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Zhang H, Yang Y, Cao Y, Guan J. IPF-related new macrophage subpopulations and diagnostic biomarker identification - combine machine learning with single-cell analysis. Respir Res 2024; 25:241. [PMID: 38872139 PMCID: PMC11170785 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that lacks a specific treatment. In IPF, macrophages play a key regulatory role as a major component of the lung immune system, especially during inflammation and fibrosis. However, our understanding of the cellular heterogeneity and molecular characterization of macrophages in IPF, as well as their relevance in the clinical setting, is relatively limited. In this study, we analyzed in-depth single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from lung tissues of IPF patients, identified macrophage subpopulations in IPF, and probed their molecular characteristics and biological functions. hdWGCNA identified co-expressed gene modules of a subpopulation of IPF-associated macrophages (IPF-MΦ), and probed the IPF-MΦ by a machine-learning approach. hdWGCNA identified a subpopulation of IPF-associated macrophage subpopulations and probed the IPF-MΦ signature gene (IRMG) for its prognostic value, and a prediction model was developed on this basis. In addition, IPF-MΦ was obtained after recluster analysis of macrophages in IPF lung tissues. Coexpressed gene modules of IPF-MΦ were identified by hdWGCNA. Then, a machine learning approach was utilized to reveal the characteristic genes of IPF-MΦ, and a prediction model was built on this basis. In addition, we discovered a type of macrophage unique to IPF lung tissue named ATP5-MΦ. Its characteristic gene encodes a subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, which is closely related to oxidative phosphorylation and proton transmembrane transport, suggesting that ATP5-MΦ may have higher ATP synthesis capacity in IPF lung tissue. This study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of IPF and provides a basis for evaluating disease prognosis and predictive medicine in IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of OTIR, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yan Cao
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of OTIR, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Jingzhi Guan
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Li D, Zhang X, Song Z, Zhao S, Huang Y, Qian W, Cai X. Advances in common in vitro cellular models of pulmonary fibrosis. Immunol Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38714318 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The development of in vitro models is essential for a comprehensive understanding and investigation of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) at both cellular and molecular levels. This study presents a literature review and an analysis of various cellular models used in scientific studies, specifically focusing on their applications in elucidating the pathogenesis of PF. Our study highlights the importance of taking a comprehensive approach to studing PF, emphasizing the necessity of considering multiple cell types and organs and integrating diverse analytical perspectives. Notably, primary cells demonstrate remarkable cell growth characteristics and gene expression profiles; however, their limited availability, maintenance challenges, inability for continuous propagation and susceptibility to phenotypic changes over time significantly limit their utility in scientific investigation. By contrast, immortalized cell lines are easily accessible, cultured and continuously propagated, although they may have some phenotypic differences from primary cells. Furthermore, in vitro coculture models offer a more practical and precise method to explore complex interactions among cells, tissues and organs. Consequently, when developing models of PF, researchers should thoroughly assess the advantages, limitations and relevant mechanisms of different cell models to ensure their selection is consistent with the research objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Lung Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziqiong Song
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weibin Qian
- Department of Lung Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinrui Cai
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Poole JA, Cole KE, Thiele GM, Talmadge JE, England BR, Nelson AJ, Gleason A, Schwab A, Gaurav R, Duryee MJ, Bailey KL, Romberger DJ, Hershberger D, De Graaff JV, May SM, Walenz R, Kramer B, Mikuls TR. Expansion of distinct peripheral blood myeloid cell subpopulations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111330. [PMID: 38086271 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is associated with significant mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with key cellular players remaining largely unknown. This study aimed to characterize inflammatory and myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) subpopulations in RA-ILD as compared to RA, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) without autoimmunity, and controls. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from patients with RA, RA-ILD, IPF, and controls (N = 60, 15/cohort). Myeloid cell subpopulations were identified phenotypically by flow cytometry using the following markers:CD45,CD3,CD19,CD56,CD11b,HLA-DR,CD14,CD16,CD15,CD125,CD33. Functionality of subsets were identified with intracellular arginase-1 (Arg-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. RESULTS There was increased intermediate (CD14++CD16+) and nonclassical (CD14+/-CD16++) and decreased classical (CD14++CD16-) monocytes in RA, RA-ILD, and IPF vs. control. Intermediate monocytes were higher and classical monocytes were lower in RA-ILD vs. RA but not IPF. Monocytic (m)MDSCs were higher in RA-ILD vs. control and RA but not IPF. Granulocytic (g)MDSCs did not significantly differ. In contrast, neutrophils were increased in IPF and RA-ILD patients with elevated expression of Arg-1 sharing similar dimensional clustering pattern. Eosinophils were increased in RA-ILD vs. controls, RA and IPF. Across cohorts, iNOS was decreased in intermediate/nonclassical monocytes but increased in mMDSCs vs. classical monocytes. In RA-ILD, iNOS positive mMDSCs were increased versus classic monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Myeloid cell subpopulations are significantly modulated in RA-ILD patients with expansion of CD16+ monocytes, mMDSCs, and neutrophils, a phenotypic profile more aligned with IPF than other RA patients. Eosinophil expansion was unique to RA-ILD, potentially facilitating disease pathogenesis and providing a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn E Cole
