1
|
Kehl A, Aupperle-Lellbach H, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Review of Molecular Technologies for Investigating Canine Cancer. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:769. [PMID: 38473154 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic molecular testing is starting to gain traction as part of standard clinical practice for dogs with cancer due to its multi-faceted benefits, such as potentially being able to provide diagnostic, prognostic and/or therapeutic information. However, the benefits and ultimate success of genomic analysis in the clinical setting are reliant on the robustness of the tools used to generate the results, which continually expand as new technologies are developed. To this end, we review the different materials from which tumour cells, DNA, RNA and the relevant proteins can be isolated and what methods are available for interrogating their molecular profile, including analysis of the genetic alterations (both somatic and germline), transcriptional changes and epigenetic modifications (including DNA methylation/acetylation and microRNAs). We also look to the future and the tools that are currently being developed, such as using artificial intelligence (AI) to identify genetic mutations from histomorphological criteria. In summary, we find that the molecular genetic characterisation of canine neoplasms has made a promising start. As we understand more of the genetics underlying these tumours and more targeted therapies become available, it will no doubt become a mainstay in the delivery of precision veterinary care to dogs with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Varvil MS, dos Santos AP. A review on microRNA detection and expression studies in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1261085. [PMID: 37869503 PMCID: PMC10585042 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1261085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that function by post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Their stability and abundance in tissue and body fluids makes them promising potential tools for both the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases and attractive therapeutic targets in humans and dogs. Studies of miRNA expression in normal and disease processes in dogs are scarce compared to studies published on miRNA expression in human disease. In this literature review, we identified 461 peer-reviewed papers from database searches using the terms "canine," "dog," "miRNA," and "microRNA"; we screened 244 for inclusion criteria and then included a total of 148 original research peer-reviewed publications relating to specific miRNA expression in canine samples. We found an overlap of miRNA expression changes between the four groups evaluated (normal processes, non-infectious and non-inflammatory conditions, infectious and/or inflammatory conditions, and neoplasia) in 39 miRNAs, 83 miRNAs in three of the four groups, 110 miRNAs in two of the three groups, where 158 miRNAs have only been reported in one of the groups. Additionally, the mechanism of action of these overlapping miRNAs varies depending on the disease process, elucidating a need for characterization of the mechanism of action of each miRNA in each disease process being evaluated. Herein we also draw attention to the lack of standardization of miRNA evaluation, consistency within a single evaluation method, and the need for standardized methods for a direct comparison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara S. Varvil
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Andrea Pires dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huber J, Longaker MT, Quarto N. Circulating and extracellular vesicle-derived microRNAs as biomarkers in bone-related diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1168898. [PMID: 37293498 PMCID: PMC10244776 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1168898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by repressing messengerRNA-targets. MiRNAs are abundant in many cell types and are secreted into extracellular fluids, protected from degradation by packaging in extracellular vesicles. These circulating miRNAs are easily accessible, disease-specific and sensitive to small changes, which makes them ideal biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, predictive or monitoring purposes. Specific miRNA signatures can be reflective of disease status and development or indicators of poor treatment response. This is especially important in malignant diseases, as the ease of accessibility of circulating miRNAs circumvents the need for invasive tissue biopsy. In osteogenesis, miRNAs can act either osteo-enhancing or osteo-repressing by targeting key transcription factors and signaling pathways. This review highlights the role of circulating and extracellular vesicle-derived miRNAs as biomarkers in bone-related diseases, with a specific focus on osteoporosis and osteosarcoma. To this end, a comprehensive literature search has been performed. The first part of the review discusses the history and biology of miRNAs, followed by a description of different types of biomarkers and an update of the current knowledge of miRNAs as biomarkers in bone related diseases. Finally, limitations of miRNAs biomarker research and future perspectives will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julika Huber
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Natalina Quarto
