1
|
Miller I, Gianazza E. Proteomic methods for the study of porcine acute phase proteins - anything new to detect? Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1801-1815. [PMID: 37452983 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APPs) reflect the health status of individuals and are important tools in diagnostics, as their altered levels are a sign of disturbed homeostasis. While, in most cases, quantitation of known serum APPs is routinely performed by immunoassays, proteomics is helpful in discovery of new biomarker candidates, especially in samples other than body fluids. Besides putting APP regulation into an overall context of differentially abundant proteins, this approach can detect further details or outright new features in protein structure or specific modifications, and help understand better their function. Thus, it can show up ways to make present diagnostic assays more sensitive and/or specific, or correlate regulations of disease-specific proteins. The APP repertoire is dependent on the species. The pig is both, an important farm animal and a model animal for human diseases, due to similarities in physiology. Besides reviewing existing literature, yet unpublished examples for two-dimensional electrophoresis in connection with pig APPs highlight some of the benefits of proteomics. Of further help would be the emerging targeted proteomics, offering the possibility to determine particular isoforms or proteoforms, without the need of specific antibodies, but this method is presently scarcely used in veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Miller
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Wien, Austria.
| | - Elisabetta Gianazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liedel C, Rieckmann K, Baums CG. A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:188. [PMID: 37798634 PMCID: PMC10552360 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major pig pathogen worldwide with zoonotic potential. Though different research groups have contributed to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections in recent years, there are still numerous neglected research topics requiring animal infection trials. Of note, animal experiments are crucial to develop a cross-protective vaccine which is highly needed in the field. Due to the severe clinical signs associated with S. suis pathologies such as meningitis and arthritis, implementation of refinement is very important to reduce pain and distress of experimentally infected pigs. This review highlights the great diversity of clinical signs and courses of disease after experimental S. suis pig infections. We review clinical read out parameters and refinement strategies in experimental S. suis pig infections published between 2000 and 2021. Currently, substantial differences exist in describing clinical monitoring and humane endpoints. Most of the reviewed studies set the body temperature threshold of fever as high as 40.5°C. Monitoring intervals vary mainly between daily, twice a day and three times a day. Only a few studies apply scoring systems. Published scoring systems are inconsistent in their inclusion of parameters such as body temperature, feeding behavior, and respiratory signs. Locomotion and central nervous system signs are more common clinical scoring parameters in different studies by various research groups. As the heterogenicity in clinical monitoring limits the comparability between studies we hope to initiate a discussion with this review leading to an agreement on clinical read out parameters and monitoring intervals among S. suis research groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Liedel
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kopler I, Marchaim U, Tikász IE, Opaliński S, Kokin E, Mallinger K, Neubauer T, Gunnarsson S, Soerensen C, Phillips CJC, Banhazi T. Farmers' Perspectives of the Benefits and Risks in Precision Livestock Farming in the EU Pig and Poultry Sectors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2868. [PMID: 37760267 PMCID: PMC10525424 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
More efficient livestock production systems are necessary, considering that only 41% of global meat demand will be met by 2050. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic crisis has clearly illustrated the necessity of building sustainable and stable agri-food systems. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) offers the continuous capacity of agriculture to contribute to overall human and animal welfare by providing sufficient goods and services through the application of technical innovations like digitalization. However, adopting new technologies is a challenging issue for farmers, extension services, agri-business and policymakers. We present a review of operational concepts and technological solutions in the pig and poultry sectors, as reflected in 41 and 16 European projects from the last decade, respectively. The European trend of increasing broiler-meat production, which is soon to outpace pork, stresses the need for more outstanding research efforts in the poultry industry. We further present a review of farmers' attitudes and obstacles to the acceptance of technological solutions in the pig and poultry sectors using examples and lessons learned from recent European projects. Despite the low resonance at the research level, the investigation of farmers' attitudes and concerns regarding the acceptance of technological solutions in the livestock sector should be incorporated into any technological development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idan Kopler
- European Wing Unit, Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
| | - Uri Marchaim
- European Wing Unit, Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
| | - Ildikó E. Tikász
- Agricultural Economics Directorate, Institute of Agricultural Economics, H-1093 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Sebastian Opaliński
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Eugen Kokin
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Science, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (C.J.C.P.)
| | | | | | - Stefan Gunnarsson
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-532 23 Skara, Sweden;
| | - Claus Soerensen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Clive J. C. Phillips
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Science, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (C.J.C.P.)
