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Flores-Contreras EA, Carrasco-González JA, Linhares DCL, Corzo CA, Campos-Villalobos JI, Henao-Díaz A, Melchor-Martínez EM, Iqbal HMN, González-González RB, Parra-Saldívar R, González-González E. Emergent Molecular Techniques Applied to the Detection of Porcine Viruses. Vet Sci 2023; 10:609. [PMID: 37888561 PMCID: PMC10610968 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tests have evolved very rapidly in the field of human health, especially with the arrival of the recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the animal sector is constantly neglected, even though accurate detection by molecular tools could represent economic advantages by preventing the spread of viruses. In this regard, the swine industry is of great interest. The main viruses that affect the swine industry are described in this review, including African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine circovirus (PCV), which have been effectively detected by different molecular tools in recent times. Here, we describe the rationale of molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR, isothermal methods (LAMP, NASBA, RPA, and PSR) and novel methods such as CRISPR-Cas and microfluidics platforms. Successful molecular diagnostic developments are presented by highlighting their most important findings. Finally, we describe the barriers that hinder the large-scale development of affordable, accessible, rapid, and easy-to-use molecular diagnostic tests. The evolution of diagnostic techniques is critical to prevent the spread of viruses and the development of viral reservoirs in the swine industry that impact the possible development of future pandemics and the world economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda A. Flores-Contreras
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Daniel C. L. Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA;
| | | | | | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Reyna Berenice González-González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Everardo González-González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
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2
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Yadav P, Dhankher S, Sharma S. Simplified visual detection of Kyasanur Forest Disease virus employing Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Spiral Reaction (RT-PSR). Virus Res 2023; 335:199180. [PMID: 37482135 PMCID: PMC10412856 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Among recently prevalent tick-borne infections in India, Kyasanur Forest Virus Disease (KFD) is an important public health concern. During last decade the emergence of cases apart from endemic zone raised concern about case positivity. Early diagnosis is therefore very important in disease management and primary containment. This study, aimed to develop a simplified viral RNA extraction in combination to dry down format of novel isothermal assay for (Reverse Transcription- Polymerase Spiral reaction) specific and rapid identification of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus targeting viral envelope gene. The one step method was optimized by magnetic bead based viral RNA extraction followed by isothermal RT-PSR assay in heat bath at 63⁰C for 60 minutes. Further, visual results interpretation was done by color change of Hydroxy Naphthol Blue dye. The detection limit of the assay was found 10 RNA copies/rxn with comparable to silica column based viral RNA combined real time qPCR. No cross reactivity was observed with other closely related flaviviruses. The assay was evaluated with clinical samples has shown >99% concordance between two methods. This is the first report of sample extraction coupled isothermal detection of KFD in a simplified manner without a need of any hi-end equipment. The assay developed here has potential to use as an alternate for field-based detection in resource limited settings for KFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- Virology Division, Defence Research Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Suman Dhankher
- Virology Division, Defence Research Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Virology Division, Defence Research Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, India.
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3
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Antropov DN, Stepanov GA. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying CRISPR/Cas-Based Assays for Nucleic Acid Detection. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:649-662. [PMID: 36661529 PMCID: PMC9857636 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Applied to investigate specific sequences, nucleic acid detection assays can help identify novel bacterial and viral infections. Most up-to-date systems combine isothermal amplification with Cas-mediated detection. They surpass standard PCR methods in detection time and sensitivity, which is crucial for rapid diagnostics. The first part of this review covers the variety of isothermal amplification methods and describes their reaction mechanisms. Isothermal amplification enables fast multiplication of a target nucleic acid sequence without expensive laboratory equipment. However, researchers aim for more reliable results, which cannot be achieved solely by amplification because it is also a source of non-specific products. This motivated the development of Cas-based assays that use Cas9, Cas12, or Cas13 proteins to detect nucleic acids and their fragments in biological specimens with high specificity. Isothermal amplification yields a high enough concentration of target nucleic acids for the specific signal to be detected via Cas protein activity. The second part of the review discusses combinations of different Cas-mediated reactions and isothermal amplification methods and presents signal detection techniques adopted in each assay. Understanding the features of Cas-based assays could inform the choice of an optimal protocol to detect different nucleic acids.