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Colombe P, Béguin J, Benchekroun G, Le Roux D. Blood biomarkers for canine cancer, from human to veterinary oncology. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:767-777. [PMID: 35815441 PMCID: PMC9796515 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in circulating tumour biomarkers is increasing both in human and veterinary oncology. An ideal tumour biomarker would allow early diagnosis of neoplasia, identify it specifically, accurately, establish a prognosis and predict its behaviour, especially regarding different therapeutic solutions. It would also allow to monitor its evolution over time and all this in a non-invasive and inexpensive way. Actually, no biomarkers meeting all of these criteria have been identified in veterinary medicine, particularly due to a lack of specificity of the main protein tumour biomarkers studied to date. However, great hope is currently placed in biomarkers grouped under the name of liquid biopsy, which could prove to be effective tools for common clinical use in the near future. This review gives an update on blood cancer biomarkers studied in dogs, such as ions, proteins, nucleic acids and also circulating cells, of which some might become more prominent in the coming years to help improve the management of animal care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colombe
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortBioPôle AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortCHUVA, Service de Médecine InterneMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Jérémy Béguin
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortCHUVA, Service de Médecine InterneMaisons‐AlfortFrance,Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé AnimaleMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Ghita Benchekroun
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortCHUVA, Service de Médecine InterneMaisons‐AlfortFrance,Ecole nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUniv Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRBMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Delphine Le Roux
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortBioPôle AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance,Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé AnimaleMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qian L, Zhao Q, Yu P, Lü J, Guo Y, Gong X, Ding Y, Yu S, Fan L, Fan H, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Sheng H, Yu Z. Diagnostic potential of a circulating miRNA model associated with therapeutic effect in heart failure. Lab Invest 2022; 20:267. [PMID: 35690861 PMCID: PMC9188190 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF), as the leading cause of death, is continuing to increase along with the aging of the general population all over the world. Identification of diagnostic biomarkers for early detection of HF is considered as the most effective way to reduce the risk and mortality. Herein, we collected plasma samples from HF patients (n = 40) before and after medical therapy to determine the change of circulating miRNAs through a quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR)-based miRNA screening analysis. miR-30a-5p and miR-654-5p were identified as the most significantly changed miRNAs in the plasma of patients upon treatment. In consistence, miR-30a-5p showed upregulation and miR-654-5p showed downregulation in the circulation of 30 HF patients, compared to 15 normal controls in the training phase, from which a two-circulating miRNA model was developed for HF diagnosis. Next, we performed the model validation using an independent cohort including 50 HF patients and 30 controls. As high as 98.75% of sensitivity and 95.00% of specificity were achieved. A comparison between the miRNA model and NT-pro BNP in diagnostic accuracy of HF indicated an upward trend of the miRNA model. Moreover, change of the two miRNAs was further verified in association with the therapeutic effect of HF patients, in which miR-30a-5p showed decrease while miR-654-5p showed increase in the plasma of patients after LVAD implantation. In conclusion, the current study not only identified circulating miR-654-5p for the first time as a novel biomarker of HF, but also developed a novel 2-circulating miRNA model with promising potentials for diagnosis and prognosis of HF patients, and in association with therapeutic effects as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qian
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jinhui Lü
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yuefan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lieying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Hongzhuan Sheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zuoren Yu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University & Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao SS, Zhang GX, Zhang WT. MicroRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for survival outcome in osteosarcoma: A meta-analysis. World J Meta-Anal 2021; 9:568-584. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i6.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma was considered to be one of the most prevalent malignant bone tumors in adolescents.
AIM To explore the prognostic significance of microRNA (miRNA) in osteosarcoma.
METHODS The literature was selected by searching online in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Database until July 1, 2021. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for the outcomes of overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), progression-free survival (PFS) and recurrence-free survival were calculated. Subgroup analyses were carried out to identify potential sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed by Egger’s bias indicator test.
RESULTS A total of 60 studies from 54 articles with 5824 osteosarcoma patients were included for this meta-analysis. The pooled HR for OS, DFS, PFS were 2.92 (95%CI: 2.43-3.41, P = 0.000), 3.70 (95%CI: 2.80-4.61, P = 0.000), and 3.57 (95%CI: 1.60-5.54, P = 0.000), respectively. The high miR-21 expression levels were related to poor OS in osteosarcoma (HR = 2.86, 95%CI: 1.20-4.53, P = 0.001). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that a high expression level of miRNA correlated with worse OS (HR: 3.56, 95%CI: 2.59-4.54, P = 0.000). In addition, miRNA from tissue (HR: 3.20, 95%CI: 2.16-4.23, P = 0.000) may be a stronger prognostic biomarker in comparison with that from serum and plasma.
