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Kennedy SM, Passler T, Ditchkoff SS, Brown VR, Raithel GW, Chamorro MF, Walz PH, Kyriakis CS, Falkenberg SM. Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Wild Pigs (Sus scrofa) in 17 States in the USA. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:647-659. [PMID: 38752344 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are among the most detrimental invasive species in the USA. They are damaging to crops and agriculture, pose a public health risk as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, and may also spread disease to livestock. One pathogen identified in wild pigs is bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a virus that causes an economically important disease of cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). We sought to determine the BVDV seroprevalence in wild pigs in 17 states across the US and to determine whether age category, sex, or location were associated with a positive antibody titer. Serum samples from 945 wild pigs were collected from 17 US states. Virus neutralization assays were performed to determine antibody titers against BVDV-1b and BVDV-2a. Total BVDV seroprevalence for the study area was 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.11-8.89). Seroprevalence across all evaluated states was determined to be 4.4% (95% CI, 2.48-6.82) for BVDV-1b and 3.6% (95% CI, 1.54-5.60) for BVDV-2a. The seroprevalence for individual states varied from 0% to 16.7%. There was no statistical difference in median antibody titer for BVDV-1b or BVDV-2a by sex or age category. State seroprevalences for both BVDV-1b and BVDV-2a were associated with wild pig population estimates for those states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari M Kennedy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1500 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
- Current address: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 2065 W. Farm Road, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1500 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Stephen S Ditchkoff
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, 3301 Forestry Wildlife, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Vienna R Brown
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Gage W Raithel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Manuel F Chamorro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1500 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Paul H Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Constantinos S Kyriakis
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Dunowska M, Lal R, Dissanayake SD, Bond SD, Burrows E, Moffat J, Howe L. Bovine viral diarrhoea viruses from New Zealand belong predominantly to the BVDV-1a genotype. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:66-78. [PMID: 38212951 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2291039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM To determine which genotypes of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) circulate among cattle in New Zealand. METHODS Samples comprised BVDV-1-positive sera sourced from submissions to veterinary diagnostic laboratories in 2019 (n = 25), 2020 (n = 59) and 2022 (n = 74) from both beef and dairy herds, as well as archival BVDV-1 isolates (n = 5). Fragments of the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and glycoprotein E2 coding sequence of the BVDV genome were amplified and sequenced. The sequences were aligned to each other and to international BVDV-1 sequences to determine their similarities and phylogenetic relationships. The 5' UTR sequences were also used to create genetic haplotype networks to determine if they were correlated with selected traits (location, type of farm, and year of collection). RESULTS The 5' UTR sequences from New Zealand BVDV were closely related to each other, with pairwise identities between 89% and 100%. All clustered together and were designated as BVDV-1a (n = 144) or BVDV-1c (n = 5). There was no evidence of a correlation between the 5' UTR sequence and the geographical origin within the country, year of collection or the type of farm. Partial E2 sequences from New Zealand BVDV (n = 76) showed 74-100% identity to each other and clustered in two main groups. The subtype assignment based on the E2 sequence was the same as based on the 5' UTR analysis. This is the first comprehensive analysis of genomic variability of contemporary New Zealand BVDV based on the analysis of the non-coding (5' UTR) and coding (E2) sequences. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of the diversity of the viruses circulating in the country is a prerequisite for the development of effective control strategies, including a selection of suitable vaccines. The data presented suggest that New Zealand BVDV are relatively homogeneous, which should facilitate eradication efforts including selection or development of the most suitable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dunowska
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R Lal
- College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S D Dissanayake
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S D Bond
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E Burrows
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Moffat
- Scipharma Ltd., Upper Moutere, New Zealand
| | - L Howe
