1
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Lee HJ, Tomasini-Johansson BR, Gupta N, Kwon GS. Fibronectin-targeted FUD and PEGylated FUD peptides for fibrotic diseases. J Control Release 2023; 360:69-81. [PMID: 37315694 PMCID: PMC10527082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Fibronectin (FN) is a glycoprotein found in the blood and tissues, a key player in the assembly of ECM through interaction with cellular and extracellular components. Functional Upstream Domain (FUD), a peptide derived from an adhesin protein of bacteria, has a high binding affinity for the N-terminal 70-kDa domain of FN that plays a crucial role in FN polymerization. In this regard, FUD peptide has been characterized as a potent inhibitor of FN matrix assembly, reducing excessive ECM accumulation. Furthermore, PEGylated FUD was developed to prevent rapid elimination of FUD and enhance its systemic exposure in vivo. Herein, we summarize the development of FUD peptide as a potential anti-fibrotic agent and its application in experimental fibrotic diseases. In addition, we discuss how modification of the FUD peptide via PEGylation impacts pharmacokinetic profiles of the FUD peptide and can potentially contribute to anti-fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Bianca R Tomasini-Johansson
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMRII, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nikesh Gupta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Glen S Kwon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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2
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Liu A, Hefley B, Escandon P, Nicholas SE, Karamichos D. Salivary Exosomes in Health and Disease: Future Prospects in the Eye. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076363. [PMID: 37047335 PMCID: PMC10094317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a group of vesicles that package and transport DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids to recipient cells. They can be derived from blood, saliva, urine, and/or other biological tissues. Their impact on several diseases, such as neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and ocular diseases, have been reported, but not fully unraveled. The exosomes that are derived from saliva are less studied, but offer significant advantages over exosomes from other sources, due to their accessibility and ease of collection. Thus, their role in the pathophysiology of diseases is largely unknown. In the context of ocular diseases, salivary exosomes have been under-utilized, thus creating an enormous gap in the literature. The current review discusses the state of exosomes research on systemic and ocular diseases and highlights the role and potential of salivary exosomes as future ocular therapeutic vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Liu
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Brenna Hefley
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Paulina Escandon
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Sarah E. Nicholas
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-2101
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3
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Chu PH, Chen SC, Chen HY, Wu CB, Huang WT, Chiang HY. Astrocyte-associated fibronectin promotes the proinflammatory phenotype of astrocytes through β1 integrin activation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103848. [PMID: 36948232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in neuroinflammation. In response to central nervous system (CNS) injury or disease, astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis, which is characterized by increased proliferation, migration, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and upregulation of downstream proinflammatory mediators in reactive astrocytes induce a proinflammatory phenotype in astrocytes, thereby exacerbating neuroinflammation by establishing an inflammatory loop. In this study, we hypothesized that excessive fibronectin (FN) derived from reactive astrocytes would induce this proinflammatory phenotype in astrocytes in an autocrine manner. We exogenously treated astrocytes with monomer FN, which can be incorporated into the extracellular matrix (ECM), to mimic plasma FN extravasated through a compromised blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammation. We also induced de novo synthesis and accumulation of astrocyte-derived FN through tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation. The excessive FN deposition resulting from both treatments initiated reactive astrogliosis and triggered NF-κB signaling in the cultured astrocytes. In addition, inhibition of FN accumulation in the ECM by the FN inhibitor pUR4 strongly attenuated the FN- and TNF-α-induced GFAP expression, NF-κB activation, and proinflammatory mediator production of astrocytes by interrupting FN-β1 integrin coupling and thus the inflammatory loop. In an in vivo experiment, intrathecal injection of pUR4 considerably ameliorated FN deposition, GFAP expression, and NF-κB activation in inflamed spinal cord, suggesting the therapeutic potential of pUR4 for attenuating neuroinflammation and promoting neuronal function restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Hsien Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chi Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yung Chen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Bei Wu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Huang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Yu Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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4
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Yang H, Dong Y, Wang Z, Lai J, Yao C, Zhou H, Alhaskawi A, Hasan Abdullah Ezzi S, Kota VG, Hasan Abdulla Hasan Abdulla M, Lu H. Traumatic neuromas of peripheral nerves: Diagnosis, management and future perspectives. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1039529. [PMID: 36712443 PMCID: PMC9875025 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1039529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic neuromas are infrequent in clinical settings but are prevalent following trauma or surgery. A traumatic neuroma is not a true malignancy, rather, it is a hyperplastic, reparative nerve reaction after injury and typically manifests as a nodular mass. The most common clinical manifestations include painful hypersensitivity and the presence of a trigger point that causes neuralgic pain, which could seriously decrease the living standards of patients. While various studies are conducted aiming to improve current diagnosis and management strategies via the induction of emerging imaging tools and surgical or conservative treatment. However, researchers and clinicians have yet to reach a consensus regarding traumatic neuromas. In this review, we aim to start with the possible underlying mechanisms of traumatic neuromas, elaborate on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention schemes, and discuss the current experiment models and advances in research for the future management of traumatic neuromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanzhao Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingtian Lai
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenjun Yao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiying Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ahmad Alhaskawi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | | | - Hui Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Hui Lu ✉
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5
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Predictive values of plasma TNFα and IL-8 for intracranial hemorrhage in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Front Med 2022; 16:909-918. [PMID: 36094653 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), if not identified promptly, could be fatal. It is the leading cause of failure of induction and early death. Thus, biomarkers that could promptly predict severe complications are critical. Here, cytokine differences between patients with APL with and without ICH were investigated to develop predictive models for this complication. The initial cytokine profiling using plasma samples from 39 patients and 18 healthy donors found a series of cytokines that were remarkedly different between patients with APL and healthy controls. The APL patients were subsequently divided into high and low white blood cell count groups. Results showed that tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were vital in distinguishing patients with APL who did or did not develop ICH. In addition, verification in 81 patients with APL demonstrated that the two cytokines were positively correlated with the cumulative incidence of ICH. Finally, in-vitro and in-vivo experimental evidence were provided to show that IL-8 influenced the migration of APL-derived NB4 cells and impaired the blood-brain barrier in PML/RARα positive blast-transplanted FVB/NJ mice. These assessments may facilitate the early warning of ICH and reduce future mortality levels in APL.
