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Kuhlmeier E, Chan T, Meli ML, Willi B, Wolfensberger A, Reitt K, Hüttl J, Jones S, Tyson G, Hosie MJ, Zablotski Y, Hofmann-Lehmann R. A Risk Factor Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Animals in COVID-19-Affected Households. Viruses 2023; 15:731. [PMID: 36992440 PMCID: PMC10051903 DOI: 10.3390/v15030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A higher prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals that have close contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive humans ("COVID-19 households") has been demonstrated in several countries. This prospective study aimed to determine the SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in animals from Swiss COVID-19 households and to assess the potential risk factors for infection. The study included 226 companion animals (172 cats, 76.1%; 49 dogs, 21.7%; and 5 other animals, 2.2%) from 122 COVID-19 households with 336 human household members (including 230 SARS-CoV-2-positive people). The animals were tested for viral RNA using an RT-qPCR and/or serologically for antibodies and neutralizing activity. Additionally, surface samples from animal fur and beds underwent an RT-qPCR. A questionnaire about hygiene, animal hygiene, and contact intensity was completed by the household members. A total of 49 of the 226 animals (21.7%) from 31 of the 122 households (25.4%) tested positive/questionably positive for SARS-CoV-2, including 37 of the 172 cats (21.5%) and 12 of the 49 dogs (24.5%). The surface samples tested positive significantly more often in households with SARS-CoV-2-positive animals than in households with SARS-CoV-2-negative animals (p = 0.011). Significantly more animals tested positive in the multivariable analysis for households with minors. For cats, a shorter length of outdoor access and a higher frequency of removing droppings from litterboxes were factors that were significantly associated with higher infection rates. The study emphasizes that the behavior of owners and the living conditions of animals can influence the likelihood of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in companion animals. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the infection transmission and dynamics in animals, as well as to identify the possible risk factors for animals in infected households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kuhlmeier
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Tatjana Chan
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Aline Wolfensberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Katja Reitt
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (K.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Julia Hüttl
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (K.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Sarah Jones
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (S.J.); (G.T.)
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Grace Tyson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (S.J.); (G.T.)
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
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Kuhlmeier E, Chan T, Agüí CV, Willi B, Wolfensberger A, Beisel C, Topolsky I, Beerenwinkel N, Stadler T, Jones S, Tyson G, Hosie MJ, Reitt K, Hüttl J, Meli ML, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Detection and Molecular Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant and the Specific Immune Response in Companion Animals in Switzerland. Viruses 2023; 15:245. [PMID: 36680285 PMCID: PMC9864232 DOI: 10.3390/v15010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In human beings, there are five reported variants of concern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, in contrast to human beings, descriptions of infections of animals with specific variants are still rare. The aim of this study is to systematically investigate SARS-CoV-2 infections in companion animals in close contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive owners ("COVID-19 households") with a focus on the Delta variant. Samples, obtained from companion animals and their owners were analyzed using a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Animals were also tested for antibodies and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Eleven cats and three dogs in nine COVID-19-positive households were RT-qPCR and/or serologically positive for the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. For seven animals, the genetic sequence could be determined. The animals were infected by one of the pangolin lineages B.1.617.2, AY.4, AY.43 and AY.129 and between zero and three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected between the viral genomes of animals and their owners, indicating within-household transmission between animal and owner and in multi-pet households also between the animals. NGS data identified SNPs that occur at a higher frequency in the viral sequences of companion animals than in viral sequences of humans, as well as SNPs, which were exclusively found in the animals investigated in the current study and not in their owners. In conclusion, our study is the first to describe the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant transmission to animals in Switzerland and provides the first-ever description of Delta-variant pangolin lineages AY.129 and AY.4 in animals. Our results reinforce the need of a One Health approach in the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kuhlmeier
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Chan
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Valenzuela Agüí
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aline Wolfensberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Topolsky
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sarah Jones
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Grace Tyson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Katja Reitt
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hüttl