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Verasay Caviedes S, Pizarro-Lucero J, Cabello J, Vicencio R, Celis S, Ortiz C, Kemec I, Abuhadba-Mediano N, Asencio R, Vera F, Valencia C, Lagos R, Moreira-Arce D, Salinas F, Ramirez-Toloza G, Muñoz-Quijano R, Neira V, Salgado R, Abalos P, Parra B, Cárdenas-Cáceres S, Muena NA, Tischler ND, Del Pozo I, Aduriz G, Esperon F, Muñoz-Leal S, Aravena P, Alegría-Morán R, Cuadrado-Matías R, Ruiz-Fons F. High Exposure to Livestock Pathogens in Southern Pudu ( Pudu puda) from Chile. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:526. [PMID: 38396494 PMCID: PMC10886221 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant gap in exposure data for most livestock and zoonotic pathogens is common for several Latin America deer species. This study examined the seroprevalence against 13 pathogens in 164 wild and captive southern pudu from Chile between 2011 and 2023. Livestock and zoonotic pathogen antibodies were detected in 22 of 109 wild pudus (20.18%; 95% CI: 13.34-29.18) and 17 of 55 captive pudus (30.91%; 95% CI: 19.52-44.96), including five Leptospira interrogans serovars (15.38% and 10.71%), Toxoplasma gondii (8.57% and 37.50%), Chlamydia abortus (3.03% and 12.82%), Neospora caninum (0.00% and 9.52%), and Pestivirus (8.00% and 6.67%). Risk factors were detected for Leptospira spp., showing that fawn pudu have statistically significantly higher risk of positivity than adults. In the case of T. gondii, pudu living in "free-range" have a lower risk of being positive for this parasite. In under-human-care pudu, a Pestivirus outbreak is the most strongly suspected as the cause of abortions in a zoo in the past. This study presents the first evidence of Chlamydia abortus in wildlife in South America and exposure to T. gondii, L. interrogans, and N. caninum in wild ungulate species in Chile. High seroprevalence of livestock pathogens such as Pestivirus and Leptospira Hardjo in wild animals suggests a livestock transmission in Chilean template forest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastián Verasay Caviedes
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Veterinario SOS Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile;
| | - Jose Pizarro-Lucero
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Javier Cabello
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; (J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Rocio Vicencio
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; (J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Sebastián Celis
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; (S.C.); (C.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Carolina Ortiz
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; (S.C.); (C.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Ignacio Kemec
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; (S.C.); (C.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Nour Abuhadba-Mediano
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago 7580506, Chile;
| | - Ronie Asencio
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; (J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Frank Vera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Patagonia Campus, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (F.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Carola Valencia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Patagonia Campus, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (F.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Rocio Lagos
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Veterinario SOS Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile;
| | - Dario Moreira-Arce
- Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile;
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Fernanda Salinas
- Fundacion Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile;
- Escuela de Geografia, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Galia Ramirez-Toloza
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Raul Muñoz-Quijano
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Victor Neira
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Pedro Abalos
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Barbara Parra
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Simone Cárdenas-Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Nicolás A. Muena
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Nicole D. Tischler
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.); (N.D.T.)
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Itziar Del Pozo
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, 48160 Derio, Spain; (I.D.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Gorka Aduriz
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, 48160 Derio, Spain; (I.D.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Fernando Esperon
- Veterinary Department, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Sebastián Muñoz-Leal
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile; (S.M.-L.); (P.A.)
| | - Paula Aravena
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile; (S.M.-L.); (P.A.)
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede Santiago, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejercito Libertador 146, Santiago 8370003, Chile;
| | - Raul Cuadrado-Matías
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.C.-M.)
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.C.-M.)
