain unknown. (Hepatology 2016;64:966-976).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-On Ku
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heike Bantel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7744 Medical Science II, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622,Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 7744 Medical Science II, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622; and VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor MI, 48105
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13
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Salas PJ, Forteza R, Mashukova A. Multiple roles for keratin intermediate filaments in the regulation of epithelial barrier function and apico-basal polarity. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1178368. [PMID: 27583190 PMCID: PMC4993576 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1178368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As multicellular organisms evolved a family of cytoskeletal proteins, the keratins (types I and II) expressed in epithelial cells diversified in more than 20 genes in vertebrates. There is no question that keratin filaments confer mechanical stiffness to cells. However, such a number of genes can hardly be explained by evolutionary advantages in mechanical features. The use of transgenic mouse models has revealed unexpected functional relationships between keratin intermediate filaments and intracellular signaling. Accordingly, loss of keratins or mutations in keratins that cause or predispose to human diseases, result in increased sensitivity to apoptosis, regulation of innate immunity, permeabilization of tight junctions, and mistargeting of apical proteins in different epithelia. Precise mechanistic explanations for these phenomena are still lacking. However, immobilization of membrane or cytoplasmic proteins, including chaperones, on intermediate filaments (“scaffolding”) appear as common molecular mechanisms and may explain the need for so many different keratin genes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Radia Forteza
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anastasia Mashukova
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Physiology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Sun J, Groppi VE, Gui H, Chen L, Xie Q, Liu L, Omary MB. High-Throughput Screening for Drugs that Modulate Intermediate Filament Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2015; 568:163-85. [PMID: 26795471 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins have unique and complex cell and tissue distribution. Importantly, IF gene mutations cause or predispose to more than 80 human tissue-specific diseases (IF-pathies), with the most severe disease phenotypes being due to mutations at conserved residues that result in a disrupted IF network. A critical need for the entire IF-pathy field is the identification of drugs that can ameliorate or cure these diseases, particularly since all current therapies target the IF-pathy complication, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease, rather than the mutant IF protein or gene. We describe a high-throughput approach to identify drugs that can normalize disrupted IF proteins. This approach utilizes transduction of lentivirus that expresses green fluorescent protein-tagged keratin 18 (K18) R90C in A549 cells. The readout is drug "hits" that convert the dot-like keratin filament distribution, due to the R90C mutation, to a wild-type-like filamentous array. A similar strategy can be used to screen thousands of compounds and can be utilized for practically any IF protein with a filament-disrupting mutation, and could therefore potentially target many IF-pathies. "Hits" of interest require validation in cell culture then using in vivo experimental models. Approaches to study the mechanism of mutant IF normalization by potential drugs of interest are also described. The ultimate goal of this drug screening approach is to identify effective and safe compounds that can potentially be tested for clinical efficacy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Sun
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Hepatology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Vincent E Groppi
- Department of Pharmacology, The Center for Chemical Genomics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Honglian Gui
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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