CONCLUSION miRNA (especially miR-21) could be served as a potential prognostic biomarker for osteosarcoma. A high expression level of miRNA in tumor tissue correlated with worse OS of osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Shuai Gao
- International Doctoral School, University of Seville, Seville 41004, Spain
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an 710016, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guo-Xun Zhang
- International Doctoral School, University of Seville, Seville 41004, Spain
| | - Wen-Ting Zhang
- International Doctoral School, University of Seville, Seville 41004, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luu AK, Wood GA, Viloria-Petit AM. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Biomarkers for Canine Osteosarcoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:734965. [PMID: 34660770 PMCID: PMC8517113 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.734965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine osteosarcoma (OSA) is an aggressive malignancy that frequently metastasizes to the lung and bone. Not only has there been essentially no improvement in therapeutic outcome over the past 3 decades, but there is also a lack of reliable biomarkers in clinical practice. This makes it difficult to discriminate which patients will most benefit from the standard treatment of amputation and adjuvant chemotherapy. The development of reliable diagnostic biomarkers could aid in the clinical diagnosis of primary OSA and metastasis; while prognostic, and predictive biomarkers could allow clinicians to stratify patients to predict response to treatment and outcome. This review summarizes biomarkers that have been explored in canine OSA to date. The focus is on molecular biomarkers identified in tumor samples as well as emerging biomarkers that have been identified in blood-based (liquid) biopsies, including circulating tumor cells, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicles. Lastly, we propose future directions in biomarker research to ensure they can be incorporated into a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita K Luu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alicia M Viloria-Petit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Liu X, Yang S. MicroRNA-221 Upregulates the Expression of P-gp and Bcl-2 by Activating the Stat3 Pathway to Promote Doxorubicin Resistance in Osteosarcoma Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:861-868. [PMID: 33828027 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-221 (miRNA-221) is upregulated in several malignant tumors and is associated with poor patient prognosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of miRNA-221 in doxorubicin (DOX) resistance in osteosarcoma cells. We constructed DOX-resistant Saos-2/DOX cells and treated them with DOX. Cell viability was determined by performing a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cells were transfected with either miRNA-221 mimic or miRNA-221 inhibitor; quantitative (q)RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of miRNA-221. Flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-digoxigenin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect cell apoptosis. The immunofluorescence method was also used to detect cell signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) protein expression distribution. In addition, Western blotting was used to detect changes in the expression of each protein. We found that miRNA-221 was upregulated in Saos-2/DOX cells. Moreover, the miRNA-221 mimic induced DOX resistance in Saos-2 cells, whereas the miRNA-221 inhibitor enhanced DOX sensitivity in Saos-2/DOX cells. The miRNA-221 mimic upregulated the expression of phosphorylated-Stat3, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) proteins in Saos-2 cells and induced the entry of Stat3 into the nucleus, whereas the miRNA-221 inhibitor exerted the opposite effect. Pretreatment with the Stat3 chemical inhibitor, STAT3-IN-3, significantly inhibited the upregulation of P-gp and Bcl-2 protein expression induced by the miRNA-221 mimic in Saos-2 cells; it also caused the Saos-2 cells to overcome DOX resistance induced by the miRNA-221 mimic. Thus, miRNA-221 increased the expression of P-gp and Bcl-2 by activating the Stat3 pathway to promote DOX resistance in osteosarcoma cells, indicating a potential use of miRNA-221 in osteosarcoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yancai Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth People's Hospital of Hengshui
| | - Xuegang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth People's Hospital of Hengshui
| | - Shan Yang
- Department of Pain Treatment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leonardi L, Scotlandi K, Pettinari I, Benassi MS, Porcellato I, Pazzaglia L. MiRNAs in Canine and Human Osteosarcoma: A Highlight Review on Comparative Biomolecular Aspects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020428. [PMID: 33670554 PMCID: PMC7922516 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary malignant tumor of bone in humans and animals. Comparative oncology is a field of study that examines the cancer risk and tumor progression across the species. The canine model is ideally suited for translational cancer research. The biological and clinical characteristics of human and canine OS are common to hypothesize as that several living and environmental common conditions shared between the two species can influence some etiopathogenetic mechanisms, for which the canine species represents an important model of comparison with the human species. In the canine and human species, osteosarcoma is the tumor of bone with the highest frequency, with a value of about 80–85% (in respect to all other bone tumors), a high degree of invasiveness, and a high rate of metastasis and malignancy. Humans and dogs have many genetic and biomolecular similarities such as alterations in the expression of p53 and in some types of microRNAs that our working group has already described previously in several separate works. In this paper, we report and collect new comparative biomolecular features of osteosarcoma in dogs and humans, which may represent an innovative update on the biomolecular profile of this tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Leonardi
- Reparto di Patologia Generale e Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (I.P.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-585-7663
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of experimental Oncology, IRCCS—Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (K.S.); (M.S.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Ilaria Pettinari
- Reparto di Patologia Generale e Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (I.P.); (I.P.)