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Hugues F, Cabezas I, Garigliany M, Rivas F, Casanova T, González EE, Sánchez O, Castillo R, Parra NC, Inostroza-Michael O, Moreno L, Hernández CE, Toledo JR. First report of bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotypes 1d and 1e in southern Chile. Virol J 2023; 20:205. [PMID: 37679808 PMCID: PMC10486069 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cattle worldwide causing severe productive and economic loss. In this study, we investigated the subgenotypes of BVDV circulating in cattle samples from the Aysén region, an active cattle breeding area located in southern Chile. Partial amplification of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and twelve samples were analyzed by Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Eight samples were identified as belonging to Pestivirus bovis subgenotype 1e, three to 1-b, and one to 1-d. The phylogenetic analyses performed revealed a marked distance between these now-identified strains and those previously reported in the country. These findings support the need to continually expand the analysis of the variability of the viral phylogeny for the currently circulating BVDV strains and to update the vaccines recommended for this livestock area and surrounding areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hugues
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Ignacio Cabezas
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Mutien Garigliany
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Felipe Rivas
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tomás Casanova
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Eddy E González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4070386, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4070386, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Natalie C Parra
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4070386, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oscar Inostroza-Michael
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, HOLON SpA., Concepción, Chile
| | - Lucila Moreno
- Laboratorio de Ecología Parasitaria, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristián E Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Perú.
| | - Jorge R Toledo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4070386, Concepción, Chile.
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Alocilla OA, Monti G. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus within and herd prevalence on pasture-based dairy systems, in southern Chile dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105533. [PMID: 34826733 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a ubiquitous endemic disease in most bovine populations that causes a negative economic impact on cattle production systems. However, true herd and individual prevalence in Chile have not been estimated based on statistical and epidemiological considerations and uncertainty regarding the infection's extension at animal and herd levels. In addition, the risk factors that can influence how the infection has spread among the cattle premises have not been assessed yet. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate true herd and animal prevalence of active BVDV infection in pasture-based dairy herds and to evaluate risk factors potentially associated with the status of herds and the within-herd prevalence, using a Bayesian approach. A cross-sectional study was performed over a random stratified (proportional to herd size) sample of one-hundred and fifty dairy herds selected in Chile's two leading dairy regions (Region de Los Ríos and Region de Los Lagos). We obtained 12.311 blood samples from lactating cows, but 4.998 randomly selected samples were processed due to budget constraints. For estimating BVDV Herd Prevalence (HP), a herd was considered infected if at least one positive animal to Ag-ELISA was found. In addition, a survey was completed on each farm, aiming to collect information to assess the influence of some variables over the state of the herds; both estimations were obtained using a Bayesian approach. True herd prevalence and true individual prevalence of BVDV active infection were estimated at 77 % and 3.5 % respectively, no significant differences were found between characteristics like herd size, location, vaccination, etc. Open herds and herds that mix herd categories are more likely to have higher BVDV prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Alocilla
- Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
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Spetter MJ, Louge Uriarte EL, Verna AE, Leunda MR, Pereyra SB, Odeón AC, González Altamiranda EA. Genomic diversity and phylodynamic of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Argentina. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105089. [PMID: 34563649 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen of ruminants worldwide and is characterized by high genetic diversity and a wide range of clinical presentations. In Argentina, several studies have evaluated the genetic diversity of BVDV but no phylodynamic study has been published yet. In this study, a comprehensive compilation and update of Argentinean BVDV sequences were performed, and the evolutionary history of BVDV was characterized by phylodynamic analyses based on the 5´UTR. Although BVDV-1b and BVDV-1a were the most frequent subtypes, novel subtypes for Argentina, 1e and 1i, were identified. The phylodynamic analysis suggested that BVDV started its diversification in the mid-1650s with an exponential increase in viral diversity since the late 1990s, possibly related to the livestock expansion and intensification in the country. Evolutionary rate in the 5´UTR was faster for BVDV-1a than for BVDV-1b, and both subtypes presented an endemic nature according to the demographic reconstructions. The current study contributes to clarify the evolutionary history of BVDV in the main cattle region of the country and provides useful information about the epidemiology and future development of diagnostic and control tools in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano J Spetter
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA - CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Louge Uriarte
- Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA - CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620 Balcarce, Argentina.
| | - Andrea E Verna
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA - CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Leunda
- Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA - CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Susana B Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA - CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Anselmo C Odeón
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erika A González Altamiranda
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA - CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620 Balcarce, Argentina.