- CUSP Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Thomas Banhazi
- AgHiTech Kft, H-1101 Budapest, Hungary;
- International College, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gulliksen SM, Framstad T, Kielland C, Velazquez MA, Terøy MM, Helland EM, Lyngstad RH, Delgado AJO, Oropeza-Moe M. Infrared thermography as a possible technique for the estimation of parturition onset in sows. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:3. [PMID: 36721224 PMCID: PMC9890875 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores the possibility of using infrared thermography to estimate the onset of parturition in sows. Infrared camera (IRC) and infrared laser thermometer (IRT) were used to obtain the auricular skin temperature of sows along with rectal temperatures, from approximately one week before the anticipated farrowing until 24 h post-partum. Three commercial piglet producing farms were included in the study. RESULTS There were large variations in observed auricular skin temperature, both by IRC and IRT per time point. Graphical exploration of the observed auricular skin temperature measured by the two methods showed the same parallel patterns, although temperatures measured by IRC were higher at any time point compared to IRT. Auricular skin thermography revealed a clear increase in temperatures before farrowing. Statistical analyses, adjusting for differences between farms, sow activity and respiration rate, confirmed this increase. When controlling for these variables, and comparing the baseline temperatures to temperatures at farrowing, the difference was 3.9 and 4.1 °C measured with IRT and IRC, respectively. The greatest increase, of more than 2 °C, was found between 16 and 8 h and 8 to 4 h before farrowing. Rectal temperature increased by 0.5 °C in the same time interval and reached a temperature peak after farrowing. CONCLUSION Sows showed a more than 2 °C increase in auricular skin temperature, measured by either IRC or IRT, 8 to16 hours before the first piglet was born. Hence, monitoring auricular skin temperatures of sows using infrared thermography one week before expected farrowing may provide a baseline temperature for each sow from which a sudden rise is indicative of parturition in the following 8 to 16 h. This may lead to more efficient allocation of human assistance during farrowing time and thereby improve farrowing management and the welfare of sows and their offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Gulliksen
- grid.457522.30000 0004 0451 3284Norwegian Pig Health Service, Animalia AS, P.O. Box 396, Økern, Norway
| | - T. Framstad
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - C. Kielland
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - M. A. Velazquez
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - M. M. Terøy
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - E. M. Helland
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - R. H. Lyngstad
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | | | - M. Oropeza-Moe
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mota-Rojas D, Pereira AMF, Martínez-Burnes J, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Casas-Alvarado A, Rios-Sandoval J, de Mira Geraldo A, Wang D. Thermal Imaging to Assess the Health Status in Wildlife Animals under Human Care: Limitations and Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243558. [PMID: 36552478 PMCID: PMC9774956 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting animal welfare in wildlife species under human care requires the implementation of techniques for continuously monitoring their health. Infrared thermography is a non-invasive tool that uses the radiation emitted from the skin of animals to assess their thermal state. However, there are no established thermal windows in wildlife species because factors such as the thickness or color of the skin, type/length of coat, or presence of fur can influence the readings taken to obtain objective, sensitive values. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the usefulness and application of the ocular, nasal, thoracic, abdominal, and podal anatomical regions as thermal windows for evaluating zoo animals' thermal response and health status. A literature search of the Web of Science, Science Direct, and PubMed databases was performed to identify relevant studies that used IRT with wild species as a complementary diagnostic tool. Implementing IRT in zoos or conservation centers could also serve as a method for determining and monitoring optimal habitat designs to meet the needs of specific animals. In addition, we analyze the limitations of using IRT with various wildlife species under human care to understand better the differences among animals and the factors that must be considered when using infrared thermography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Jennifer Rios-Sandoval
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Ana de Mira Geraldo
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gómez-Prado J, Pereira AMF, Wang D, Villanueva-García D, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Hernández-Avalos I, Martínez-Burnes J, Casas-Alvarado A, Olmos-Hernández A, Ramírez-Necoechea R, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Hernández A, Torres F, Mota-Rojas D. Thermoregulation mechanisms and perspectives for validating thermal windows in pigs with hypothermia and hyperthermia: An overview. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1023294. [PMID: 36532356 PMCID: PMC9751486 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1023294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific anatomical characteristics make the porcine species especially sensitive to extreme temperature changes, predisposing them to pathologies and even death due to thermal stress. Interest in improving animal welfare and porcine productivity has led to the development of various lines of research that seek to understand the effect of certain environmental conditions on productivity and the impact of implementing strategies designed to mitigate adverse effects. The non-invasive infrared thermography technique is one of the tools most widely used to carry out these studies, based on detecting changes in microcirculation. However, evaluations using this tool require reliable thermal windows; this can be challenging because several factors can affect the sensitivity and specificity of the regions selected. This review discusses the thermal windows used with domestic pigs and the association of thermal changes in these regions with the thermoregulatory capacity of piglets and hogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramiro Ramírez-Necoechea