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4
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Xiao B, Zhao R, Wang N, Zhang J, Sun X, Chen A. Recent advances in centrifugal microfluidic chip-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Jangra S, Ghosh A, Mukherjee S, Baranwal VK, Dietzgen RG. Development of a Polymerase Spiral Reaction-Based Isothermal Assay for Rapid Identification of Thrips palmi. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:853339. [PMID: 35586189 PMCID: PMC9108268 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.853339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrips cause considerable economic losses to a wide range of food, feed, and forest crops. They also transmit several plant viruses. Being cryptic, it is often difficult to distinguish thrips species in crops and large consignments by conventional methods. Melon thrips (Thrips palmi Karny, Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an invasive insect pest of vegetables, legumes, and ornamentals besides being vector to several viruses. It poses a threat to domestic and international plant biosecurity and can invade and establish in new areas. Here, we report a polymerase spiral reaction (PSR)-based isothermal assay for rapid, sensitive, specific, low-cost, and on-site detection of T. palmi. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of PSR in the identification of any insect species. A primer pair designed based on 3′-polymorphism of mtCOIII region can specifically identify T. palmi without any cross-reactivity with predominant thrips species. The assay uses crude lysate of a single thrips saving time and reagents involved in nucleic acid extraction. The presence of T. palmi is visualized by the appearance of bright fluorescence under ultraviolet light or a change in reaction color thus avoiding gel electrophoresis steps. The entire process can be completed in 70 min on-site using only an ordinary water bath. The assay is sensitive to detecting as little as 50 attograms of T. palmi template. The assay was validated with known thrips specimens and found to be efficient in diagnosing T. palmi under natural conditions. The described method will be useful for non-expert personnel to detect an early infestation, accidental introduction to a new area, restrict the spread of diseases and formulate appropriate management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jangra
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amalendu Ghosh
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Amalendu Ghosh, , orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-5771
| | - Sunil Mukherjee
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Baranwal
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
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6
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Five years of porcine circovirus 3: what have we learned about the clinical disease, immune pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Virus Res 2022; 314:198764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Garrido-Maestu A, Prado M. Naked-eye detection strategies coupled with isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques for the detection of human pathogens. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1913-1939. [PMID: 35122372 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification-based techniques have gained acceptance by the scientific, and general, community as reference methodologies for many different applications. Since the development of the gold standard of these techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), back in the 1980s many improvements have been made, and alternative techniques emerged reporting improvements over PCR. Among these, isothermal amplification approaches resulted of particular interest as could overcome the need of specialized equipment to accurately control temperature changes, but it was after year 2000 that these techniques have flourished in a huge number of novel alternatives with many different degrees of complexities and requirements. An added value is their possibility to be combined with many different naked-eye detection strategies, simplifying the resources needed, allowing to reduce cost, and serving as the basis for novel developments of lab-on-chip systems, and miniaturized devices, for point-of-care testing. In this review, we will go over different types of naked-eye detection strategies, combined with isothermal amplification. This will provide the readers up-to-date information for them to select the most appropriate strategies depending on the particular needs and resources for their experimental setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Garrido-Maestu
- Food Quality and Safety Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta Prado
- Food Quality and Safety Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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Sharma D, Gupta S, Sethi K, Kumar S, Kumar R. Polymerase Spiral Reaction (PSR) as a novel rapid colorimetric isothermal point of care assay for detection of Trypanosoma evansi genomic DNA. Vet Parasitol 2021; 302:109644. [PMID: 35032829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) opens new avenues for specific diagnosis of pathogens known for cryptic infection at field level and its application is still unexplored in the field of parasitology. The present study aimed to explore and optimize colorimetric based PSR technique for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi in the blood of the host by targeting the 196bp Invariable Surface Glycoprotein (ISG) gene of Trypanosoma evansi. The specificity of the test was determined against Theileria equi, Theileria annulata, Babesia caballi, Burkholderia mallei and Equine herpes virus. The T. evansi DNA was extracted from purified parasites and serially diluted from 2.8ng to 2.8 × 10-8 pg. The detection limit of PSR was found to be as low as 2.8 × 10-6 pg of T. evansi DNA, which will aid in detection of Surra infection. The duration of reaction for determination of result of field sample is 1h and result can be read by naked eyes. In addition, PSR assay was also performed on DNA extracted from 28 field equine samples; out of which 1 was found positive by microscopy and ISG-196 targeted PCR assay and 2 were recorded positive by PSR assay. Data generated shows colorimetric PSR is convenient, rapid, sensitive and specific tool for diagnosis and monitoring of Surra infection in livestock at field level. Further, visual PSR assay has wide scope for application in government policies aimed at detection of early infection, sub-clinical cases, drug-efficacy studies, control and elimination of Surra organism from livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Sharma
