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Xia Y, Chen K, Yang Q, Chen Z, Jin L, Zhang L, Yu X, Wang L, Xie C, Zhao Y, Shen Y, Tong J. Methylation in cornea and corneal diseases: a systematic review. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:169. [PMID: 38589350 PMCID: PMC11002037 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Corneal diseases are among the primary causes of blindness and vision loss worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of corneal diseases remains elusive, and diagnostic and therapeutic tools are limited. Thus, identifying new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of corneal diseases has gained great interest. Methylation, a type of epigenetic modification, modulates various cellular processes at both nucleic acid and protein levels. Growing evidence shows that methylation is a key regulator in the pathogenesis of corneal diseases, including inflammation, fibrosis, and neovascularization, making it an attractive potential therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss the major alterations of methylation and demethylation at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels in corneal diseases and how these dynamics contribute to the pathogenesis of corneal diseases. Also, we provide insights into identifying potential biomarkers of methylation that may improve the diagnosis and treatment of corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Kuangqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qianjie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhitong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Le Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Liyin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Yuan M, Wu B, Zhang L, Wang H, Yang Y. CD40L/CD40 regulates adipokines and cytokines by H3K4me3 modification in epicardial adipocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:228-234. [PMID: 34029270 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) dysfunction mediates chronic inflammation by regulating inflammation-related adipokines and cytokines, and further promotes coronary artery disease (CAD) development. CD40L/CD40 is involved in multiple inflammatory pathways that contribute to various pathophysiological processes. However, the function of CD40L/CD40 in adipokine and cytokine expression and production in epicardial adipocytes remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to explore the role and underlying mechanisms of CD40L/CD40 in adipokine and cytokine expression and production. We isolated adipocytes from EAT tissues of CAD and non-CAD patients. We noticed that CD40 was dramatically increased in EAT tissues of CAD patients. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies were performed. The results showed that CD40 silencing reduced recombinant CD40 ligand (rCD40L)-induced up-regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), leptin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA levels and secretion. Overexpression of CD40 displayed the opposite results. In addition, rCD40L triggered mixed lineage leukemia protein-1 (MLL1) expression both in mRNA and protein levels. CD40 depletion apparently blocked MLL1 expression, whereas gain of function of CD40 resulted in augmentation of MLL1 levels. Interestingly, ChIP-qCPR analysis revealed that CD40 elimination dampened histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) enrichment at PAI-1, leptin, IL-6 and MCP-1 promoter regions in the presence of rCD40L. The reverse pattern was observed upon ectopic expression of CD40. Most important, MLL1 silencing effectively reversed the promotive effects of CD40 on adipokine and cytokine secretion. Taken together, our findings suggest that CD40L/CD40 regulates adipokine and cytokine expression by H3K4me3 modification in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Abstract
PURPOSE To report the outcome of unilateral small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in a patient with granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2). METHODS Slit-lamp photography and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography were used to document the clinical course and appearance of the corneas in a patient with genetically determined GCD2 who underwent unilateral SMILE in the right eye. RESULTS Slit-lamp examination of a 23-year-old woman revealed 2 faint opacities at the surgical interface approximately 2 months after the SMILE procedure had been performed on her right eye. Nine and 3 typical GCD2 deposits located immediately beneath the Bowman layer were observed in the right and left corneas, respectively. Over time, the deposits at the interface increased in size, density, and number in the right eye. Fourier domain optical coherence tomography performed 33 months after the SMILE procedure revealed deposits at the SMILE interface that were distinct from those located immediately beneath the Bowman layer. The severity of disease exacerbation was less in this patient than what is typically observed in others who have undergone laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis or photorefractive keratectomy. CONCLUSIONS SMILE is contraindicated in patients with GCD2, as are other corneal refractive surgical procedures. This case highlights the importance of genetic testing before the performance of refractive corneal procedures-especially for patients with corneal opacities on preoperative slit-lamp examination or a family history of corneal disease compatible with that of a corneal dystrophy.