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Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF. Epidemiology of Pestivirus H in Brazil and Its Control Implications. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:693041. [PMID: 34368280 PMCID: PMC8342886 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.693041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with viruses in the Pestivirus A (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1, BVDV1) and B species (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2, BVDV2), members of the Pestivirus H are mainly cattle pathogens. Viruses belonging to the Pestivirus H group are known as HoBi-like pestiviruses (HoBiPev). Genetic and antigenic characterization suggest that HoBiPev are the most divergent pestiviruses identified in cattle to date. The phylogenetic analysis of HoBiPev results in at least five subgroups (a–e). Under natural or experimental conditions, calves infected with HoBiPev strains typically display mild upper respiratory signs, including nasal discharge and cough. Although BVDV1 and BVDV2 are widely distributed and reported in many South American countries, reports of HoBiPev in South America are mostly restricted to Brazil. Despite the endemicity and high prevalence of HoBiPev in Brazil, only HoBiPev-a was identified to date in Brazil. Unquestionably, HoBiPev strains in BVDV vaccine formulations are required to help curb HoBiPev spread in endemic regions. The current situation in Brazil, where at this point only HoBiPev-a seems present, provides a more significant opportunity to control these viruses with the use of a vaccine with a single HoBiPev subtype. Despite the lack of differentiation among bovine pestiviruses by current BVDV tests, the reduced genetic variability of HoBiPev in Brazil may allow reliable identification of cases within the region. On the other hand, introducing foreign ruminants, biologicals, and genetic material to South America, especially if it originated from other HoBiPev-endemic countries, should consider the risk of introducing divergent HoBiPev subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK, United States
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Detection of Pestivirus A (bovine viral diarrhea virus 1) in free-living wild boars in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1037-1042. [PMID: 33638128 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major pathogen in cattle herds. Considering the epidemiological importance of pestiviruses and the process of wild boar invasion in Brazil, this study aimed to investigate the presence of BVDV in free-living boars. Forty-nine free-living wild boars were collected by exotic wildlife controller agents in 2017 and 2018. The presence of BVDV antibodies was evaluated in 42 serum samples using the virus neutralization test, and the detection of BVDV RNA was performed from the 5'UTR genomic region by RT-PCR assay in 49 lung tissue samples followed by sequencing of amplicons. BVDV neutralizing antibodies in serum were not identified in any of the evaluated samples. However, 3/49 (6.12%) lung samples were positive for BVDV RNA and classified one as BVDV-1a and two as 1d subgenotype. This report identified BVDV RNA in free-living wild boars and these results should be considered in BVDV control programs, especially in extensive beef cattle rearing systems.
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Identification and genotyping of a new subtype of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 isolated from cattle with diarrhea. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1259-1262. [PMID: 33582856 PMCID: PMC7952330 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, diarrhea cases occurred on cattle farms in Qionglai and Guang'an, Sichuan Province. Two out of 20 (10%) serum and nasal swab samples were positive when tested using a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antigen-capture ELISA kit. Two non-cytopathic strains of BVDV were isolated and named QL1903 and GA190608, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the genomes of the two isolates were 89.52% identical. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5'-UTR sequence revealed that the BVDV isolate QL1903 belonged to BVDV subtype 1b, whereas isolate GA190608 clustered with strains HN1814, EN-19, and BJ09_26 in a separate branch, which has tentatively been classified as a new genetic subtype, "1v".