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Parry H, McIlroy G, Bruton R, Damery S, Tyson G, Logan N, Davis C, Willett B, Zuo J, Ali M, Kaur M, Stephens C, Brant D, Otter A, McSkeane T, Rolfe H, Faustini S, Richter A, Lee S, Wandroo F, Shafeek S, Pratt G, Paneesha S, Moss P. Impaired neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant in vaccinated patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:3. [PMID: 35000597 PMCID: PMC8743056 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune suppression is a clinical feature of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and patients show increased vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection and suboptimal antibody responses. METHOD We studied antibody responses in 500 patients following dual COVID-19 vaccination to assess the magnitude, correlates of response, stability and functional activity of the spike-specific antibody response with two different vaccine platforms. RESULTS Spike-specific seroconversion post-vaccine was seen in 67% of patients compared to 100% of age-matched controls. Amongst responders, titres were 3.7 times lower than the control group. Antibody responses showed a 33% fall over the next 4 months. The use of an mRNA (n = 204) or adenovirus-based (n = 296) vaccine platform did not impact on antibody response. Male gender, BTKi therapy, prophylactic antibiotics use and low serum IgA/IgM were predictive of failure to respond. Antibody responses after CD20-targeted immunotherapy recovered 12 months post treatment. Post-vaccine sera from CLL patients with Spike-specific antibody response showed markedly reduced neutralisation of the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant compared to healthy controls. Patients with previous natural SARS-CoV-2 infection showed equivalent antibody levels and function as healthy donors after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate impaired antibody responses following dual COVID-19 vaccination in patients with CLL and further define patient risk groups. Furthermore, humoural protection against the globally dominant delta variant is markedly impaired in CLL patients and indicates the need for further optimisation of immune protection in this patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Parry
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Graham McIlroy
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sarah Damery
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Grace Tyson
- MRC- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - Chris Davis
- MRC- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Brian Willett
- MRC- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Myah Ali
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Manjit Kaur
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christine Stephens
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Dawn Brant
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ashley Otter
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 OJG, UK
| | - Tina McSkeane
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hayley Rolfe
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sian Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sophie Lee
- Department of Haematology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust. Wolverhampton Hospital, Wolverhampton, WV10 0QP, UK
| | - Farooq Wandroo
- Department of Haematology. Sandwell and West Birmingham, NHS Trust, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK
| | - Salim Shafeek
- Department of Haematology, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester, WR5 1DD, UK
| | - Guy Pratt
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Shankara Paneesha
- Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Dowell AC, Butler MS, Jinks E, Tut G, Lancaster T, Sylla P, Begum J, Bruton R, Pearce H, Verma K, Logan N, Tyson G, Spalkova E, Margielewska-Davies S, Taylor GS, Syrimi E, Baawuah F, Beckmann J, Okike IO, Ahmad S, Garstang J, Brent AJ, Brent B, Ireland G, Aiano F, Amin-Chowdhury Z, Jones S, Borrow R, Linley E, Wright J, Azad R, Waiblinger D, Davis C, Thomson EC, Palmarini M, Willett BJ, Barclay WS, Poh J, Amirthalingam G, Brown KE, Ramsay ME, Zuo J, Moss P, Ladhani S. Children develop robust and sustained cross-reactive spike-specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:40-49. [PMID: 34937928 PMCID: PMC8709786 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is generally mild or asymptomatic in children but a biological basis for this outcome is unclear. Here we compare antibody and cellular immunity in children (aged 3-11 years) and adults. Antibody responses against spike protein were high in children and seroconversion boosted responses against seasonal Beta-coronaviruses through cross-recognition of the S2 domain. Neutralization of viral variants was comparable between children and adults. Spike-specific T cell responses were more than twice as high in children and were also detected in many seronegative children, indicating pre-existing cross-reactive responses to seasonal coronaviruses. Importantly, children retained antibody and cellular responses 6 months after infection, whereas relative waning occurred in adults. Spike-specific responses were also broadly stable beyond 12 months. Therefore, children generate robust, cross-reactive and sustained immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with focused specificity for the spike protein. These findings provide insight into the relative clinical protection that occurs in most children and might help to guide the design of pediatric vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Dowell
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Megan S Butler
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Jinks
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jusnara Begum
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hayden Pearce
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kriti Verma
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Grace Tyson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eliska Spalkova
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sandra Margielewska-Davies
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham S Taylor
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eleni Syrimi
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Ifeanyichukwu O Okike
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
| | - Shazaad Ahmad
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanna Garstang
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Aston, UK
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew J Brent
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel Jones
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Ray Borrow
- Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Ezra Linley
- Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Rafaq Azad
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - John Poh
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | | | - Kevin E Brown
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Mary E Ramsay
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St. George's University of London, London, UK
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5