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Khushboo Sethi
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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9
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Bian Z, Cai R, Jiang Z, Song S, Li Y, Chu P, Zhang K, Yang D, Gou H, Li C. Single Multiple Cross Displacement Amplification for Rapid and Real-Time Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:726723. [PMID: 34540937 PMCID: PMC8448386 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.726723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, a novel porcine circovirus, PCV3, has been infecting pigs, causing significant economic losses to the pig industry. In recent years, the infection rate of PCV3 has been increasing, and thus rapid and accurate detection methods for PCV3 are essential. In this study, we established a novel probe-based single multiple cross displacement amplification (P-S-MCDA) method for PCV3. The method was termed as P-S-MCDA. The P-S-MCDA uses seven primers to amplify the capsid gene, and the assay can be performed at 60°C for 30 min, greatly shortening the reaction time. The results of P-S-MCDA can not only be monitored in real time through fluorescence signals but also be determined by observing the fluorescence of the reaction tubes using a smartphone-based cassette. This method demonstrated good specificity and the same sensitivity as qPCR, with a minimum detection limit of 10 copies. In 139 clinical samples, the coincidence rate with qPCR was 100%. The P-S-MCDA can be widely applied in PCV3 detection in laboratories or in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibiao Bian
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian Cai
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinpin Chu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxia Yang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongchao Gou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Ashmi M, Kumar B, Agrawal RK, Prakash C, Abhishek, Singh KP. Development of BruAb2_0168 based isothermal Polymerase Spiral Reaction assay for specific detection of Brucella abortus in clinical samples. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 59:101761. [PMID: 34400303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis, predominantly caused by Brucella abortus is one of the most neglected zoonotic diseases causing severe economic losses in the dairy industry. The early and precise diagnosis of the disease is required to reduce the transmission of infection in humans as well as animals. In the current study, a rapid and novel isothermal amplification-based polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) was developed for the specific detection of Brucella abortus by targeting the BruAb2_0168 gene. The assay could be conducted at 65 °C in a water bath and results can be obtained after 60 min. The detection limit of the PSR assay was found to be 1.33fg. The sensitivity of the assay was found to be 104 fold higher than conventional PCR and equivalent to real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The assay didn't exhibit cross-reaction with selected pathogenic non-Brucella bacteria and Brucella spp. other than B. abortus. Forty clinical samples were also tested using this novel assay and it was able to detect 25 samples as positive, however, conventional PCR could detect the targeted organism in 22 samples only. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first report towards the development of a PSR assay for specific detection of B. abortus. The assay can be used as a quick, sensitive and accurate test for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in the field setting. Relatively one of the paradigm-shifting aspects of this assay would be it does not require any expensive equipment and the results can be easily visualized by the unaided eye, therefore making PSR a valuable diagnostic tool in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Ashmi
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Bablu Kumar
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India.
| | - Ravi Kant Agrawal
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Chandan Prakash
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Abhishek
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
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Tan CY, Lin CN, Ooi PT. What do we know about porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) diagnosis so far?: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2915-2935. [PMID: 34110095 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first discovered in 2016, almost concomitantly by two groups of researchers in the United States. The novel case was reported in a group of sows with chronic reproductive problems with clinical presentation alike porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), where metagenomic sequencing revealed a genetically divergent porcine circovirus designated PCV3. The discovery of PCV3 in a PDNS case, which used to be considered as part of PCVAD attributed to PCV2 (porcine circovirus 2), has garnered attention and effort in further research of the novel virus. Just when an infectious molecular DNA clone of PCV3 has been developed and successfully used in an in vivo pathogenicity study, yet another novel PCV strain surfaced, designated PCV4 (porcine circovirus 4). So far, PCV3 has been reported in domestic swine population globally at low to moderate prevalence, from almost all sample types including organ tissues, faecal, semen and colostrum samples. PCV3 has been associated with a myriad of clinical presentations, from PDNS to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). This review paper summarizes the studies on PCV3 to date, with focus on diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Mukama O, Nie C, Habimana JDD, Meng X, Ting Y, Songwe F, Al Farga A, Mugisha S, Rwibasira P, Zhang Y, Zeng L. Synergetic performance of isothermal amplification techniques and lateral flow approach for nucleic acid diagnostics. Anal Biochem 2020; 600:113762. [PMID: 32387190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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