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Kuhlmeier E, Chan T, Agüí CV, Willi B, Wolfensberger A, Beisel C, Topolsky I, Beerenwinkel N, Stadler T, Jones S, Tyson G, Hosie MJ, Reitt K, Hüttl J, Meli ML, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Detection and Molecular Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant and the Specific Immune Response in Companion Animals in Switzerland. Viruses 2023; 15:245. [PMID: 36680285 PMCID: PMC9864232 DOI: 10.3390/v15010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In human beings, there are five reported variants of concern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, in contrast to human beings, descriptions of infections of animals with specific variants are still rare. The aim of this study is to systematically investigate SARS-CoV-2 infections in companion animals in close contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive owners ("COVID-19 households") with a focus on the Delta variant. Samples, obtained from companion animals and their owners were analyzed using a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Animals were also tested for antibodies and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Eleven cats and three dogs in nine COVID-19-positive households were RT-qPCR and/or serologically positive for the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. For seven animals, the genetic sequence could be determined. The animals were infected by one of the pangolin lineages B.1.617.2, AY.4, AY.43 and AY.129 and between zero and three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected between the viral genomes of animals and their owners, indicating within-household transmission between animal and owner and in multi-pet households also between the animals. NGS data identified SNPs that occur at a higher frequency in the viral sequences of companion animals than in viral sequences of humans, as well as SNPs, which were exclusively found in the animals investigated in the current study and not in their owners. In conclusion, our study is the first to describe the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant transmission to animals in Switzerland and provides the first-ever description of Delta-variant pangolin lineages AY.129 and AY.4 in animals. Our results reinforce the need of a One Health approach in the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kuhlmeier
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Chan
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Valenzuela Agüí
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aline Wolfensberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Topolsky
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sarah Jones
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Grace Tyson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Katja Reitt
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hüttl
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Bergmann Esteves S, Moreira Santos C, Ferreira Salgado F, Paldês Gonçales A, Gil Alves Guilloux A, Marinelli Martins C, Kuribaiashi Hagiwara M, Alonso Miotto B. Efficacy of commercially available vaccines against canine leptospirosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2022; 40:1722-1740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Klaus J, Zini E, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Kipar A, Bergmann M, Palizzotto C, Zhao S, Rossi F, Franco V, Porporato F, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Dogs and Cats from Southern Germany and Northern Italy during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2021; 13:1453. [PMID: 34452319 PMCID: PMC8402904 DOI: 10.3390/v13081453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people globally since its first detection in late 2019. Besides humans, cats and, to some extent, dogs were shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the need for surveillance in a One Health context. Seven veterinary clinics from regions with high incidences of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were recruited during the early pandemic (March to July 2020) for the screening of patients. A total of 2257 oropharyngeal and nasal swab specimen from 877 dogs and 260 cats (including 18 animals from COVID-19-affected households and 92 animals with signs of respiratory disease) were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) targeting the viral envelope (E) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes. One oropharyngeal swab from an Italian cat, living in a COVID-19-affected household in Piedmont, tested positive in RT-qPCR (1/260; 0.38%, 95% CI: 0.01-2.1%), and SARS-CoV-2 infection of the animal was serologically confirmed six months later. One oropharyngeal swab from a dog was potentially positive (1/877; 0.1%, 95% CI: 0.002-0.63%), but the result was not confirmed in a reference laboratory. Analyses of convenience sera from 118 animals identified one dog (1/94; 1.1%; 95% CI: 0.02-5.7%) from Lombardy, but no cats (0/24), as positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies and neutralizing activity. These findings support the hypothesis that the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pet cat and dog populations, and hence, the risk of zoonotic transmission to veterinary staff, was low during the first wave of the pandemic, even in hotspot areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klaus
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Eric Zini
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell′Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Carlo Palizzotto
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.E.); (S.Z.)