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Davis C, Logan N, Tyson G, Orton R, Harvey WT, Perkins JS, Mollett G, Blacow RM, Peacock TP, Barclay WS, Cherepanov P, Palmarini M, Murcia PR, Patel AH, Robertson DL, Haughney J, Thomson EC, Willett BJ. Reduced neutralisation of the Delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern following vaccination. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010022. [PMID: 34855916 PMCID: PMC8639073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are proving to be highly effective in controlling hospitalisation and deaths associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection but the emergence of viral variants with novel antigenic profiles threatens to diminish their efficacy. Assessment of the ability of sera from vaccine recipients to neutralise SARS-CoV-2 variants will inform the success of strategies for minimising COVID19 cases and the design of effective antigenic formulations. Here, we examine the sensitivity of variants of concern (VOCs) representative of the B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2 (first associated with infections in India) and B.1.351 (first associated with infection in South Africa) lineages of SARS-CoV-2 to neutralisation by sera from individuals vaccinated with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) vaccines. Across all vaccinated individuals, the spike glycoproteins from B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2 conferred reductions in neutralisation of 4.31 and 5.11-fold respectively. The reduction seen with the B.1.617.2 lineage approached that conferred by the glycoprotein from B.1.351 (South African) variant (6.29-fold reduction) that is known to be associated with reduced vaccine efficacy. Neutralising antibody titres elicited by vaccination with two doses of BNT162b2 were significantly higher than those elicited by vaccination with two doses of ChAdOx1. Fold decreases in the magnitude of neutralisation titre following two doses of BNT162b2, conferred reductions in titre of 7.77, 11.30 and 9.56-fold respectively to B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 pseudoviruses, the reduction in neutralisation of the delta variant B.1.617.2 surpassing that of B.1.351. Fold changes in those vaccinated with two doses of ChAdOx1 were 0.69, 4.01 and 1.48 respectively. The accumulation of mutations in these VOCs, and others, demonstrate the quantifiable risk of antigenic drift and subsequent reduction in vaccine efficacy. Accordingly, booster vaccines based on updated variants are likely to be required over time to prevent productive infection. This study also suggests that two dose regimes of vaccine are required for maximal BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Logan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Tyson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William T. Harvey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan S. Perkins
- Clinical Research Facility, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Mollett
- Clinical Research Facility, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M. Blacow
- Clinical Research Facility, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas P. Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy S. Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo R. Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John Haughney
- Clinical Research Facility, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C. Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J. Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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6
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Wilson RM, Zayed AA, Crossen KB, Woodcroft B, Tfaily MM, Emerson J, Raab N, Hodgkins SB, Verbeke B, Tyson G, Crill P, Saleska S, Chanton JP, Rich VI. Functional capacities of microbial communities to carry out large scale geochemical processes are maintained during ex situ anaerobic incubation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245857. [PMID: 33630888 PMCID: PMC7906461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms controlling CO2 and CH4 production in wetlands are central to understanding carbon cycling and greenhouse gas exchange. However, the volatility of these respiration products complicates quantifying their rates of production in the field. Attempts to circumvent the challenges through closed system incubations, from which gases cannot escape, have been used to investigate bulk in situ geochemistry. Efforts towards mapping mechanistic linkages between geochemistry and microbiology have raised concern regarding sampling and incubation-induced perturbations. Microorganisms are impacted by oxygen exposure, increased temperatures and accumulation of metabolic products during handling, storage, and incubation. We probed the extent of these perturbations, and their influence on incubation results, using high-resolution geochemical and microbial gene-based community profiling of anaerobically incubated material from three wetland habitats across a permafrost peatland. We compared the original field samples to the material anaerobically incubated over 50 days. Bulk geochemistry and phylum-level microbiota in incubations largely reflected field observations, but divergence between field and incubations occurred in both geochemistry and lineage-level microbial composition when examined at closer resolution. Despite the changes in representative lineages over time, inferred metabolic function with regards to carbon cycling largely reproduced field results suggesting functional consistency. Habitat differences among the source materials remained the largest driver of variation in geochemical and microbial differences among the samples in both incubations and field results. While incubations may have limited usefulness for identifying specific mechanisms, they remain a viable tool for probing bulk-scale questions related to anaerobic C cycling, including CO2 and CH4 dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Wilson
- Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RMW); (VIR)
| | - A. A. Zayed
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - K. B. Crossen
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - B. Woodcroft
- Australian Center for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M. M. Tfaily
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - J. Emerson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - N. Raab
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - S. B. Hodgkins
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - B. Verbeke
- Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - G. Tyson
- Australian Center for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P. Crill
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - J. P. Chanton
- Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - V. I. Rich
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (RMW); (VIR)
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7