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Astrid Hernández
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Torres
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McManus R, Boden LA, Weir W, Viora L, Barker R, Kim Y, McBride P, Yang S. Thermography for disease detection in livestock: A scoping review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:965622. [PMID: 36016809 PMCID: PMC9395652 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.965622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infra-red thermography (IRT) offers potential opportunities as a tool for disease detection in livestock. Despite considerable research in this area, there are no common standards or protocols for managing IRT parameters in animal disease detection research. In this review, we investigate parameters that are essential to the progression of this tool and make recommendations for their use based on the literature found and the veterinary thermography guidelines from the American Academy of Thermology. We analyzed a defined set of 109 articles concerned with the use of IRT in livestock related to disease and from these articles, parameters for accurate IRT were identified and sorted into the fields of camera-, animal- or environment-related categories to assess the practices of each article in reporting parameters. This review demonstrates the inconsistencies in practice across peer-reviewed articles and reveals that some important parameters are completely unreported while others are incorrectly captured and/or under-represented in the literature. Further to this, our review highlights the lack of measured emissivity values for live animals in multiple species. We present guidelines for the standards of parameters that should be used and reported in future experiments and discuss potential opportunities and challenges associated with using IRT for disease detection in livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary McManus
- Division of Pathology, Public Health and Disease Investigation, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A. Boden
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - William Weir
- Division of Pathology, Public Health and Disease Investigation, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Viora
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Barker
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Yunhyong Kim
- Information Studies Department, School of Humanities, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline McBride
- School of Law, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shufan Yang
- School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dynamic Variations in Infrared Skin Temperature of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Inoculated with the African Swine Fever Virus: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100223. [PMID: 34679053 PMCID: PMC8541399 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating viral disease in pigs and is therefore economically important for the swine industry. ASF is characterized by a short incubation period and immediate death, making the early identification of ASF-infected pigs essential. This pilot-scale study evaluates whether the infrared thermography (IRT) technique can be used as a diagnostic tool to detect changes in skin temperature (Tsk) during the early stages of disease development in experimentally ASF-infected pigs. Clinical symptoms and rectal temperatures (Tcore) were recorded daily, and IRT readings during the experimental ASF infection were analyzed. All infected pigs died at 5–8 days post inoculation (dpi), and the incubation period was approximately 4 dpi. The average Tcore increased from 0 dpi (38.9 ± 0.3 °C) to 7 dpi (41.0 ± 0.5 °C) and decreased by 8 dpi (39.8 ± 0 °C). The maximum Tsk of ASF-infected pigs increased from 2 (35.0 °C) to 3 dpi (38.5 °C). The mean maximum Tsk observed from three regions on the skin (ear, inguinal, and neck) significantly increased from 2 to 3 dpi. This study presents a non-contact method for the early detection of ASF in infected pigs using thermal imaging at 3 days after ASF infection.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gelasakis AI, Kalogianni AI, Moschovas M, Tsimpouri E, Pnevmatikos T, Bossis I, Arsenos G, Simitzis P. Evaluation of Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Footrot and White Line Disease Lesions in Dairy Sheep. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100219. [PMID: 34679049 PMCID: PMC8541259 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate temperature distribution at the sheep hoof and evaluate the reliability and diagnostic performance of infrared thermography (IRT) for the detection of footrot and white line disease (WLD) lesions in intensively reared dairy sheep. Hoof lesions were clinically assessed, and IRT was used to measure temperature distribution on hoof superficial tissue in 600 multiparous ewes. Binary regression models were developed and validated, and receiver operating characteristic curves were estimated to assess the predictive value and diagnostic performance of IRT for the detection of hoof lesions. The most sensitive prediction model for the detection of IFR was based on the difference between ambient and hoof heel temperature (sensitivity: 83.3%, specificity: 47.8%, and threshold value: 6.5 °C), whereas the most specific prediction model was based on the difference between ambient and coronary band temperature (sensitivity: 51.9%, specificity: 79.7%, and threshold value: 11.3 °C). In the case of WLD, the diagnostic performance of IRT had limited predictive value. IRT could be a useful tool for hoof health screening in dairy sheep. However, it must be cautiously adapted in cases where environmental, operating, and operator variables are not effectively controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.I.K.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +003-021-0529-4387
| | - Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.I.K.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Marios Moschovas
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.I.K.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Eirini Tsimpouri
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.I.K.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Theodoros Pnevmatikos
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.I.K.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, University Campus, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Campus, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Simitzis