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de Oliveira Freitas C, de Oliveira PSB, Monteiro FL, Noll JCG, Silva Júnior JVJ, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Sequence analysis of the DA domain of glycoprotein E2 of pestiviruses isolated from beef cattle in Southern Brazil. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1163-1170. [PMID: 33554289 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein E2 of pestiviruses is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we analyzed the E2 DA domain of 43 pestiviruses from Southern Brazil. The isolates were identified as Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) subtypes 1a and 1b or BVDV-2b. Compared to reference strains, the BVDV-1 and -2 isolates had four and two mutations in the DA domain, respectively. All BVDV-2 isolates had a deletion of residues 724 and 725. All mutated amino acids in the BVDV isolates had the same aa substitution, and all were in previously identified antibody binding sites. It is possible that an immunity-mediated selection is acting on the pestiviruses circulating in Southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Oliveira Freitas
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastian Britto de Oliveira
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francielle Liz Monteiro
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Caroline Gomes Noll
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Diel Laboratory, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Deng M, Chen N, Guidarini C, Xu Z, Zhang J, Cai L, Yuan S, Sun Y, Metcalfe L. Prevalence and genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy herds of China. Vet Microbiol 2019; 242:108565. [PMID: 32122580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To determine the nationwide prevalence and genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in China, 92 dairy farms with more than 500 animals in 19 provinces of China were surveyed in 2017. At each farm, ear notch samples from calves less than six months old and bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were collected. A total of 901 ear notch samples and 329 BTM samples from 183 tanks were sampled. A total of 20 (20/901, 2.22 %) ear notch samples from 10 (10/92, 10.86 %) farms tested positive for BVDV by IDEXX Antigen Point-of-Care (POC) Test kit and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, 80 of 183 (80/183, 43.7 %) BTM samples from 43 (43/92, 46.7 %) farms were identified as positive by qRT-PCR. The RNA of positive and suspect samples identified by qRT-PCR was subjected to 5'- untranslated region (UTR) amplification by nested RT-PCR and then sequenced. A total of 119 sequences were obtained and phylogenetic analysis of these 5'-UTR sequences revealed the presence of eight different subgenotypes of BVDV-1 including 1a (n = 37, 31.09 %), 1b (n = 5, 4.20 %), 1c (n = 34, 28.57 %), 1d (n = 2, 1.68 %), 1m (n = 25, 21.01 %), 1q (n = 6, 5.04 %), and two unknown subgenotypes which were tentatively typed as "BVDV-1v" (n = 8, 6.72 %) and "BVDV-1w" (n = 2, 1.68 %), respectively. BVDV-1a, 1c, and 1m were the dominant strains, collectively accounting for 80.67 % (96/119) of all sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on selected N-terminal autoprotease (Npro) sequences confirmed the classification of the 5'-UTR sequences. In conclusion, the prevalence of BVDV persistent infection in dairy cattle was high and genetic diversity was high and increasing, revealing a serious threat to the health of cattle in China and highlighting the need for BVDV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Deng
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ning Chen
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Christian Guidarini
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Zhihua Xu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Int'l Trading (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Int'l Trading (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Lingjie Cai
- Boehringer Ingelheim Int'l Trading (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Shishan Yuan
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanyong Sun
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lucy Metcalfe
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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Genetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus in pre-weaned native Korean calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2085-2090. [PMID: 30955148 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a prominent viral pathogen worldwide, causes substantial economic losses in the cattle industry. BVDV comprises two recognized species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, and at least 21 subtypes (1a-1u) for BVDV-1 and four subtypes (2a-2d) for BVDV-2 based on its 5'-untranslated region. This study aimed at investigating the prevalence and genetic analysis of BVDV in calf feces in the Republic of Korea (ROK). We collected fecal samples from 635 pre-weaned native Korean calves aged 1-60 days, regardless of diarrhea, and subjected them to RT-PCR and phylogenetic analysis. Thirty-five (5.5%) of the 635 samples were positive for BVDV infection. BVDV was detected in 20, 10, and 5 calves aged 1-20 days, 21-40 days, and 41-60 days, respectively. BVDV was the most frequent in 17 normal feces, followed by 16 diarrheic feces, and 2 hemorrhagic feces. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 25 samples belonged to BVDV-1b; 1 sample, BVDV-1c; and 9 samples, BVDV-2a. Moreover, the BVDV-1b and BVDV-2a isolates showed genetic variations. BVDV-1b was detected in diarrheic, hemorrhagic, and normal fecal samples. Thus, BVDV-1b is the most prevalent in calves and causes enteric disease with differing severity. BVDV-1c was newly identified in diarrheic calves. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the pathogenesis of BVDV-1c infection and its clinical manifestations. Our results indicate that effective vaccines and control programs against BVDV are required in the ROK.
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