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Bohorquez H, Seal JB, Cohen AJ, Kressel A, Bugeaud E, Bruce DS, Carmody IC, Reichman TW, Battula N, Alsaggaf M, Therapondos G, Bzowej N, Tyson G, Joshi S, Nicolau-Raducu R, Girgrah N, Loss GE. Safety and Outcomes in 100 Consecutive Donation After Circulatory Death Liver Transplants Using a Protocol That Includes Thrombolytic Therapy. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:2155-2164. [PMID: 28276658 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver transplantation (LT) reportedly yields inferior survival and increased complication rates compared with donation after brain death (DBD). We compare 100 consecutive DCD LT using a protocol that includes thrombolytic therapy (late DCD group) to an historical DCD group (early DCD group n = 38) and a cohort of DBD LT recipients (DBD group n = 435). Late DCD LT recipients had better 1- and 3-year graft survival rates than early DCD LT recipients (92% vs. 76.3%, p = 0.03 and 91.4% vs. 73.7%, p = 0.01). Late DCD graft survival rates were comparable to those of the DBD group (92% vs. 93.3%, p = 0.24 and 91.4% vs. 88.2%, p = 0.62). Re-transplantation occurred in 18.4% versus 1% for the early and late DCD groups, respectively (p = 0.001). Patient survival was similar in all three groups. Ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBL) occurred in 5%, 3%, and 0.2% for early DCD, late DCD, and DBD groups, respectively, but unlike in the early DCD group, in the late DCD group ITBL was endoscopically managed and resolved in each case. Using a protocol that includes a thrombolytic therapy, DCD LT yielded patient and graft survival rates comparable to DBD LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bohorquez
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - J B Seal
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - A J Cohen
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - A Kressel
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - E Bugeaud
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - D S Bruce
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - I C Carmody
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - T W Reichman
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - N Battula
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - M Alsaggaf
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - G Therapondos
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - N Bzowej
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - G Tyson
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - S Joshi
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - R Nicolau-Raducu
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - N Girgrah
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
| | - G E Loss
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA
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8
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Tyson G, Fenstermacher J, Davis R. Vascular factors affecting drug delivery to brain tumors. Basic Life Sci 1989; 50:115-20. [PMID: 2751603 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5622-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Tyson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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9
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Tyson G, Bishop MJ, Bashein G, Cullen BF. PROLONGED ANESTHESIA WITH NITROUS OXIDE. Anesth Analg 1987. [DOI: 10.1213/00000539-198702001-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Abstract
An excellent functional result was obtained after microsuture of a trochlear nerve which was inadvertently divided during the course of a craniotomy. Successful intracranial suture of this nerve has not previously been reported. Ophthalmoscopic detection of excyclotorsion of the eye on the side of the trochlear nerve palsy is discussed, along with its value in the differential diagnosis of acquired vertical diplopia.
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11
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Tyson G. Small groups and personal change ? (Ed.): Methuen, London (1980). Personality and Individual Differences 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(81)90079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Tyson G, Kelly P, McCulloch J, Teasdale G. Autoradiographic assessment of choroid plexus blood flow and glucose utilization in the unanesthetized rat. J Neurosurg 1982; 57:543-7. [PMID: 7108604 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1982.57.4.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Choroid plexus blood flow (CPBF) and glucose utilization (CPGU) were measured in two groups, each of seven identically prepared, unanesthetized rats, using complementary quantitative autoradiographic techniques. Both CPBF and CPGU were lowest in the lateral ventricles (0.83 +/- 0.01 . g-1 . min-1 and 0.70 +/- 0.02 mumoles . g-1 . min-1, respectively) and highest in the fourth ventricle (1.56 +/- 0.05 ml l g-1 . min-1 and 1.39 +/- 0.05 mumoles . g-1 . min-1, respectively). Despite this heterogeneity, the proportionate relationship between CPBF and CPGU was relatively constant throughout the ventricular system. This suggests that blood flow and metabolism may normally be coupled in the choroid plexus, and that the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle may account for a disproportionate share of the functional activity of this tissue.
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Abstract
A consecutive series of 48 adult patients with a chronic subdural hematoma is reported. These patients were treated according to a protocol consisting of a sequence of conventional surgical procedures ranging from simple burr-hole drainage to craniotomy and subdural membranectomy. Seven patients (15%) continued to demonstrate severe neurological dysfunction, or suffered acute neurological deterioration after completion of this protocol. However, after undergoing excision of the cranial vault overlying the hematoma site, six of these seven patients demonstrated a significant clinical improvement. Based on analysis of these seven cases, the authors suggest that craniectomy be considered in those patients who suffer a symptomatic reaccumulation of subdural fluid following craniotomy and membranectomy, or who demonstrate further neurological deterioration as a result of cerebral swelling subjacent to the hematoma site. However, this procedure probably has no efficacy once extensive cerebral infarction has occurred.
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14
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Tyson G, Newman P, Strachan WE. Tuberculous brain abscess. Surg Neurol 1978; 10:323-5. [PMID: 725742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain abscess is probably the least common manifestation of tuberculous infection of the central nervous system. Some authors have made a rigid distinction between tuberculous brain abscess and variants of cerebral tuberculoma. Such a distinction is not supported by our own case of tuberculous brain abscess, or by review of similar, recently reported cases.
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15
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Yashon D, Tyson G, Vise WM. Rapid closed reduction of cervical fracture dislocations. Surg Neurol 1975; 4:513-4. [PMID: 1188588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Indications and a procedure for rapid closed reduction and decompression of cervical fracture dislocations in less than two hours by tong traction are described. Large amounts of weight are utilized. Neurologic damage due either to the large amount of weight or to rapidity of reduction has not been observed. The procedure is advocated in appropriate patients, provided that both sequential neurologic and radiographic monitoring are carried out.
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