| | - Maria Serena Benassi
- Laboratory of experimental Oncology, IRCCS—Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (K.S.); (M.S.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Ilaria Porcellato
- Reparto di Patologia Generale e Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (I.P.); (I.P.)
| | - Laura Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of experimental Oncology, IRCCS—Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (K.S.); (M.S.B.); (L.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Characterization of D-17 Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Line and Evaluation of Its Ability to Response to Infective Stressor Used as Alternative Anticancer Therapy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111981. [PMID: 33126659 PMCID: PMC7693922 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common primary bone tumor both in dogs and in humans. Canine and human OSA share common characteristics making dogs a good model in comparative oncology. In the last years, in order to reduce animal testing, researchers shifted their attention to in vitro studies using cell lines. Aim of this work is to understand if cells obtained from canine metastatic pulmonary OSA can be a good model for cancer studies, both in humans and dogs. Results of this study were obtained by: the characterization of the expression of genes involved in the innate immune response, the sequencing of a single gene with a key role in immune response and the evaluation of the capacity of these cells to interact with microorganisms that can be used as alternative anticancer therapies. Obtained data were in agreement with those reported in literature regarding the expression of genes both in spontaneous tumors and in vitro cell lines. So, they confirmed the maintenance of cell line D-17 of the pulmonary metastatic OSA characteristics. The selected cells also demonstrated the ability to interact with the microorganism, this suggests that they may be a possible model for the preliminary evaluation of new therapeutic approaches based on the use of bacteria. Abstract Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a rare cancer both in human and dog although the incidence rate in dogs is 27 times higher than in human. Many studies employed D-17 as cell line for in vitro test to evaluate conventional anticancer therapies; however, little is known about D-17 cell line. The aim of our study was to evaluate the basal level of gene expression of pivotal molecules in the innate immune response and cell cycle regulation and to establish the ability of this cell line to react to Salmonella typhimurium (ST) infective stressor. IL15, IL10, iNOS, TLR5, CD14, PTEN and IL18 were expressed in an inconsistent manner among experiments. The other genes under study were expressed in all samples. ST showed ability to penetrate D-17 causing pro-inflammatory response. Our results outline the expression in D-17 of important genes involved in innate immune response. These results provide important data on D-17 basal gene expression profile useful for in vitro preliminary evaluation of new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xavier PLP, Müller S, Fukumasu H. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Canine Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:591843. [PMID: 33194754 PMCID: PMC7646326 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.591843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A plethora of data has highlighted the role of epigenetics in the development of cancer. Initiation and progression of different cancer types are associated with a variety of changes of epigenetic mechanisms, including aberrant DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA expression. At the same time, advances in the available epigenetic tools allow to investigate and reverse these epigenetic changes and form the basis for the development of anticancer drugs in human oncology. Although human and canine cancer shares several common features, only recently that studies emerged investigating the epigenetic landscape in canine cancer and applying epigenetic modulators to canine cancer. This review focuses on the existing studies involving epigenetic changes in different types of canine cancer and the use of small-molecule inhibitors in canine cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luiz Porfirio Xavier
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Susanne Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Canine Osteosarcoma: A New Future? Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040146. [PMID: 33008041 PMCID: PMC7711435 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are frequent in dogs and canine species are excellent animal models for studying the human counterpart. However, osteosarcomas are a rare form of sarcoma with high death rates in humans and dogs. miRNAs are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. The discovery of miRNAs could give a contribute in the diagnosis and prognosis of different types of tumors in animal species, as already in humans. The differentiated expression of miRNAs is a frequent finding in cancers and is related to their pathogenesis in many cases. Most canine and human sarcomas show similar miRNA aberrations. Lower levels of miR-1 and miR-133b in canine osteosarcoma tissues were found to increase tumorigenesis through a higher expression of their target genes MET and MCL1. The overexpression of miR-9 promotes a metastatic phenotype in canine osteosarcomas and its capacity as a prognostic biomarker for the disease is currently being evaluated. MicroRNAs at the 14q32 locus could be used as prognostic biomarkers, since their decreased expression has been associated with poor prognosis in canine and human osteosarcomas. Furthermore, a decreased expression of miR-34a in osteosarcoma tumour cells has been associated with shorter disease-free survival times and its reintroduction as a synthetic prodrug shows good potential as a novel therapeutic target to fight the disease. Circulating miR-214 and miR-126 are significantly increased in a broad-spectrum cancer and have the ability to successfully predict the prognosis of dogs. However, further studies are needed to make the use of miRNAs as biomarkers a common practice.