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Internal Medicine, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bryant R England
- Department of Internal Medicine, USA; Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Duryee
- Department of Internal Medicine, USA; Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kristina L Bailey
- Department of Internal Medicine, USA; Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Debra J Romberger
- Department of Internal Medicine, USA; Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Joel Van De Graaff
- Department of Internal Medicine, USA; Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sara M May
- Department of Internal Medicine, USA; Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Ted R Mikuls
- Department of Internal Medicine, USA; Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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Duan R, Hong CG, Wang X, Lu M, Xie H, Liu ZZ. Olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells alleviate pulmonary fibrosis via the immunomodulation and reduction of inflammation. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:14. [PMID: 38178092 PMCID: PMC10768423 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia that leads to respiratory failure and other complications, which is ultimately fatal. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplant is a promising strategy to solve this problem, while the procurement of MSCs from the patient for autotransplant remains a challenge. METHODS Here, we presented olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells (OM-MSCs) from mouse turbinate and determined the preventing efficacy of allotransplant for PF. We demonstrated the antiinflammation and immunomodulatory effects of OM-MSCs. Flow cytometric analysis was used to verify the effect of OM-MSCs on monocyte-derived macrophage populations in the lung. RESULTS Administration of OM-MSCs reduces inflammation, attenuates the matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13) expression level and restores the bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis by assessing the architecture of lung, collagen type I; (COL1A1), actin alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta (ACTA2/α-SMA) and hydroxyproline. This therapeutic effect of OM-MSCs was related to the increase in the ratio of nonclassical monocytes to proinflammatory monocytes in the lung. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that transplant of OM-MSCs represents an effective and safe treatment for PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Duan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chun-Gu Hong
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (921 Hospital of PLA), 410081, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zheng-Zhao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 524001, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
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Perrot CY, Karampitsakos T, Herazo-Maya JD. Monocytes and macrophages: emerging mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1046-C1057. [PMID: 37694283 PMCID: PMC10635664 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00302.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis results from a plethora of abnormal pathogenetic events. In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), inhalational, environmental, or occupational exposures in genetically and epigenetically predisposed individuals trigger recurrent cycles of alveolar epithelial cell injury, activation of coagulation pathways, chemoattraction, and differentiation of monocytes into monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (Mo-AMs). When these events happen intermittently and repeatedly throughout the individual's life cycle, the wound repair process becomes aberrant leading to bronchiolization of distal air spaces, fibroblast accumulation, extracellular matrix deposition, and loss of the alveolar-capillary architecture. The role of immune dysregulation in IPF pathogenesis and progression has been underscored in the past mainly after the disappointing results of immunosuppressant use in IPF patients; however, recent reports highlighting the prognostic and mechanistic roles of monocytes and Mo-AMs revived the interest in immune dysregulation in IPF. In this review, we will discuss the role of these cells in the onset and progression of IPF, as well as potential targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Y Perrot
- Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Jose D Herazo-Maya
- Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
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Lv L, Cui EH, Wang B, Li LQ, Hua F, Lu HD, Chen N, Chen WY. Multiomics reveal human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improving acute lung injury via the lung-gut axis. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:908-930. [PMID: 37900940 PMCID: PMC10600741 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i9.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) and its final severe stage, acute respiratory distress syndrome, are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in patients due to the lack of effective specific treatments. Gut microbiota homeostasis, including that in ALI, is important for human health. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiota improves lung injury through the lung-gut axis. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal cells (HUC-MSCs) have attractive prospects for ALI treatment. This study hypothesized that HUC-MSCs improve ALI via the lung-gut microflora. AIM To explore the effects of HUC-MSCs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice and the involvement of the lung-gut axis in this process. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups (18 rats per group): Sham, sham + HUC-MSCs, LPS, and LPS + HUC-MSCs. ALI was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injections of LPS (10 mg/kg). After 6 h, mice were intervened with 0.5 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 1 × 106 HUC-MSCs by intraperitoneal injections. For the negative control, 100 mL 0.9% NaCl and 0.5 mL PBS were used. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from anesthetized mice, and their blood, lungs, ileum, and feces were obtained by an aseptic technique following CO2 euthanasia. Wright's staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hematoxylin-eosin staining, Evans blue dye leakage assay, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, western blot, 16S rDNA sequencing, and non-targeted metabolomics were used to observe the effect of HUC-MSCs on ALI mice, and the involvement of the lung-gut axis in this process was explored. One-way analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey's test, independent-sample Student's t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and Pearson correlation analysis were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS HUC-MSCs were observed to improve pulmonary edema and lung and ileal injury, and decrease mononuclear cell and neutrophil counts, protein concentrations in BALF and inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum, lung, and ileum of ALI mice. Especially, HUC-MSCs decreased Evans blue concentration and Toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation factor 88, p-nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/NF-κB, and p-inhibitor α of NF-κB (p-IκBα)/IκBα expression levels in the lung, and raised the pulmonary vascular endothelial-cadherin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin levels and ileal ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin expression levels. HUC-MSCs improved gut and BALF microbial homeostases. The number of pathogenic bacteria decreased in the BALF of ALI mice treated with HUC-MSCs. Concurrently, the abundances of Oscillospira and Coprococcus in the feces of HUS-MSC-treated ALI mice were significantly increased. In addition, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and unidentified_Rikenellaceae genera appeared in both feces and BALF. Moreover, this study performed metabolomic analysis on the lung tissue and identified five upregulated metabolites and 11 downregulated metabolites in the LPS + MSC group compared to the LPS group, which were related to the purine metabolism and the taste transduction signaling pathways. Therefore, an intrinsic link between lung metabolite levels and BALF flora homeostasis was established. CONCLUSION This study suggests that HUM-MSCs attenuate ALI by redefining the gut and lung microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lv
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - En-Hai Cui
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Qin Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Zhejiang Province for the Development and Clinical Transformation of Immunomodulatory Drugs, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Hua
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hua-Dong Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Yan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Pokhreal D, Crestani B, Helou DG. Macrophage Implication in IPF: Updates on Immune, Epigenetic, and Metabolic Pathways. Cells 2023; 12:2193. [PMID: 37681924 PMCID: PMC10486697 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology with a poor prognosis. It is a chronic and progressive disease that has a distinct radiological and pathological pattern from common interstitial pneumonia. The use of immunosuppressive medication was shown to be completely ineffective in clinical trials, resulting in years of neglect of the immune component. However, recent developments in fundamental and translational science demonstrate that immune cells play a significant regulatory role in IPF, and macrophages appear to be among the most crucial. These highly plastic cells generate multiple growth factors and mediators that highly affect the initiation and progression of IPF. In this review, we will provide an update on the role of macrophages in IPF through a systemic discussion of various regulatory mechanisms involving immune receptors, cytokines, metabolism, and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pokhreal
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Inserm U1152, UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Inserm U1152, UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
- FHU APOLLO, Service de Pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75877 Paris, France
| | - Doumet Georges Helou
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Inserm U1152, UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
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Zhu J, Fan J, Xia Y, Wang H, Li Y, Feng Z, Fu C. Potential therapeutic targets of macrophages in inhibiting immune damage and fibrotic processes in musculoskeletal diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219487. [PMID: 37545490 PMCID: PMC10400722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous cell type with high plasticity, exhibiting unique activation characteristics that modulate the progression and resolution of diseases, serving as a key mediator in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Macrophages display a variety of activation states in response to stimuli in the local environment, with their subpopulations and biological functions being dependent on the local microenvironment. Resident tissue macrophages exhibit distinct transcriptional profiles and functions, all of which are essential for maintaining internal homeostasis. Dysfunctional macrophage subpopulations, or an imbalance in the M1/M2 subpopulation ratio, contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases. In skeletal muscle disorders, immune and inflammatory damage, as well as fibrosis induced by macrophages, are prominent pathological features. Therefore, targeting macrophages is of great significance for maintaining tissue homeostasis and treating skeletal muscle disorders. In this review, we discuss the receptor-ligand interactions regulating macrophages and identify potential targets for inhibiting collateral damage and fibrosis in skeletal muscle disorders. Furthermore, we explore strategies for modulating macrophages to maintain tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiawei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanliang Xia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zijia Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changfeng Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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