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Application of the MISTEACHING(S) disease susceptibility framework to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to identify research gaps: an exemplar of a veterinary pathogen. Anim Health Res Rev 2021; 22:120-135. [PMID: 34275511 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252321000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the MISTEACHING (microbiome, immunity, sex, temperature, environment, age, chance, history, inoculum, nutrition, genetics) framework to describe the outcome of host-pathogen interaction, has been applied to human pathogens. Here, we show, using Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae as an exemplar, that the MISTEACHING framework can be applied to a strict veterinary pathogen, enabling the identification of major research gaps, the formulation of hypotheses whose study will lead to a greater understanding of pathogenic mechanisms, and/or improved prevention/therapeutic measures. We also suggest that the MISTEACHING framework should be extended with the inclusion of a 'strain' category, to become MISTEACHINGS. We conclude that the MISTEACHINGS framework can be applied to veterinary pathogens, whether they be bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites, and hope to stimulate others to use it to identify research gaps and to formulate hypotheses worthy of study with their own pathogens.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gómez Y, Stygar AH, Boumans IJMM, Bokkers EAM, Pedersen LJ, Niemi JK, Pastell M, Manteca X, Llonch P. A Systematic Review on Validated Precision Livestock Farming Technologies for Pig Production and Its Potential to Assess Animal Welfare. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:660565. [PMID: 34055949 PMCID: PMC8160240 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.660565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies, conceived for optimizing farming processes, are developed to detect the physical and behavioral changes of animals continuously and in real-time. The aim of this review was to explore the capacity of existing PLF technologies to contribute to the assessment of pig welfare. In a web search for commercially available PLF for pigs, 83 technologies were identified. A literature search was conducted, following systematic review guidelines (PRISMA), to identify studies on the validation of sensor technologies for assessing animal-based welfare indicators. Two validation levels were defined: internal (evaluation during system building within the same population that were used for system building) and external (evaluation on a different population than during system building). From 2,463 articles found, 111 were selected, which validated some PLF that could be applied to the assessment of animal-based welfare indicators of pigs (7% classified as external, and 93% as internal validation). From our list of commercially available PLF technologies, only 5% had been externally validated. The more often validated technologies were vision-based solutions (n = 45), followed by load-cells (n = 28; feeders and drinkers, force plates and scales), accelerometers (n = 14) and microphones (n = 14), thermal cameras (n = 10), photoelectric sensors (n = 5), radio-frequency identification (RFID) for tracking (n = 2), infrared thermometers (n = 1), and pyrometer (n = 1). Externally validated technologies were photoelectric sensors (n = 2), thermal cameras (n = 2), microphone (n = 1), load-cells (n = 1), RFID (n = 1), and pyrometer (n = 1). Measured traits included activity and posture-related behavior, feeding and drinking, other behavior, physical condition, and health. In conclusion, existing PLF technologies are potential tools for on-farm animal welfare assessment in pig production. However, validation studies are lacking for an important percentage of market available tools, and in particular research and development need to focus on identifying the feature candidates of the measures (e.g., deviations from diurnal pattern, threshold levels) that are valid signals of either negative or positive animal welfare. An important gap identified are the lack of technologies to assess affective states (both positive and negative states).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaneth Gómez
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna H. Stygar
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris J. M. M. Boumans
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eddie A. M. Bokkers
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jarkko K. Niemi
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Pastell
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xavier Manteca
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Llonch
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Non-Contact Evaluation of Pigs' Body Temperature Incorporating Environmental Factors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20154282. [PMID: 32752074 PMCID: PMC7436203 DOI: 10.3390/s20154282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Internal body temperature is the gold standard for the fever of pigs, however non-contact infrared imaging technology (IRT) can only measure the skin temperature of regions of interest (ROI). Therefore, using IRT to detect the internal body temperature should be based on a correlation model between the ROI temperature and the internal temperature. When heat exchange between the ROI and the surroundings makes the ROI temperature more correlated with the environment, merely depending on the ROI to predict the internal temperature is unreliable. To ensure a high prediction accuracy, this paper investigated the influence of air temperature and humidity on ROI temperature, then built a prediction model incorporating them. The animal test includes 18 swine. IRT was employed to collect the temperatures of the backside, eye, vulva, and ear root ROIs; meanwhile, the air temperature and humidity were recorded. Body temperature prediction models incorporating environmental factors and the ROI temperature were constructed based on Back Propagate Neural Net (BPNN), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Regression (SVR). All three models yielded better results regarding the maximum error, minimum error, and mean square error (MSE) when the environmental factors were considered. When environmental factors were incorporated, SVR produced the best outcome, with the maximum error at 0.478 °C, the minimum error at 0.124 °C, and the MSE at 0.159 °C. The result demonstrated the accuracy and applicability of SVR as a prediction model of pigs′ internal body temperature.