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Park HH, Kim HN, Kim H, Yoo Y, Shin H, Choi EY, Bae JS, Lee W. Acetylated K676 TGFBIp as a severity diagnostic blood biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc1564. [PMID: 32937590 PMCID: PMC10715714 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the highly contagious and deadly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has posed a serious threat to public health across the globe, calling for the development of effective diagnostic markers and therapeutics. Here, we report a highly reliable severity diagnostic biomarker, acetylated 676th lysine transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein (TGFBIp K676Ac). TGFBIp K676Ac was consistently elevated in the blood of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (n = 113), especially in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) compared to non-ICU patients. Patients' blood samples showed increased cytokines and lymphopenia, which are exemplary indicators of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Treatment with TGFBIp neutralizing antibodies suppressed the cytokine storm. The increased level of TGFBIp K676Ac in ICU patients suggests the promise of this protein as a reliable severity diagnostic biomarker for severe SARS-CoV-2 disease.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Biomarkers/blood
- COVID-19
- Case-Control Studies
- Coronavirus Infections/blood
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/blood
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/diagnosis
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/pathology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Intensive Care Units
- Leukocyte Count
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Lysine/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/immunology
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/blood
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Prognosis
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Respiratory Insufficiency/blood
- Respiratory Insufficiency/diagnosis
- Respiratory Insufficiency/immunology
- Respiratory Insufficiency/pathology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severity of Illness Index
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ho Park
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbum Yoo
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosoo Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wonhwa Lee
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Malkondu F, Arıkoğlu H, Erkoç Kaya D, Bozkurt B, Özkan F. Investigation of TGFBI (transforming growth factor beta-induced) Gene Mutations in Families with Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 1 in the Konya Region. Turk J Ophthalmol 2020; 50:64-70. [PMID: 32366062 PMCID: PMC7204905 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2019.55770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Granular corneal dystrophies (GCD) are characterized by small, discrete, sharp-edged, grayish-white opacities in the corneal stroma. Among the genes responsible for the development of GCD, the most strongly related gene is transforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFBI), located in the 5q31.1 locus. Studies show that R124H in exon 4 and R555W in exon 12 are hot-spot mutations in the TGFBI gene that lead to GCD development. In this study, we aimed to investigate these two hot-spot mutations in exons 4 and 12 of the TGFBI gene and other possible mutations in the same regions, which code important functional regions of the protein, in Turkish families with GCD1 and to determine the relationship between the mutations and disease and related phenotypes. Materials and Methods: The study included, 16 individuals diagnosed with GCD type 1 (GCD1), 11 of these patients’ healthy relatives, and 28 unrelated healthy individuals. DNA was obtained from peripheral blood samples taken from each individual and polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify target gene regions. Genotyping studies were done by sequence analysis. Results: The R124S mutation in exon 4 of TGFBI was not detected in the patients or healthy individuals in our study. However, all individuals diagnosed as having GCD1 were found to be heterozygous carriers of the R555W mutation in exon 12 of TGFBI. This mutation was not detected in healthy family members or control individuals unrelated to these families. In addition, we detected the silent mutation F540F in exon 12 and c.32924 G>A substitution in an intronic region of the gene in a few patients and healthy individuals. Conclusion: Our study strongly supports the association of GCD1 with R555W mutation in exon 12 region of the TGFBI gene, as reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Malkondu
- Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hilal Arıkoğlu
- Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Dudu Erkoç Kaya
- Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Banu Bozkurt
- Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophtalmology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fehmi Özkan
- Konya Numune Hospital, Clinic of Ophtalmology, Konya, Turkey
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Chen E, Bohm K, Rosenblatt M, Kang K. Epigenetic regulation of anterior segment diseases and potential therapeutics. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:383-395. [PMID: 32344150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, technological advances in sequencing have accelerated our understanding of epigenetics in ocular development and ophthalmic diseases. We now know that epigenetic modifications are necessary for normal ocular development and biological processes such as corneal wound healing and ocular surface repair, while aberrant epigenetic regulation underlies the pathogenesis of a wide range of ocular diseases, including cataracts and various diseases of the ocular surface. As the epigenetics of the eye is a constantly changing field of medicine, this comprehensive review focuses on innovations and scientific discoveries related to epigenetic control of anterior segment diseases that were published in the English literature in the past five years. These recent studies attempt to elucidate therapeutic targets for the anterior segment pathological processes. Already, recent studies have shown therapeutic potential in targeting epigenetic mechanisms of ocular diseases, and new epigenetic therapies are on the verge of being introduced to clinical practice. New drug targets can potentially emerge as we make further discoveries within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chen
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kelley Bohm
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark Rosenblatt
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kai Kang