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang HH, Huang ZX, Zhong SQ, Fei KL, Cao YH. miR‑21 inhibits autophagy and promotes malignant development in the bladder cancer T24 cell line. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:986-998. [PMID: 32319564 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA‑21 (miR‑21) is reported to exhibit cancer‑promoting activity in various types of cancer. It has been previously demonstrated that miR‑21 is overexpressed in bladder tumor tissue compared with normal mucosa. However, the functional mechanism of miR‑21 in bladder cancer remains largely unknown. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the roles of miR‑21 in autophagy and the malignant development of bladder cancer in T24 cells. Upregulation or downregulation of miR‑21 was achieved following the transfection of miR‑21 mimic or miR‑21 inhibitor. An MTT assay was additionally performed to measure cell growth. Wound healing and transwell invasion assays were used to detect cell migration and invasion. The apoptotic potential and cell cycle were examined via flow cytometry and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), beclin 1, microtubule‑associated protein l light chain 3B (LC3‑II), cyclin D1, caspase‑3, E‑cadherin, matrix metallopeptidase‑9 (MMP‑9) and vimentin. The results revealed that the proliferation, migration and invasion of T24 cells was greatly increased in the miR‑21 mimic group, while apoptosis was greatly inhibited. Additionally, T24 cells treated with miR‑21 mimic exhibited G1‑phase arrest. In the miR‑21 mimic group, the expression of PTEN, beclin 1, LC3‑II, caspase‑3 and E‑cadherin were decreased, while the expression of cyclin D1, MMP‑9 and vimentin were increased. Opposite effects were observed in the miR‑21 inhibitor group. The data of the current study may indicate that miR‑21 overexpression inhibited autophagy and promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of bladder cancer T24 cells. The results may further elucidate the molecular mechanism of miR‑21 in the development of bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Xin Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Su-Quan Zhong
- Department of Urology, Yue Bei People's Hospital, Shaoguan, Guangdong 512025, P.R. China
| | - Kui-Lin Fei
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - You-Han Cao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang L, Yang L, Xia ZW, Yang SC, Li WH, Liu B, Yu ZQ, Gong PF, Yang YL, Sun WZ, Mo J, Li GS, Wang TY, Wang K. The role of fibroblast activation protein in progression and development of osteosarcoma cells. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:121-130. [PMID: 31745677 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the expression levels of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in human osteosarcoma tissues and its possible correlations with clinical pathological characteristics of patients with osteosarcoma, and to explore the potential effects of FAP on progression and development of osteosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was initially performed to detect the expression levels of FAP in 66 tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues. Patients were sequentially divided into two groups based on different expression levels of FAP. The correlations between the expression levels of FAP and the clinical pathological characteristics were investigated, and the role of FAP in proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells was assessed via colony formation, MTT, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. The possible effects of FAP on tumor growth and metastasis were evaluated in vivo. We further attempted to reveal the underlying mechanism of FAP involved in tumor growth through bioinformatics and IHC assays. High expression levels of FAP were noted in human osteosarcoma tissues. It also was unveiled that FAP was significantly associated with the tumor size (P = 0.005*) and clinical stage (P = 0.017*). Our data further confirmed that knockdown of FAP remarkably blocked proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in mice via AKT signaling pathway. The possible role of FAP in progression and development of osteosarcoma could be figured out. Our data may be helpful to develop a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Zi-Wei Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Shi-Chang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Zi-Qi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Peng-Fei Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Ya-Lin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Wei-Zong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Jing Mo
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Gui-Shi Li