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6
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Giblin MJ, Ontko CD, Penn JS. Effect of cytokine-induced alterations in extracellular matrix composition on diabetic retinopathy-relevant endothelial cell behaviors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12955. [PMID: 35902594 PMCID: PMC9334268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal vascular basement membrane (BM) thickening is an early structural abnormality of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Recent studies suggest that BM thickening contributes to the DR pathological cascade; however, much remains to be elucidated about the exact mechanisms by which BM thickening develops and subsequently drives other pathogenic events in DR. Therefore, we undertook a systematic analysis to understand how human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMEC) and human retinal pericytes (hRP) change their expression of key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents when treated with diabetes-relevant stimuli designed to model the three major insults of the diabetic environment: hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. TNFα and IL-1β caused the most potent and consistent changes in ECM expression in both hRMEC and hRP. We also demonstrate that conditioned media from IL-1β-treated human Müller cells caused dose-dependent, significant increases in collagen IV and agrin expression in hRMEC. After narrowing our focus to inflammation-induced changes, we sought to understand how ECM deposited by hRMEC and hRP under inflammatory conditions affects the behavior of naïve hRMEC. Our data demonstrated that diabetes-relevant alterations in ECM composition alone cause both increased adhesion molecule expression by and increased peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) adhesion to naïve hRMEC. Taken together, these data demonstrate novel roles for inflammation and pericytes in driving BM pathology and suggest that inflammation-induced ECM alterations may advance other pathogenic behaviors in DR, including leukostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith J. Giblin
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Cayla D. Ontko
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - John S. Penn
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
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7
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Zhou H, Dong Y, Alhaskawi A, Lai J, Wang Z, Ezzi SHA, Kota VG, Abdulla MHAH, Sun Z, Lu H. The Roles of TNF Signaling Pathways in Metabolism of Bone Tumors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907629. [PMID: 35847045 PMCID: PMC9277014 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of bone tumors is extraordinarily complex and involves many signaling pathways and processes, including the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, which consists of TNF factors and the TNF receptors that belong to the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). It is appreciated that signaling events and pathways involving TNFRSF components are essential in coordinating the functions of multiple cell types that act as a host defense network against pathogens and malignant cells, the implications of TNFRSF-related signaling pathways on bone tumor metabolism remain to be summarized, which is one of the significant obstacles to the application of TNF-related treatment modalities in the domain of bone oncology. This review will discuss and summarize the anti-tumor properties of important TNFRSF components concerning osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanzhao Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ahmad Alhaskawi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingtian Lai
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Zhenyu Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Lu,
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8
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Jamieson JJ, Lin Y, Malloy N, Soto D, Searson PC, Gerecht S. Hypoxia-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction is prevented by pericyte-conditioned media via attenuated actomyosin contractility and claudin-5 stabilization. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22331. [PMID: 35476363 PMCID: PMC9060394 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200010rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates molecular and cellular entry from the cerebrovasculature into the surrounding brain parenchyma. Many diseases of the brain are associated with dysfunction of the BBB, where hypoxia is a common stressor. However, the contribution of hypoxia to BBB dysfunction is challenging to study due to the complexity of the brain microenvironment. In this study, we used a BBB model with brain microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes differentiated from iPSCs to investigate the effect of hypoxia on barrier function. We found that hypoxia-induced barrier dysfunction is dependent upon increased actomyosin contractility and is associated with increased fibronectin fibrillogenesis. We propose a role for actomyosin contractility in mediating hypoxia-induced barrier dysfunction through modulation of junctional claudin-5. Our findings suggest pericytes may protect brain microvascular endothelial cells from hypoxic stresses and that pericyte-derived factors could be candidates for treatment of pathological barrier-forming tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Jamieson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - YingYu Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Malloy
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Soto
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Duke, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Younis A, Hardowar L, Barker S, Hulse RP. The consequence of endothelial remodelling on the blood spinal cord barrier and nociception. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:184-192. [PMID: 35434652 PMCID: PMC9010889 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociception is a fundamental acute protective mechanism that prevents harm to an organism. Understanding the integral processes that control nociceptive processing are fundamental to our appreciation of which cellular and molecular features underlie this process. There is an extensive understanding of how sensory neurons interpret differing sensory modalities and intensities. However, it is widely appreciated that the sensory neurons do not act alone. These work in harmony with inflammatory and vascular systems to modulate pain perception. The spinal cord has an extensive interaction with the capillary network in the form of a blood spinal cord barrier to ensure homeostatic control of the spinal cord neuron milieu. However, there is an extensive appreciation that disturbances in the blood spinal cord barrier contribute to the onset of chronic pain. Enhanced vascular permeability and impaired blood perfusion have both been highlighted as contributors to chronic pain manifestation. Here, we discuss the evidence that demonstrates alterations in the blood spinal cord barrier influences nociceptive processing and perception of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Younis