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Francesco Rossi
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Vittoria Franco
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Federico Porporato
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
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Schuler EJA, Marconi RT. The Leptospiral General Secretory Protein D (GspD), a secretin, elicits complement-independent bactericidal antibody against diverse Leptospira species and serovars. Vaccine X 2021; 7:100089. [PMID: 33733085 PMCID: PMC7941034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, the most common zoonotic infection worldwide, is a multi-system disorder affecting the kidney, liver, and lungs. Infections can be asymptomatic, self-limiting or progress to multi-organ system failure and pulmonary hemorrhage. The incidence of canine and human leptospirosis is steadily increasing worldwide. At least sixty-four Leptospira species and several hundred lipopolysaccharide-based serovars have been defined. Preventive vaccines are available for use in veterinary medicine and limited use in humans in some countries. All commercially available vaccines are bacterin formulations that consist of a combination of laboratory cultivated strains of different lipopolysaccharide serotypes. The development of a broadly protective subunit vaccine would represent a significant step forward in efforts to combat leptospirosis in humans, livestock, and companion animals worldwide. Here we investigate the potential of General secretory protein D (GspD; LIC11570), a secretin, to serve as a possible antigen in a multi-valent vaccine formulation. GspD is conserved, expressed in vitro, antigenic during infection and elicits antibody with complement independent bactericidal activity. Importantly, antibody to GspD is bactericidal against diverse Leptospira species of the P1 subclade. Epitope mapping localized the bactericidal epitopes to the N-terminal N0 domain of GspD. The data within support further exploration of GspD as a candidate for inclusion in a next generation multi-protein subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- EJA. Schuler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, 1112 E Clay St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - RT. Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, 1112 E Clay St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Bonaparte A, Page C, Beeler E. Orchitis and balanoposthitis in a dog with Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola in Southern California. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by bacteria Leptospira. It can infect multiple species of mammals, including humans, dogs, rats, mice, raccoons, skunks, opossums, cows and pigs. Once infected, mammals may present with a variety of clinical manifestations. While the classical presentation of the disease is easily recognised by experienced clinicians practising in endemic regions, atypical systemic manifestations can be missed. In this case report, we describe the atypical manifestations of orchitis and balanoposthitis in a five-year-old male intact dog from Los Angeles County, California with confirmed leptospirosis. The dog was infected with serovar Canicola, which is uncommon for this region. Awareness of these atypical manifestations would hopefully guide clinicians towards early diagnosis.
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Wood PL, Steinman M, Erol E, Carter C, Christmann U, Verma A. Lipidomic analysis of immune activation in equine leptospirosis and Leptospira-vaccinated horses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193424. [PMID: 29474474 PMCID: PMC5825116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available diagnostic assays for leptospirosis cannot differentiate vaccine from infection serum antibody. Several leptospiral proteins that are upregulated during infection have been described, but their utility as a diagnostic marker is still unclear. In this study, we undertook a lipidomics approach to determine if there are any differences in the serum lipid profiles of horses naturally infected with pathogenic Leptospira spp. and horses vaccinated against a commercially available bacterin. Utilizing a high-resolution mass spectrometry serum lipidomics analytical platform, we demonstrate that cyclic phosphatidic acids, diacylglycerols, and hydroperoxide oxidation products of choline plasmalogens are elevated in the serum of naturally infected as well as vaccinated horses. Other lipids of interest were triacylglycerols that were only elevated in the serum of infected horses and sphingomyelins that were increased only in the serum of vaccinated horses. This is the first report looking at the equine serum lipidome during leptospiral infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PLW); (AV)
| | - Margaret Steinman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Erdal Erol
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Craig Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Undine Christmann
- Center for Infectious, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh Verma
- Center for Infectious, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PLW); (AV)
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Alinaitwe L, Kakooza S, Eneku W, Dreyfus A, Rodriguez‐Campos S. Case of clinical canine leptospirosis in Uganda. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lordrick Alinaitwe
- College of Veterinary MedicineAnimal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB)Makerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - Steven Kakooza
- College of Veterinary MedicineAnimal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB)Makerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - Wilfred Eneku
- College of Veterinary MedicineAnimal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB)Makerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - Anou Dreyfus
- Section of EpidemiologyVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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