Collapse
|
13
|
Farrar KL, Field AE, Norris SL, Jacobsen KO. Comparison of Rectal and Infrared Thermometry Temperatures in Anesthetized Swine ( Sus scrofa). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:221-225. [PMID: 32075698 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermometry (IRTM) is a noncontact method to measure temperature. The purpose of this study was to compare rectal temperature and IRTM in healthy anesthetized swine, with the hypothesis that IRTM would be an accurate, noninvasive alternative for rectal temperature measurement. Two groups of female Yorkshire-cross swine (n = 14 and n = 12) were sedated with Tiletamine-zolazepam (0.5 mg/kg) for blood collection during a routine physical examination. While sedated, rectal temperatures were measured using a SureTemp Plus 690 (Welch Allyn) and IRTM measurements were taken using a FLIR E5 thermal imaging camera. The 2 anatomic sites used for thermography measurements were the area surrounding the eye and the neck at the base of the ear. The distance from the imaging camera and the animal during IRTM measurements was 24 to 32 inches, a distance that would allow camera access in a standard swine enclosure. The infrared imaging camera's surface temperature measurement exhibited a proportional bias when compared with the rectal temperature. All rectal temperature measurements were between 98.7 °F to 101.3 °F, with a mean temperature of 100.4 °F. IRTM tended to underestimate rectal temperatures at lower values, and overestimate rectal temperatures at higher values by approximately (+) or (-) 0.8 °F of rectal temperature. Infrared thermometry can provide a quick noninvasive assessment of the body surface temperature, without the need for animal handling or restraint, but should not be considered an accurate replacement for rectal temperature measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie L Farrar
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Amy E Field
- Research Support Division, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah L Norris
- Statistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Kenneth O Jacobsen
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Müllebner A, Sassu EL, Ladinig A, Frömbling J, Miller I, Ehling-Schulz M, Hennig-Pauka I, Duvigneau JC. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae triggers IL-10 expression in tonsils to mediate colonisation and persistence of infection in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:17-23. [PMID: 30458998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) persisting in clinically healthy pigs may be the causative agent of sudden outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in swine herds. During the course of acute disease, the pathogen is eliminated from inflamed lung tissue, which is characterized by the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an influx of neutrophils. However, if clearance by the porcine immune system fails, APP may switch to a persistent form. At later stages of infection, the pathogen may reside in tonsillar tissue without being eliminated by the host immune defence. To better understand the host immune response at different stages of infection, expression pattern of cytokines in tonsils and lung were recorded. In contrast to lung tissue, in which APP presence was associated with a pronounced pro-inflammatory character, APP presence in the tonsils elicited an increased IL-10 expression. In both organs of infected animals, a marked reciprocal correlation of the pro-inflammatory IL-17A and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was found, supporting the idea that both cytokines are produced in highly associated, but reciprocal differentiated cell types, possibly APP-specific Th17 subsets. It appears that a persistent phenotype of APP triggers the anti-inflammatory immune response in tonsillar tissue in an attempt to evade the porcine immune defence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Müllebner
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elena L Sassu
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Janna Frömbling
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li H, Liu F, Peng W, Yan K, Zhao H, Liu T, Cheng H, Chang P, Yuan F, Chen H, Bei W. The CpxA/CpxR Two-Component System Affects Biofilm Formation and Virulence in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:72. [PMID: 29662838 PMCID: PMC5890194 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria have evolved numerous two-component systems (TCSs) to cope with external environmental changes. The CpxA/CpxR TCS consisting of the kinase CpxA and the regulator CpxR, is known to be involved in the biofilm formation and virulence of Escherichia coli. However, the role of CpxA/CpxR remained unclear in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, a bacterial pathogen that can cause porcine contagious pleuropneumonia (PCP). In this report, we show that CpxA/CpxR contributes to the biofilm formation ability of A. pleuropneumoniae. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CpxA/CpxR plays an important role in the expression of several biofilm-related genes in A. pleuropneumoniae, such as rpoE and pgaC. Furthermore, The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and DNase I footprinting analysis demonstrate that CpxR-P can regulate the expression of the pgaABCD operon through rpoE. In an experimental infection of mice, the animals infected with a cpxA/cpxR mutant exhibited delayed mortality and lower bacterial loads in the lung than those infected with the wildtype bacteria. In conclusion, these results indicate that the CpxA/CpxR TCS plays a contributing role in the biofilm formation and virulence of A. pleuropneumoniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haixu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peixi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Antenucci F, Fougeroux C, Deeney A, Ørskov C, Rycroft A, Holst PJ, Bojesen AM. In vivo testing of novel vaccine prototypes against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Res 2018; 49:4. [PMID: 29316978 PMCID: PMC5761136 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) is a Gram-negative bacterium that represents the main cause of porcine pleuropneumonia in pigs, causing significant economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. A. pleuropneumoniae, as the majority of Gram-negative bacteria, excrete vesicles from its outer membrane (OM), accordingly defined as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Thanks to their antigenic similarity to the OM, OMVs have emerged as a promising tool in vaccinology. In this study we describe the in vivo testing of several vaccine prototypes for the prevention of infection by all known A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes. Previously identified vaccine candidates, the recombinant proteins ApfA and VacJ, administered individually or in various combinations with the OMVs, were employed as vaccination strategies. Our data show that the addition of the OMVs in the vaccine formulations significantly increased the specific IgG titer against both ApfA and VacJ in the immunized animals, confirming the previously postulated potential of the OMVs as adjuvant. Unfortunately, the antibody response raised did not translate into an effective protection against A. pleuropneumoniae infection, as none of the immunized groups following challenge showed a significantly lower degree of lesions than the controls. Interestingly, quite the opposite was true, as the animals with the highest IgG titers were also the ones bearing the most extensive lesions in their lungs. These results shed new light on A. pleuropneumoniae pathogenicity, suggesting that antibody-mediated cytotoxicity from the host immune response may play a central role in the development of the lesions typically associated with A. pleuropneumoniae infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Antenucci
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frb. C., 1-20, Building: 301, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cyrielle Fougeroux
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology ISIM, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farigmagsgade 5, Bldg 22/23, 1014 København K, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alannah Deeney
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 København N, 12.3, Building: 32, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Rycroft
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology ISIM, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farigmagsgade 5, Bldg 22/23, 1014 København K, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frb. C., 1-20, Building: 301, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sassu EL, Bossé JT, Tobias TJ, Gottschalk M, Langford PR, Hennig-Pauka I. Update on Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-knowledge, gaps and challenges. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:72-90. [PMID: 29083117 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine pleuropneumonia, caused by the bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, leads to high economic losses in affected swine herds in most countries of the world. Pigs affected by peracute and acute disease suffer from severe respiratory distress with high lethality. The agent was first described in 1957 and, since then, knowledge about the pathogen itself, and its interactions with the host, has increased continuously. This is, in part, due to the fact that experimental infections can be studied in the natural host. However, the fact that most commercial pigs are colonized by this pathogen has hampered the applicability of knowledge gained under experimental conditions. In addition, several factors are involved in development of disease, and these have often been studied individually. In a DISCONTOOLS initiative, members from science, industry and clinics exchanged their expertise and empirical observations and identified the major gaps in knowledge. This review sums up published results and expert opinions, within the fields of pathogenesis, epidemiology, transmission, immune response to infection, as well as the main means of prevention, detection and control. The gaps that still remain to be filled are highlighted, and present as well as future challenges in the control of this disease are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Sassu
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - J T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T J Tobias
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - P R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|