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tian-Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 981st Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chengde, 067000, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wright T, Brisson BA, Wood GA, Oblak M, Mutsaers AJ, Sabine V, Skowronski K, Belanger C, Tiessen A, Bienzle D. Flow Cytometric Detection of Circulating Osteosarcoma Cells in Dogs. Cytometry A 2019; 95:997-1007. [PMID: 31282052 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a malignant tumor of middle-aged dogs and adolescent humans. The clinical outcome of OSA has not improved over more than three decades, and dogs typically succumb to metastatic disease within 6 months despite tumor resection through limb amputation and adjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, undetectable tumor cells with potential to form metastases are present at diagnosis. An assay to identify canine immortalized and primary OSA cells through flow cytometric detection of intracellular collagen 1 (Col I) and osteocalcin was optimized, and applied to blood samples from tumor-bearing dogs for detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Spiking variable number of OSA cells into normal dog blood recovered 50-60% of Col I positive cells with high forward and variable side light scatter. An algorithm to exclude nonviable, doublet, and autofluorescent cells was applied to sequential blood samples from three dogs obtained prior to and after limb amputation, and at approximately, triweekly intervals over 121, 142, and 183 days of chemotherapy, respectively. Dogs had >100 CTC/106 leukocytes prior to amputation, variably frequent CTC during chemotherapy, and an increase up to 4,000 CTC/106 leukocytes within 4 weeks before overt metastases or death. Sorted CTCs were morphologically similar to direct tumor aspirates and positive for Col I. Although preliminary, findings suggest that CTCs are frequent in canine OSA, more numerous than carcinoma CTC in humans, and that an increase in CTC frequency may herald clinical deterioration. This assay may enable enumeration and isolation of OSA CTC for prognostic and functional studies, respectively. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Wright
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brigitte A Brisson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Oblak
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Sabine
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Animal Cancer Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karolina Skowronski
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Animal Cancer Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Belanger
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Tiessen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sekar D, Mani P, Biruntha M, Sivagurunathan P, Karthigeyan M. Dissecting the functional role of microRNA 21 in osteosarcoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 26:179-182. [PMID: 30905966 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is considered to be a malignant bone tumour that mainly affects the long bones, but it is also involved in other bones of the body. Currently, surgery and chemotherapy have achieved some response to patients with OS, but they are not increasing the survival rate as well as treatment options. Researchers made lot of drug options for OS, but yet, no treatment is existing in sight for the disease and needs a new insight into the molecular and signaling pathways for the disease. Now, it is necessary to develop a novel and alternative strategy for the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment options for OS. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a small non-coding RNA, and their size ranges from 18 to 22 nt in length. In the nucleus, miRNAs originate and transcribe into primary transcripts and later cleaved to produce stem loop-structured precursor nucleotides. microRNA 21 (miR-21) is considered to be a trivial marker for many diseases and has been upregulated in many cancers. Moreover, it plays a main role in proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. miR-21 and its associated pathways are very important and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of OS and are considered to be a biomarker and a therapeutic target for OS. To our knowledge, there is no paper that demonstrates the responsibility and the role of miR-21 in OS and the number of studies related to miR-21 in OS is spare. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to give an outline of the recent clinical investigation and importance of miR-21 in OS. It has been suggested that the up- and downregulation of miRNAs plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of OS. Normally, miR-21 was found to be upregulated in OS; however, we summarize the clinical relevance and the recent research findings associated with miR-21 in OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Durairaj Sekar
- Dental Research Cell (DRC-BRULAC), Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India.
| | - Panagal Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Annai College of Arts and Science, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, 612001, India
| | - M Biruntha
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - P Sivagurunathan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
| | - M Karthigeyan
- Department of Zoology, Arumugam Pillai Seethai Ammal College, Tiruppattur, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|