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Clinical Role of Epigenetics and Network Analysis in Eye Diseases: A Translational Science Review. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:2424956. [PMID: 31976085 PMCID: PMC6959156 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2424956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Network medicine is a molecular-bioinformatic approach analyzing gene-gene interactions that can perturb the human interactome. This review focuses on epigenetic changes involved in several ocular diseases, such as DNA methylation, histone and nonhistone post-translational modifications, and noncoding RNA regulators. Although changes in aberrant DNA methylation play a major role in the pathogenesis of most ocular diseases, histone modifications are seldom investigated. Hypermethylation in TGM-2 and hypomethylation in MMP-2/CD24 promoter genes may play a crucial role in pterygium development; hypermethylation in regulatory regions of GSTP1 and OGG1 genes appear to be diagnostic biomarkers of cataract; hypomethylation of TGF-β1 promoter may trigger glaucoma onset; hypermethylation of the LOXL1 gene might be associated with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. A large panel of upregulated micro-RNAs (miRNAs), including hsa-hsa-miR-494, hsa-let-7e, hsa-miR-513-1, hsa-miR-513-2, hsa-miR-518c, hsa-miR-129-1, hsa-miR-129-2, hsa-miR-198, hsa-miR-492, hsa-miR-498, hsa-miR-320, hsa-miR-503, and hsa-miR-373, ∗ may have a putative role in the development of retinoblastoma. Hypermethylation of H3K4 and hypomethylation of H3K27 at the TGFBIp locus are putative pathogenic mechanisms involved in corneal dystrophies. Determining how, where, and when specific epigenetic changes trigger ocular diseases may provide useful clinical biomarkers for their prevention, diagnosis, and management, as well as innovative drug targets. PF-04523655, a 19-nucleotide methylated double-stranded siRNA targeting the RTP80 gene, showed a dose-related improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients affected by diabetic macular edema. The observed results support a clinical network-based research program aimed to clarify the role of epigenetic regulators in the development of ocular diseases and personalized therapy.
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Kerr K, McAneney H, Smyth L, Flanagan C, Silvestri J, Nesbitt MA, Wooster C, McKnight AJ. Systematic review of differential methylation in rare ophthalmic diseases. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2019; 4:e000342. [PMID: 31799411 PMCID: PMC6861117 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2019-000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare ophthalmic diseases have a devastating impact on a patient’s vision and consequently negatively affect their independence, ability to work and overall quality of life. Methylation is an important emerging biomarker of disease and may improve understanding of rare ophthalmic disorders. This systematic review sought to identify and evaluate literature on methylation and rare ophthalmic disease. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and grey literature resources were searched for publications prior to 20 August 2019. Articles written in English which featured key terms such as ‘methylation’ and rare ophthalmic diseases were included. Titles, abstracts, keywords and full texts of publications were screened, as well as reference lists for reverse citations and Web of Science ‘cited reference search’ for forward citation searching. Study characteristics were extracted, and methodological rigour appraised using a standardised template. Fourteen articles were selected for full inclusion. Rare ophthalmic conditions include congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles, retinitis pigmentosa, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, granular corneal dystrophy, choroideraemia, brittle cornea syndrome, retinopathy of prematurity, keratoconus and congenital cataracts. Outcomes include identification of methylation as contributor to disease and identification of potential novel therapeutic targets. The studies included were heterogeneous with no scope for meta-analysis following review; a narrative synthesis was undertaken. Differential methylation has been identified in a small number of rare ophthalmic diseases and few studies have been performed to date. Further multiomic research will improve understanding of rare eye diseases and hopefully lead to improved provision of diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers, and help identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Kerr
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Helen McAneney
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Laura Smyth
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Cheryl Flanagan
- The 100,000 Genomes Project Team, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Julie Silvestri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Micheal Andrew Nesbitt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK
| | - Christopher Wooster
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Amy Jayne McKnight
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
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Mucke HA. Drug Repurposing Patent Applications October–December 2017. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 16:247-252. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.29076.pq4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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TGF-β regulates TGFBIp expression in corneal fibroblasts via miR-21, miR-181a, and Smad signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:150-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pathogenesis and treatments of TGFBI corneal dystrophies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 50:67-88. [PMID: 26612778 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFBI) corneal dystrophies are a group of inherited progressive corneal diseases. Accumulation of transforming growth factor beta-induced protein (TGFBIp) is involved in the pathogenesis of TGFBI corneal dystrophies; however, the exact molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge of TGFBI corneal dystrophies including clinical manifestations, epidemiology, most common and recently reported associated mutations for each disease, and treatment modalities. We review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) and studies of other TGFBI corneal dystrophies. In GCD2 corneal fibroblasts, alterations of morphological characteristics of corneal fibroblasts, increased susceptibility to intracellular oxidative stress, dysfunctional and fragmented mitochondria, defective autophagy, and alterations of cell cycle were observed. Other studies of mutated TGFBIp show changes in conformational structure, stability and proteolytic properties in lattice and granular corneal dystrophies. Future research should be directed toward elucidation of the biochemical mechanism of deposit formation, the relationship between the mutated TGFBIp and the other materials in the extracellular matrix, and the development of gene therapy and pharmaceutical agents.
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