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Lydia Hardowar
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Sarah Barker
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Richard Philip Hulse
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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10
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Targeting RGD-binding integrins as an integrative therapy for diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100966. [PMID: 33775825 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a class of transmembrane receptors that are involved in a wide range of biological functions. Dysregulation of integrins has been implicated in many pathological processes and consequently, they are attractive therapeutic targets. In the ophthalmology arena, there is extensive evidence suggesting that integrins play an important role in diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, dry eye disease and retinal vein occlusion. For example, there is extensive evidence that arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp; RGD)-binding integrins are involved in key disease hallmarks of DR and neovascular AMD (nvAMD), specifically inflammation, vascular leakage, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Based on such evidence, drugs that engage integrin-linked pathways have received attention for their potential to block all these vision-threatening pathways. This review focuses on the pathophysiological role that RGD-binding integrins can have in complex multifactorial retinal disorders like DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) and nvAMD, which are leading causes of blindness in developed countries. Special emphasis will be given on how RGD-binding integrins can modulate the intricate molecular pathways and regulate the underlying pathological mechanisms. For instance, the interplay between integrins and key molecular players such as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes will be summarized. In addition, recent clinical advances linked to targeting RGD-binding integrins in the context of DME and nvAMD will be discussed alongside future potential for limiting progression of these diseases.
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11
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Howe MD, McCullough LD, Urayama A. The Role of Basement Membranes in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:601320. [PMID: 33329053 PMCID: PMC7732667 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.601320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by cognitive decline in multiple domains, often leading to functional impairment in activities of daily living, disability, and death. The most common causes of age-related progressive dementia include Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), however, mixed disease pathologies commonly occur, as epitomized by a type of small vessel pathology called cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In CAA patients, the small vessels of the brain become hardened and vulnerable to rupture, leading to impaired neurovascular coupling, multiple microhemorrhage, microinfarction, neurological emergencies, and cognitive decline across multiple functional domains. While the pathogenesis of CAA is not well understood, it has long been thought to be initiated in thickened basement membrane (BM) segments, which contain abnormal protein deposits and amyloid-β (Aβ). Recent advances in our understanding of CAA pathogenesis link BM remodeling to functional impairment of perivascular transport pathways that are key to removing Aβ from the brain. Dysregulation of this process may drive CAA pathogenesis and provides an important link between vascular risk factors and disease phenotype. The present review summarizes how the structure and composition of the BM allows for perivascular transport pathways to operate in the healthy brain, and then outlines multiple mechanisms by which specific dementia risk factors may promote dysfunction of perivascular transport pathways and increase Aβ deposition during CAA pathogenesis. A better understanding of how BM remodeling alters perivascular transport could lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CAA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Roy S, Kim D. Retinal capillary basement membrane thickening: Role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 82:100903. [PMID: 32950677 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular basement membrane (BM) thickening has been hailed over half a century as the most prominent histological lesion in diabetic microangiopathy, and represents an early ultrastructural change in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Although vascular complications of DR have been clinically well established, specific cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying dysfunction of small vessels are not well understood. In DR, small vessels develop insidiously as BM thickening occurs. Studies examining high resolution imaging data have established BM thickening as one of the foremost structural abnormalities of retinal capillaries. This fundamental structural change develops, at least in part, from excess accumulation of BM components. Although BM thickening is closely associated with the development of DR, its contributory role in the pathogenesis of DR is coming to light recently. DR develops over several years before clinical manifestations appear, and it is during this clinically silent period that hyperglycemia induces excess synthesis of BM components, contributes to vascular BM thickening, and promotes structural and functional lesions including cell death and vascular leakage in the diabetic retina. Studies using animal models show promising results in preventing BM thickening with subsequent beneficial effects. Several gene regulatory approaches are being developed to prevent excess synthesis of vascular BM components in an effort to reduce BM thickening. This review highlights current understanding of capillary BM thickening development, role of BM thickening in retinal vascular lesions, and strategies for preventing vascular BM thickening as a potential therapeutic strategy in alleviating characteristic lesions associated with DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayon Roy
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Dongjoon Kim
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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